The functionally graded materials(FGMs)are obtained by various processes.Although a few FGMs are obtained naturally,such as oyster,pearl,and bamboo,additive manufacturing(AM),known as 3D printing,is a net-shaped manuf...The functionally graded materials(FGMs)are obtained by various processes.Although a few FGMs are obtained naturally,such as oyster,pearl,and bamboo,additive manufacturing(AM),known as 3D printing,is a net-shaped manufacturing process employed to manufacture complex 3D objects without tools,molds,assembly,and joining.Currently,commercial AM techniques mostly use homogeneous composition with simplified geometric descriptions,employing a single material across the entire component to achieve functional graded additive manufacturing(FGAM),in contrast to multi-material FGAM with heterogeneous structures.FGMs are widely used in various fields due to their mechanical property advantages.Because FGM plays a significant role in the industrial production,the characteristics and mechanical behaviour of FGMs prepared by AM were reviewed.In this review,the research on FGMs and AM over the past 30 years was reviewed,suggesting that future researchers should focus on the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in industry to optimize the process parameters of different gradient systems.展开更多
Applications of a constitutive framework providing compound complexity analysis and indexing of coarse-grained self-similar time series representing behavioural data are presented. A notion of behavioural entropy and ...Applications of a constitutive framework providing compound complexity analysis and indexing of coarse-grained self-similar time series representing behavioural data are presented. A notion of behavioural entropy and hysteresis is introduced as two different forms of compound measures. These measures provide clinically applicable complexity analysis of behavioural patterns yielding scalar characterisation of time-varying behaviours registered over an extended period of time. The behavioural data are obtained using body attached sensors providing non-invasive readings of heart rate, skin blood perfusion, blood oxygenation, skin temperature, movement and steps frequency. The results using compound measures of behavioural patterns of fifteen healthy individuals are presented. The application of the compound measures is shown to correlate with complexity analysis. The correlation is demonstrated using two healthy subjects compared against a control group. This indicates a possibility to use these measures in place of fractional dimensions to provide a finer characterisation of behavioural patterns observed using sensory data acquired over a long period of time.展开更多
This study aimed to explore the application effect of the medical and nursing integration working mode in children with inguinal hernia undergoing laparoscopic surgery and to provide a basis for its clinical promotion...This study aimed to explore the application effect of the medical and nursing integration working mode in children with inguinal hernia undergoing laparoscopic surgery and to provide a basis for its clinical promotion.A total of 70 children with inguinal hernia admitted to our hospital from July 2023 to June 2024 and treated with laparoscopic surgery were selected as study subjects and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,with 35 cases in each.Both groups received routine nursing care,while the observation group additionally adopted the integrated medical and nursing working mode,including systematic health education,psychological interventions,and postoperative follow-up from admission to discharge.The anxiety and depression scores of the two groups before and after surgery,medical compliance index,and incidence of complications during hospitalization were compared.Results showed that the preoperative anxiety scores of the observation and control groups were(14.01±1.07)and(14.62±2.31),respectively,with no statistically significant difference(P>0.05);however,postoperative anxiety scores were significantly lower in the observation group(4.01±0.77)compared to the control group(6.62±0.31)(P<0.05).Similarly,preoperative depression scores were(15.11±1.22)in the observation group and(15.41±2.01)in the control group(P>0.05),but postoperative depression scores were significantly reduced in the observation group(4.24±0.61)compared to the control group(7.12±0.54)(P<0.05).After intervention,the medical compliance behavior index in the observation group was(83.31±5.92),significantly higher than(75.34±6.73)in the control group(P<0.05).Regarding postoperative complications,only 1 case(2.86%)occurred in the observation group,while 8 cases(22.86%)were reported in the control group,showing a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).In conclusion,the medical and nursing integration working mode effectively improves the perioperative psychological state of children,enhances medical compliance,reduces postoperative complications,and is worthy of widespread clinical application.展开更多
The effectiveness of using vegetation to stabilise shallow soil slopes heavily depends on the survival of vegetation,yet the amplification of extreme events induced by climate change threatens the health of plants cov...The effectiveness of using vegetation to stabilise shallow soil slopes heavily depends on the survival of vegetation,yet the amplification of extreme events induced by climate change threatens the health of plants covering slopes.Hydrochar is an environmentally friendly soil amender that can achieve the potential benefits of promoting plant growth for slope stabilisation and facilitation of waste upcycling.The mechanism underlying the hydrochar effects on the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils remains unclear.This study investigated the influence of grass-derived hydrochar on the water retention,compressibility,and shear strength of a compacted siltyeclay sand.Soil microstructural changes due to hydrochar amendment were measured to explain the soilehydrochar hydromechanical interaction.The increase in suction resulted in a less significant increase in yield stress and a negligible reduction in compressibility of the hydrochar-amended soil compared with the unamended case.This phenomenon was observed because hydrochar addition reduced the large pores with diameters greater than the macropore peak of 60 mm due to pore filling by hydrochar particles,resulting in a less substantial volume contraction during drying.Hydrochar introduced more significant effects on the soil’s shear strength in an unsaturated state compared to a saturated case.Despite the similarity of the unsaturated amended soil with the critical-state friction angle to the saturated case,the former exhibited a greater shear strength because the hydrochar addition improved water retention capability.As a result,the degree of saturation and,hence,Bishop’s effective stress were higher than those for the unamended case for a given suction.展开更多
Exploring alternative aggregates or recycled aggregates to substitute traditional concrete aggregates,particularly sand aggregates,which are becoming more limited and must comply with environmental protection standard...Exploring alternative aggregates or recycled aggregates to substitute traditional concrete aggregates,particularly sand aggregates,which are becoming more limited and must comply with environmental protection standards,is essential.Research has explored various alternative materials to sand in concrete,including concrete from demolished buildings,and broken glass from projects,among others.Investigating the use of recycled broken glass to substitute sand aggregates and implementing this research in compression columns is crucial.This paper examines the compressive behavior of reinforced concrete columns that utilize recycled glass particles as a substitute for sand in concrete.The research findings establish the relationships:load and vertical displacement,load and deformation at the column head,mid-column,and column base;the formation and propagation of cracks in the column,while considering factors such as the percentage of recycled glass,the arrangement of stirrups,and the amount of load-bearing steel influencing the performance of square reinforced concrete columns under compression.The feasibility of using recycled glass as a substitute for sand in column structures subjected to compression has been demonstrated,with the ideal replacement content for sand aggregate in reinforced concrete columns in this study ranging from 0%to 10%.The column’s load-bearing ability dropped from 250 kN to 150 kN when 100%recycled glass was used instead of sand.This is a 40%drop,and cracks started to show up sooner.The research will support recycling broken glass instead of using sand in building,improving the environment and reducing natural sand use.展开更多
This study examined the relationship between leader-employee calling congruence on employees’voice behaviour.Participants were 173 leader-employee dyads from the Chinese service industry.They completed online surveys...This study examined the relationship between leader-employee calling congruence on employees’voice behaviour.Participants were 173 leader-employee dyads from the Chinese service industry.They completed online surveys on calling,perceived insider status,and voice behaviour.Results from polynomial regression and response surface analysis showed that employees perceived insider status to be weaker with the low leader-low subordinate calling congruence,and stronger with high leader and high subordinate calling congruence.Employees perceived insider status is stronger in low leader and high subordinate calling incongruence compared with high leader and low subordinate calling incongruence.Perceived insider status plays a mediating role among calling congruence and voice behaviour.This study’sfindings suggest pathways of calling congruence on voice behaviour,which are important for promoting employee voice behaviour and guiding organisational recruitment in the workplace.展开更多
Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate ...Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate matters(UPM)throughout the sintering process were elucidated,and measures to control adhesion on grate bars were developed.Research findings indicated that a small quantity of UPM were found on grate bar during the initial sintering stages(ignition stage and middle stageⅠandⅡ).The main compositions of UPM were FexOy-rich,CaO-rich,and aluminium silicate-rich particles.In contrast,corrosive substances like alkali metal compounds were almost absent.These UPM adhered onto grate bar primarily through inertial impaction.When moving to the final sintering stages(middle stageⅢand temperature rising stage),many UPM rich in corrosive substances like NaCl and KCl adhered to the grate bar.These UPM adhered to grate bar through thermal diffusion and vortex deposition.Solid waste water washing technology can greatly decrease the quantity of UPM(rich in NaCl and KCl)on the grate bar due to vortex deposition and thermal diffusion,and it represents a potentially promising way to control adhesion and corrosion on grate bars.展开更多
This essay evaluates the behavioural dynamics generated by profit incentives and compares them with those in government-owned and charitable enterprises.Drawing on neoclassical microeconomics,agency theory,and institu...This essay evaluates the behavioural dynamics generated by profit incentives and compares them with those in government-owned and charitable enterprises.Drawing on neoclassical microeconomics,agency theory,and institutional economics,it shows how the profit motive drives cost minimization,allocative efficiency,innovation,and consumer responsiveness.Profit expectations,formalized in endogenous growth models,act as catalysts for technological progress and dynamic efficiency,while agency-theoretic governance mechanisms align managerial incentives with shareholder interests.In contrast,government-owned enterprises operate under multi-objective welfare functions,often constrained by soft budget expectations,political interference,and X-inefficiencies that dilute efficiency.Charitable organizations,structured by the non-distribution constraint,emphasize social trust,equity,and mission fulfilment,supported by warm-glow altruism but constrained by free-rider problems and underfunding.A comparative evaluation suggests that profit-driven firms outperform in competitive markets producing private goods,whereas government and charitable forms play essential roles in addressing market failures and providing public or credence goods.The analysis affirms the institutionalist principle that ownership and governance structures must be aligned with the nature of the goods or services delivered.展开更多
Rolling noise is an important source of railway noise and depends also on the dynamic behaviour of a railway track.This is characterized by the point or transfer mobility and the track decay rate,which depend on a num...Rolling noise is an important source of railway noise and depends also on the dynamic behaviour of a railway track.This is characterized by the point or transfer mobility and the track decay rate,which depend on a number of track parameters.One possible reason for deviations between simulated and measured results for the dynamic track behaviour is the uncertainty of the value of some track parameters used as input for the simulation.This in turn results in an uncertainty in the simulation results.In this contribution,it is proposed to use the general transformation method to assess a uncertainty band for the results.Most relevant input parameters for determining the point input mobility and the track decay rate for a ballasted track are analysed with regard to the uncertainties and for the value of each an interval is determined.Then,the general transformation method is applied to four different simulation methods,working both in the frequency and time domains.For one example track,the resulting uncertainty bands are compared to one dataset with measurements for the point mobility and the track decay rate.In addition,a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the parameters that significantly influence the overall result.While all four simulation methods produce broad uncertainty bands for the results,none did match the measured results for the point mobility and the track decay rate over the entire frequency range considered.Besides the large influence of the uncertain pad stiffness,it turned out that the rail wear is also a significant source of uncertainty of the results.Overall,it is demonstrated that the proposed approach allows assessing the influence of uncertain input parameters in detail.展开更多
The exploratory synthesis and structural characterization of twodimensional(2D)honeycomb structured Ru-based compounds are key focuses in inorganic materials research,due to the various exotic electronic states arisin...The exploratory synthesis and structural characterization of twodimensional(2D)honeycomb structured Ru-based compounds are key focuses in inorganic materials research,due to the various exotic electronic states arising from the interplay of electron correlations and spinorbit coupling.Among these compounds,α-RuCl_(3) and RuBr_(3) are considered as the most promising candidates for quantum spin liquid(QSL)materials[1–3].As a homolog,α-RuI3 has attracted significant interest,but it still remains relatively unexplored.Recently,it was synthesized by high-temperature and high-pressure solid-state reaction,but reported to be different crystal structures by independent groups.Ni et al.and Nawa et al.considerα-RuI3 to be R-3(3R)and P-31c(2H)space group,respectively[4,5].Both structures have typical 2D characteristics,in which the edge-sharing RuI6 octahedra form honeycomb layers stacked along the c-axis.The primary difference lies in that the honeycomb layers stack in ABCABC mode in the 3R phase,while in ABAB mode in the 2H phase(Fig.S1).Yang et al.discussed the stability of 3R and 2H polymorphs in terms of the total energies and dynamics,finding both structures are stable.However,the total energy of the 2H phase is slightly higher,2.58 meV than that of the 3R analog[6].When it comes to the conductivity behaviour,α-RuCl3 andα-RuBr_(3) are semiconductors as normally observed in QSL materials.In contrast,α-RuI_(3) exhibits metallic response.In 2D materials,the band structure may be drastically modified by altering the stacking order[7].Hence,determining the crystal structure ofα-RuI_(3) is urgently required,which is a key step in comprehensive and in-depth analysis of its physical properties.展开更多
Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging,such as fan-out integration,2.5D/3D ICs,and MEMS devices.Typically,laser debonding of bonded pairs(R/R separation)is typically achieved by com...Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging,such as fan-out integration,2.5D/3D ICs,and MEMS devices.Typically,laser debonding of bonded pairs(R/R separation)is typically achieved by completely removing the material from the ablation region within the release material layer at high energy densities.However,this R/R separation method often results in a significant amount of release material and carbonized debris remaining on the surface of the device wafer,severely reducing product yields and cleaning efficiency for ultra-thin device wafers.Here,we proposed an interfacial separation strategy based on laser-induced hot stamping effect and thermoelastic stress wave,which enables stress-free separation of wafer bonding pairs at the interface of the release layer and the adhesive layer(R/A separation).By comprehensively analyzing the micro-morphology and material composition of the release material,we elucidated the laser debonding behavior of bonded pairs under different separation modes.Additionally,we calculated the ablation threshold of the release material in the case of wafer bonding and established the processing window for different separation methods.This work offers a fresh perspective on the development and application of laser debonding technology.The proposed R/A interface separation method is versatile,controllable,and highly reliable,and does not leave release materials and carbonized debris on device wafers,demonstrating strong industrial adaptability,which greatly facilitates the application and development of advanced packaging for ultra-thin chips.展开更多
The reaction behaviours of A1203 and SiO2 in high alumina coal fly ash under various alkali hydrothermal conditions were studied. The means of XRD, XRF, FTIR and SEM were used to measure the mineral phase and morpholo...The reaction behaviours of A1203 and SiO2 in high alumina coal fly ash under various alkali hydrothermal conditions were studied. The means of XRD, XRF, FTIR and SEM were used to measure the mineral phase and morphology of the solid samples obtained by different alkali hydrothermal treatments as well as the leaching ratio of SiO2 to A1203 in alkali solution. The results showed that with the increase of the hydrothermal treating temperature from 75 to 160 ~C, phillipsite-Na, zeolite A, zeolite P, and hydroxysodalite were produced sequentially while the mullite and corundum phase still remained. Zeolite P was massively formed at low-alkali concentration and the hydroxysodalite was predominantly obtained at high-alkali concentration. By the dissolution of aluminosilicate glass and the formation of zeolites together, the leaching efficiency of SiO2 can reach 42.13% with the mass ratio of A1203/SIO2 up to 2.19：1.展开更多
Porous titanium has been shown to exhibit desirable properties as biomedical materials. In view of the load-bearing situation, the mechanical properties and pore structure deformation behaviour of porous titanium were...Porous titanium has been shown to exhibit desirable properties as biomedical materials. In view of the load-bearing situation, the mechanical properties and pore structure deformation behaviour of porous titanium were studied. Porous titanium with porosities varying from 36%-66% and average pore size of 230 μm was fabricated by powder sintering. Microstructural features were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Uniaxial compression tests were used to probe the mechanical response in terms of elastic modulus and compressive strength. The mechanical properties of porous titanium were found to be close to the those of human bone, with stiffness values ranging from 1.86 to 14.7 GPa and compressive strength values of 85.16-461.94 MPa. The relationships between mechanical properties and relative densities were established, and the increase in relative density showed significant effects on mechanical properties and deformations of porous titanium. In a lower relative density, the microscopic deformation mechanism of porous titanium was yielding, bending and buckling of cell walls, while the deformation of yielding and bending of cell walls was observed in the porous titanium with higher relative density.展开更多
The effect of MnO4- and silver content on electrochemical behaviour of five commercial Pb-Ag alloy anodes was studied in acid zinc sulphate electrolyte with and without MnO4- ions at 38 °C during potential decay ...The effect of MnO4- and silver content on electrochemical behaviour of five commercial Pb-Ag alloy anodes was studied in acid zinc sulphate electrolyte with and without MnO4- ions at 38 °C during potential decay periods. When the anodes were immersed into acid zinc sulphate electrolyte without MnO4- ions, the Pb-0.72%Ag anode entered complete passivation state in the shortest time among the five anodes, followed by anodes Pb-0.67%Ag, Pb-0.60%Ag, Pb-0.58%Ag and Pb-0.29%Ag-0.1%Ca by measurement of open circuit potential. During immersion of the anodes, MnO4 ions accelerated the passivation and increased the corrosion current density of the anodes. After immersion in zinc electrolyte with MnO4-, the anode Pb-0.72%Ag had the best corrosion resistance, followed by anodes Pb-0.67%Ag, Pb-0.60%Ag, then the close anodes Pb-0.58%Ag and Pb-0.29%Ag-0.1%Ca by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） analysis.展开更多
Ecological reactive powder concrete (ECO-RPC) with small sized and differentvolume fraction steel fibers was prepared by substitution of ultra-fine industrial waste powder for50% to 60% cement by weight and replacemen...Ecological reactive powder concrete (ECO-RPC) with small sized and differentvolume fraction steel fibers was prepared by substitution of ultra-fine industrial waste powder for50% to 60% cement by weight and replacement of ground fine quartz sand with natural fine aggregate.The effect of steel fiber volume fraction and curing ages on the static mechanical behaviour ofECO-RPC was studied. Using the split Hopkinson pressure bar technique, the dynamic mechanicalbehaviour of ECO-RPC was investigated under different strain rates. The results show that the staticmechanical behaviour of ECO-RPC increases with the increase of steel fiber volume fraction andcuring ages. The type of ECO-RPC with the substitution of 25% ultra-fine slag, 25% ultra-fine flyash and 10% silica fume is better than the others with compressive strength, flexural strength, andfracture energy more than 200 MPa, 60 MPa and 30 kJ/m^2, respectively. ECO-RPC has excellent strainrate stiffening effects under dynamic load. Its peak stress, peak strain and the area understrain-stress curve increase with the increase of strain rate. Its fracture pattern changes frombrittleness to toughness under high strain rates.展开更多
Rutting is one of the most damages in the asphalt surfaces for the orthotropic steel bridge decks. With Hamburg wheel tracking device, the suitable test conditions for Gussasphalt in Germany are pointed out, the high ...Rutting is one of the most damages in the asphalt surfaces for the orthotropic steel bridge decks. With Hamburg wheel tracking device, the suitable test conditions for Gussasphalt in Germany are pointed out, the high temperature behaviour of Gussasphalt with different binders are tested and compared. The polymer modified binder has higher resistance stability to rutting. The retained time and mixed frequency have obvious effects on Gussasphalt behaviour during Gussasphalt retained period.展开更多
In this study,a fouled ballast taken from the site of Sénissiat,France,was investigated.For the hydraulic behaviour,a large-scale cell was developed allowing drainage and evaporation tests to be carried out with ...In this study,a fouled ballast taken from the site of Sénissiat,France,was investigated.For the hydraulic behaviour,a large-scale cell was developed allowing drainage and evaporation tests to be carried out with monitoring of both suction and volumetric water content at various positions of the sample.It was observed that the hydraulic conductivity of fouled ballast is decreasing with suction increase,as for common unsaturated soils.The effect of fines content was found to be negligible.For the mechanical behaviour,both monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were carried out using a large-scale triaxial cell.Various water contents were considered.The results were interpreted in terms of shear strength and permanent axial strain.It appeared that the water content is an important factor to be accounted for since any increase of water content or degree of saturation significantly decreases the shear strength and increases the permanent strain.Constitutive modelling has been attempted based on the experimental results.The model in its current state is capable of describing the effects of stress level,cycle number and water content.展开更多
This work aimed at revealing the mechanism of strong ground pressure behaviour(SGPB)induced by high-position hard roof(HHR).Based on the supporting structures model of HHR,a modified voussoir beam mechanical model for...This work aimed at revealing the mechanism of strong ground pressure behaviour(SGPB)induced by high-position hard roof(HHR).Based on the supporting structures model of HHR,a modified voussoir beam mechanical model for HHR was established by considering the gangue support coefficient,through which the modified expressions of limit breaking span and breaking energy of HHR were deduced.Combined with the relationship between the dynamic-static loading stress of supporting body(hydraulic support and coal wall)and its comprehensive supporting strength,the criteria of ground pressure behaviour(GPB)induced by HHR were discussed.The types of Ⅰ_(1),Ⅰ_(2),Ⅱ_(1),andⅡ_(2) of GPB were interpreted.Results showed that types Ⅰ_(1) and Ⅰ_(2) were the main forms of SGPB in extra-thick coal seam mining.The main manifestation of SGPB was static stress,which was mainly derived from the instability of HHR rather than fracture.Accordingly,an innovative control technology was proposed,which can weaken static load by vertical-well separated fracturing HHR.The research results have been successfully applied to the 8101 working face in Tashan coal mine,Shanxi Province,China.The results of a digital borehole camera observation and stress monitoring proved the rationality of the GPB criteria.The control technology was successful,paving the way for new possibilities to HHR control for safety mining.展开更多
Mental health problems in children and adolescents include several types of emotional and behavioural disorders, including disruptive, depression, anxiety and pervasive developmental(autism) disorders, characterized a...Mental health problems in children and adolescents include several types of emotional and behavioural disorders, including disruptive, depression, anxiety and pervasive developmental(autism) disorders, characterized as either internalizing or externalizing problems. Disruptive behavioural problems such as temper tantrums, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional, defiant or conduct disorders are the commonest behavioural problems in preschool and school age children. The routine Paediatric clinic or Family Medicine/General Practitioner surgery presents with several desirable characteristics that make them ideal for providing effective mental health services to children and adolescents. DSM-5 and ICD-10 are the universally accepted standard criteria for the classification of mental and behaviour disorders in childhood and adults. The age and gender prevalence estimation of various childhood behavioural disorders are variable and difficult to compare worldwide. A review of relevant published literature was conducted, including published metaanalyses and national guidelines. We searched for articles indexed by Ovid, Pub Med, Pub Med Medical Central, CINAHL, EMBASE, Database of Abstracts and Reviews, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews and other online sources. The searches were conducted using a combination of search expressions including "childhood", "behaviour", "disorders" or "problems". Childhood behaviour and emotional problems with their related disorders have significant negative impacts on the individual, the family and the society. They are commonly associated with poor academic, occupational, and psychosocial functioning. It is important for all healthcare professionals, especially the Paediatricians to be aware of the range of presentation, prevention and management of the common mental health problems in children and adolescents.展开更多
This study aimed at gaining an understanding of the formation of residents' Environmental Conservation Behaviour(ECB) to promote sustainable tourism development in Chinese mountain areas. In particular, a theoreti...This study aimed at gaining an understanding of the formation of residents' Environmental Conservation Behaviour(ECB) to promote sustainable tourism development in Chinese mountain areas. In particular, a theoretical framework was constructed by merging residents' mountain attachment and their environmental values,and awareness of environmental consequences based on the Cognition Behaviour Theory. This research sampled 642 residents with convenience sampling method in Jiuzhaigou and Mount Qingcheng, and structural equation modelling analysis was conducted to identify the relationships among the above variables. Results verified that mountain attachment affected people's awareness of environmental consequences, which then affected their ECB.Environmental values and mountain attachment directly and positively influenced ECB. Moreover,awareness of environmental consequences played the most prominent role in predicting ECB among all the predictors in this study. In all, this study derived several significant implications which can not only contribute to environmental management policies in tourism field but also help to improve the levels of the antecedents of residents' ECB and promote sustainable tourism development in Chinese mountain areas.展开更多
文摘The functionally graded materials(FGMs)are obtained by various processes.Although a few FGMs are obtained naturally,such as oyster,pearl,and bamboo,additive manufacturing(AM),known as 3D printing,is a net-shaped manufacturing process employed to manufacture complex 3D objects without tools,molds,assembly,and joining.Currently,commercial AM techniques mostly use homogeneous composition with simplified geometric descriptions,employing a single material across the entire component to achieve functional graded additive manufacturing(FGAM),in contrast to multi-material FGAM with heterogeneous structures.FGMs are widely used in various fields due to their mechanical property advantages.Because FGM plays a significant role in the industrial production,the characteristics and mechanical behaviour of FGMs prepared by AM were reviewed.In this review,the research on FGMs and AM over the past 30 years was reviewed,suggesting that future researchers should focus on the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in industry to optimize the process parameters of different gradient systems.
文摘Applications of a constitutive framework providing compound complexity analysis and indexing of coarse-grained self-similar time series representing behavioural data are presented. A notion of behavioural entropy and hysteresis is introduced as two different forms of compound measures. These measures provide clinically applicable complexity analysis of behavioural patterns yielding scalar characterisation of time-varying behaviours registered over an extended period of time. The behavioural data are obtained using body attached sensors providing non-invasive readings of heart rate, skin blood perfusion, blood oxygenation, skin temperature, movement and steps frequency. The results using compound measures of behavioural patterns of fifteen healthy individuals are presented. The application of the compound measures is shown to correlate with complexity analysis. The correlation is demonstrated using two healthy subjects compared against a control group. This indicates a possibility to use these measures in place of fractional dimensions to provide a finer characterisation of behavioural patterns observed using sensory data acquired over a long period of time.
文摘This study aimed to explore the application effect of the medical and nursing integration working mode in children with inguinal hernia undergoing laparoscopic surgery and to provide a basis for its clinical promotion.A total of 70 children with inguinal hernia admitted to our hospital from July 2023 to June 2024 and treated with laparoscopic surgery were selected as study subjects and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,with 35 cases in each.Both groups received routine nursing care,while the observation group additionally adopted the integrated medical and nursing working mode,including systematic health education,psychological interventions,and postoperative follow-up from admission to discharge.The anxiety and depression scores of the two groups before and after surgery,medical compliance index,and incidence of complications during hospitalization were compared.Results showed that the preoperative anxiety scores of the observation and control groups were(14.01±1.07)and(14.62±2.31),respectively,with no statistically significant difference(P>0.05);however,postoperative anxiety scores were significantly lower in the observation group(4.01±0.77)compared to the control group(6.62±0.31)(P<0.05).Similarly,preoperative depression scores were(15.11±1.22)in the observation group and(15.41±2.01)in the control group(P>0.05),but postoperative depression scores were significantly reduced in the observation group(4.24±0.61)compared to the control group(7.12±0.54)(P<0.05).After intervention,the medical compliance behavior index in the observation group was(83.31±5.92),significantly higher than(75.34±6.73)in the control group(P<0.05).Regarding postoperative complications,only 1 case(2.86%)occurred in the observation group,while 8 cases(22.86%)were reported in the control group,showing a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).In conclusion,the medical and nursing integration working mode effectively improves the perioperative psychological state of children,enhances medical compliance,reduces postoperative complications,and is worthy of widespread clinical application.
基金supported by grants funded by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(Grant No.CRF/C6006-20G)a grant provided by the Joint NSFC/RGC Joint Research Scheme(Grant No.N_HKUST603/22)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.Z1090125018).
文摘The effectiveness of using vegetation to stabilise shallow soil slopes heavily depends on the survival of vegetation,yet the amplification of extreme events induced by climate change threatens the health of plants covering slopes.Hydrochar is an environmentally friendly soil amender that can achieve the potential benefits of promoting plant growth for slope stabilisation and facilitation of waste upcycling.The mechanism underlying the hydrochar effects on the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils remains unclear.This study investigated the influence of grass-derived hydrochar on the water retention,compressibility,and shear strength of a compacted siltyeclay sand.Soil microstructural changes due to hydrochar amendment were measured to explain the soilehydrochar hydromechanical interaction.The increase in suction resulted in a less significant increase in yield stress and a negligible reduction in compressibility of the hydrochar-amended soil compared with the unamended case.This phenomenon was observed because hydrochar addition reduced the large pores with diameters greater than the macropore peak of 60 mm due to pore filling by hydrochar particles,resulting in a less substantial volume contraction during drying.Hydrochar introduced more significant effects on the soil’s shear strength in an unsaturated state compared to a saturated case.Despite the similarity of the unsaturated amended soil with the critical-state friction angle to the saturated case,the former exhibited a greater shear strength because the hydrochar addition improved water retention capability.As a result,the degree of saturation and,hence,Bishop’s effective stress were higher than those for the unamended case for a given suction.
文摘Exploring alternative aggregates or recycled aggregates to substitute traditional concrete aggregates,particularly sand aggregates,which are becoming more limited and must comply with environmental protection standards,is essential.Research has explored various alternative materials to sand in concrete,including concrete from demolished buildings,and broken glass from projects,among others.Investigating the use of recycled broken glass to substitute sand aggregates and implementing this research in compression columns is crucial.This paper examines the compressive behavior of reinforced concrete columns that utilize recycled glass particles as a substitute for sand in concrete.The research findings establish the relationships:load and vertical displacement,load and deformation at the column head,mid-column,and column base;the formation and propagation of cracks in the column,while considering factors such as the percentage of recycled glass,the arrangement of stirrups,and the amount of load-bearing steel influencing the performance of square reinforced concrete columns under compression.The feasibility of using recycled glass as a substitute for sand in column structures subjected to compression has been demonstrated,with the ideal replacement content for sand aggregate in reinforced concrete columns in this study ranging from 0%to 10%.The column’s load-bearing ability dropped from 250 kN to 150 kN when 100%recycled glass was used instead of sand.This is a 40%drop,and cracks started to show up sooner.The research will support recycling broken glass instead of using sand in building,improving the environment and reducing natural sand use.
基金supported by the Major Research Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Universities of Henan Province(2025-JCZD-10)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(242300421311).
文摘This study examined the relationship between leader-employee calling congruence on employees’voice behaviour.Participants were 173 leader-employee dyads from the Chinese service industry.They completed online surveys on calling,perceived insider status,and voice behaviour.Results from polynomial regression and response surface analysis showed that employees perceived insider status to be weaker with the low leader-low subordinate calling congruence,and stronger with high leader and high subordinate calling congruence.Employees perceived insider status is stronger in low leader and high subordinate calling incongruence compared with high leader and low subordinate calling incongruence.Perceived insider status plays a mediating role among calling congruence and voice behaviour.This study’sfindings suggest pathways of calling congruence on voice behaviour,which are important for promoting employee voice behaviour and guiding organisational recruitment in the workplace.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274344)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(Nos.2022JJ30723 and 2023JJ20068)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC3042).
文摘Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate matters(UPM)throughout the sintering process were elucidated,and measures to control adhesion on grate bars were developed.Research findings indicated that a small quantity of UPM were found on grate bar during the initial sintering stages(ignition stage and middle stageⅠandⅡ).The main compositions of UPM were FexOy-rich,CaO-rich,and aluminium silicate-rich particles.In contrast,corrosive substances like alkali metal compounds were almost absent.These UPM adhered onto grate bar primarily through inertial impaction.When moving to the final sintering stages(middle stageⅢand temperature rising stage),many UPM rich in corrosive substances like NaCl and KCl adhered to the grate bar.These UPM adhered to grate bar through thermal diffusion and vortex deposition.Solid waste water washing technology can greatly decrease the quantity of UPM(rich in NaCl and KCl)on the grate bar due to vortex deposition and thermal diffusion,and it represents a potentially promising way to control adhesion and corrosion on grate bars.
文摘This essay evaluates the behavioural dynamics generated by profit incentives and compares them with those in government-owned and charitable enterprises.Drawing on neoclassical microeconomics,agency theory,and institutional economics,it shows how the profit motive drives cost minimization,allocative efficiency,innovation,and consumer responsiveness.Profit expectations,formalized in endogenous growth models,act as catalysts for technological progress and dynamic efficiency,while agency-theoretic governance mechanisms align managerial incentives with shareholder interests.In contrast,government-owned enterprises operate under multi-objective welfare functions,often constrained by soft budget expectations,political interference,and X-inefficiencies that dilute efficiency.Charitable organizations,structured by the non-distribution constraint,emphasize social trust,equity,and mission fulfilment,supported by warm-glow altruism but constrained by free-rider problems and underfunding.A comparative evaluation suggests that profit-driven firms outperform in competitive markets producing private goods,whereas government and charitable forms play essential roles in addressing market failures and providing public or credence goods.The analysis affirms the institutionalist principle that ownership and governance structures must be aligned with the nature of the goods or services delivered.
文摘Rolling noise is an important source of railway noise and depends also on the dynamic behaviour of a railway track.This is characterized by the point or transfer mobility and the track decay rate,which depend on a number of track parameters.One possible reason for deviations between simulated and measured results for the dynamic track behaviour is the uncertainty of the value of some track parameters used as input for the simulation.This in turn results in an uncertainty in the simulation results.In this contribution,it is proposed to use the general transformation method to assess a uncertainty band for the results.Most relevant input parameters for determining the point input mobility and the track decay rate for a ballasted track are analysed with regard to the uncertainties and for the value of each an interval is determined.Then,the general transformation method is applied to four different simulation methods,working both in the frequency and time domains.For one example track,the resulting uncertainty bands are compared to one dataset with measurements for the point mobility and the track decay rate.In addition,a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the parameters that significantly influence the overall result.While all four simulation methods produce broad uncertainty bands for the results,none did match the measured results for the point mobility and the track decay rate over the entire frequency range considered.Besides the large influence of the uncertain pad stiffness,it turned out that the rail wear is also a significant source of uncertainty of the results.Overall,it is demonstrated that the proposed approach allows assessing the influence of uncertain input parameters in detail.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22090041)the Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams(No.2017ZT07C069)+1 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022B1515120014)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LQ21A040010).
文摘The exploratory synthesis and structural characterization of twodimensional(2D)honeycomb structured Ru-based compounds are key focuses in inorganic materials research,due to the various exotic electronic states arising from the interplay of electron correlations and spinorbit coupling.Among these compounds,α-RuCl_(3) and RuBr_(3) are considered as the most promising candidates for quantum spin liquid(QSL)materials[1–3].As a homolog,α-RuI3 has attracted significant interest,but it still remains relatively unexplored.Recently,it was synthesized by high-temperature and high-pressure solid-state reaction,but reported to be different crystal structures by independent groups.Ni et al.and Nawa et al.considerα-RuI3 to be R-3(3R)and P-31c(2H)space group,respectively[4,5].Both structures have typical 2D characteristics,in which the edge-sharing RuI6 octahedra form honeycomb layers stacked along the c-axis.The primary difference lies in that the honeycomb layers stack in ABCABC mode in the 3R phase,while in ABAB mode in the 2H phase(Fig.S1).Yang et al.discussed the stability of 3R and 2H polymorphs in terms of the total energies and dynamics,finding both structures are stable.However,the total energy of the 2H phase is slightly higher,2.58 meV than that of the 3R analog[6].When it comes to the conductivity behaviour,α-RuCl3 andα-RuBr_(3) are semiconductors as normally observed in QSL materials.In contrast,α-RuI_(3) exhibits metallic response.In 2D materials,the band structure may be drastically modified by altering the stacking order[7].Hence,determining the crystal structure ofα-RuI_(3) is urgently required,which is a key step in comprehensive and in-depth analysis of its physical properties.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62174170)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515010123)+4 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(20220807020526001)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0670000)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KJZD20230923114708018,KJZD20230923114710022)the Talent Support Project of Guangdong(2021TX06C101)the Shenzhen Basic Research(JCYJ20210324115406019).
文摘Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging,such as fan-out integration,2.5D/3D ICs,and MEMS devices.Typically,laser debonding of bonded pairs(R/R separation)is typically achieved by completely removing the material from the ablation region within the release material layer at high energy densities.However,this R/R separation method often results in a significant amount of release material and carbonized debris remaining on the surface of the device wafer,severely reducing product yields and cleaning efficiency for ultra-thin device wafers.Here,we proposed an interfacial separation strategy based on laser-induced hot stamping effect and thermoelastic stress wave,which enables stress-free separation of wafer bonding pairs at the interface of the release layer and the adhesive layer(R/A separation).By comprehensively analyzing the micro-morphology and material composition of the release material,we elucidated the laser debonding behavior of bonded pairs under different separation modes.Additionally,we calculated the ablation threshold of the release material in the case of wafer bonding and established the processing window for different separation methods.This work offers a fresh perspective on the development and application of laser debonding technology.The proposed R/A interface separation method is versatile,controllable,and highly reliable,and does not leave release materials and carbonized debris on device wafers,demonstrating strong industrial adaptability,which greatly facilitates the application and development of advanced packaging for ultra-thin chips.
基金Project(2652014017) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘The reaction behaviours of A1203 and SiO2 in high alumina coal fly ash under various alkali hydrothermal conditions were studied. The means of XRD, XRF, FTIR and SEM were used to measure the mineral phase and morphology of the solid samples obtained by different alkali hydrothermal treatments as well as the leaching ratio of SiO2 to A1203 in alkali solution. The results showed that with the increase of the hydrothermal treating temperature from 75 to 160 ~C, phillipsite-Na, zeolite A, zeolite P, and hydroxysodalite were produced sequentially while the mullite and corundum phase still remained. Zeolite P was massively formed at low-alkali concentration and the hydroxysodalite was predominantly obtained at high-alkali concentration. By the dissolution of aluminosilicate glass and the formation of zeolites together, the leaching efficiency of SiO2 can reach 42.13% with the mass ratio of A1203/SIO2 up to 2.19：1.
基金Project(2012CB619101)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Porous titanium has been shown to exhibit desirable properties as biomedical materials. In view of the load-bearing situation, the mechanical properties and pore structure deformation behaviour of porous titanium were studied. Porous titanium with porosities varying from 36%-66% and average pore size of 230 μm was fabricated by powder sintering. Microstructural features were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Uniaxial compression tests were used to probe the mechanical response in terms of elastic modulus and compressive strength. The mechanical properties of porous titanium were found to be close to the those of human bone, with stiffness values ranging from 1.86 to 14.7 GPa and compressive strength values of 85.16-461.94 MPa. The relationships between mechanical properties and relative densities were established, and the increase in relative density showed significant effects on mechanical properties and deformations of porous titanium. In a lower relative density, the microscopic deformation mechanism of porous titanium was yielding, bending and buckling of cell walls, while the deformation of yielding and bending of cell walls was observed in the porous titanium with higher relative density.
基金Project(RDCPJ346365-06)supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaProject(51208193)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(11jj6034)supported by the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation
文摘The effect of MnO4- and silver content on electrochemical behaviour of five commercial Pb-Ag alloy anodes was studied in acid zinc sulphate electrolyte with and without MnO4- ions at 38 °C during potential decay periods. When the anodes were immersed into acid zinc sulphate electrolyte without MnO4- ions, the Pb-0.72%Ag anode entered complete passivation state in the shortest time among the five anodes, followed by anodes Pb-0.67%Ag, Pb-0.60%Ag, Pb-0.58%Ag and Pb-0.29%Ag-0.1%Ca by measurement of open circuit potential. During immersion of the anodes, MnO4 ions accelerated the passivation and increased the corrosion current density of the anodes. After immersion in zinc electrolyte with MnO4-, the anode Pb-0.72%Ag had the best corrosion resistance, followed by anodes Pb-0.67%Ag, Pb-0.60%Ag, then the close anodes Pb-0.58%Ag and Pb-0.29%Ag-0.1%Ca by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） analysis.
文摘Ecological reactive powder concrete (ECO-RPC) with small sized and differentvolume fraction steel fibers was prepared by substitution of ultra-fine industrial waste powder for50% to 60% cement by weight and replacement of ground fine quartz sand with natural fine aggregate.The effect of steel fiber volume fraction and curing ages on the static mechanical behaviour ofECO-RPC was studied. Using the split Hopkinson pressure bar technique, the dynamic mechanicalbehaviour of ECO-RPC was investigated under different strain rates. The results show that the staticmechanical behaviour of ECO-RPC increases with the increase of steel fiber volume fraction andcuring ages. The type of ECO-RPC with the substitution of 25% ultra-fine slag, 25% ultra-fine flyash and 10% silica fume is better than the others with compressive strength, flexural strength, andfracture energy more than 200 MPa, 60 MPa and 30 kJ/m^2, respectively. ECO-RPC has excellent strainrate stiffening effects under dynamic load. Its peak stress, peak strain and the area understrain-stress curve increase with the increase of strain rate. Its fracture pattern changes frombrittleness to toughness under high strain rates.
文摘Rutting is one of the most damages in the asphalt surfaces for the orthotropic steel bridge decks. With Hamburg wheel tracking device, the suitable test conditions for Gussasphalt in Germany are pointed out, the high temperature behaviour of Gussasphalt with different binders are tested and compared. The polymer modified binder has higher resistance stability to rutting. The retained time and mixed frequency have obvious effects on Gussasphalt behaviour during Gussasphalt retained period.
基金Project supported by the General Council of Ile-de-France and the Department of Seine-et-Marne,France
文摘In this study,a fouled ballast taken from the site of Sénissiat,France,was investigated.For the hydraulic behaviour,a large-scale cell was developed allowing drainage and evaporation tests to be carried out with monitoring of both suction and volumetric water content at various positions of the sample.It was observed that the hydraulic conductivity of fouled ballast is decreasing with suction increase,as for common unsaturated soils.The effect of fines content was found to be negligible.For the mechanical behaviour,both monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were carried out using a large-scale triaxial cell.Various water contents were considered.The results were interpreted in terms of shear strength and permanent axial strain.It appeared that the water content is an important factor to be accounted for since any increase of water content or degree of saturation significantly decreases the shear strength and increases the permanent strain.Constitutive modelling has been attempted based on the experimental results.The model in its current state is capable of describing the effects of stress level,cycle number and water content.
基金This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51974042)the Shanxi Province Science and Technology Plan Exposed Bidding Project(No.20191101015)+3 种基金the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Mine Disaster Prevention and Control(No.JMDPC202102)the Scientific Research Project of Introducing Talents in Guizhou University(No.202045)the Open Project Program of National Engineering Technology Research Center of Development and Utilization for Phosphorus Resources(NECP202210)the Growth Project of Young Scientific and Technological Talents in Universities of Guizhou Province(KY2022139).
文摘This work aimed at revealing the mechanism of strong ground pressure behaviour(SGPB)induced by high-position hard roof(HHR).Based on the supporting structures model of HHR,a modified voussoir beam mechanical model for HHR was established by considering the gangue support coefficient,through which the modified expressions of limit breaking span and breaking energy of HHR were deduced.Combined with the relationship between the dynamic-static loading stress of supporting body(hydraulic support and coal wall)and its comprehensive supporting strength,the criteria of ground pressure behaviour(GPB)induced by HHR were discussed.The types of Ⅰ_(1),Ⅰ_(2),Ⅱ_(1),andⅡ_(2) of GPB were interpreted.Results showed that types Ⅰ_(1) and Ⅰ_(2) were the main forms of SGPB in extra-thick coal seam mining.The main manifestation of SGPB was static stress,which was mainly derived from the instability of HHR rather than fracture.Accordingly,an innovative control technology was proposed,which can weaken static load by vertical-well separated fracturing HHR.The research results have been successfully applied to the 8101 working face in Tashan coal mine,Shanxi Province,China.The results of a digital borehole camera observation and stress monitoring proved the rationality of the GPB criteria.The control technology was successful,paving the way for new possibilities to HHR control for safety mining.
文摘Mental health problems in children and adolescents include several types of emotional and behavioural disorders, including disruptive, depression, anxiety and pervasive developmental(autism) disorders, characterized as either internalizing or externalizing problems. Disruptive behavioural problems such as temper tantrums, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional, defiant or conduct disorders are the commonest behavioural problems in preschool and school age children. The routine Paediatric clinic or Family Medicine/General Practitioner surgery presents with several desirable characteristics that make them ideal for providing effective mental health services to children and adolescents. DSM-5 and ICD-10 are the universally accepted standard criteria for the classification of mental and behaviour disorders in childhood and adults. The age and gender prevalence estimation of various childhood behavioural disorders are variable and difficult to compare worldwide. A review of relevant published literature was conducted, including published metaanalyses and national guidelines. We searched for articles indexed by Ovid, Pub Med, Pub Med Medical Central, CINAHL, EMBASE, Database of Abstracts and Reviews, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews and other online sources. The searches were conducted using a combination of search expressions including "childhood", "behaviour", "disorders" or "problems". Childhood behaviour and emotional problems with their related disorders have significant negative impacts on the individual, the family and the society. They are commonly associated with poor academic, occupational, and psychosocial functioning. It is important for all healthcare professionals, especially the Paediatricians to be aware of the range of presentation, prevention and management of the common mental health problems in children and adolescents.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41501147,41661034,41671130)The Scientific Platform and Innovation Capability Construction Program of GDAS(Grant No.2016GDASPT-0210)+1 种基金GDAS'Special Project of Science and Technology Development under Grant(Grant No.2017GDAs CX-080)the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2017A030310475)
文摘This study aimed at gaining an understanding of the formation of residents' Environmental Conservation Behaviour(ECB) to promote sustainable tourism development in Chinese mountain areas. In particular, a theoretical framework was constructed by merging residents' mountain attachment and their environmental values,and awareness of environmental consequences based on the Cognition Behaviour Theory. This research sampled 642 residents with convenience sampling method in Jiuzhaigou and Mount Qingcheng, and structural equation modelling analysis was conducted to identify the relationships among the above variables. Results verified that mountain attachment affected people's awareness of environmental consequences, which then affected their ECB.Environmental values and mountain attachment directly and positively influenced ECB. Moreover,awareness of environmental consequences played the most prominent role in predicting ECB among all the predictors in this study. In all, this study derived several significant implications which can not only contribute to environmental management policies in tourism field but also help to improve the levels of the antecedents of residents' ECB and promote sustainable tourism development in Chinese mountain areas.
