目前很多数据库程序需要实现背景音乐来增强多媒体效果,计算机在安装声卡的情况下Visual FoxPro可以利用set bell to命令、插入OLE控件、调用库函数等多种方法实现背景音乐,一些没有安装声卡的商用计算机也可以利用WindowsAPI函数Beep编...目前很多数据库程序需要实现背景音乐来增强多媒体效果,计算机在安装声卡的情况下Visual FoxPro可以利用set bell to命令、插入OLE控件、调用库函数等多种方法实现背景音乐,一些没有安装声卡的商用计算机也可以利用WindowsAPI函数Beep编写PC喇叭音乐。该文探讨了在各种情况下Visual FoxPro实现背景音乐的方法,并给出程序实例。展开更多
This study examines how internal research and development(R&D),external knowledge acquisition,and R&D contracted with other companies interact in local and foreign-owned enterprises in post-communist economies...This study examines how internal research and development(R&D),external knowledge acquisition,and R&D contracted with other companies interact in local and foreign-owned enterprises in post-communist economies.A large sample of firm-level data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey(BEEPS)across 26 postcommunist countries(including European Union(EU)members and non-EU states of Eastern Europe,Caucasian countries,and Central Asian countries)and country-level data from the Global Innovation Index and the International Property Rights Index were used.The findings show that enterprises with majority foreign ownership are relatively more likely to acquire external R&D.We demonstrate that the R&D behavior of enterprises with majority foreign ownership and local firms are interrelated,that is,we find a synergy effect.According to the results,decisions on internal R&D and the purchase of external knowledge for enterprises with majority foreign ownership are similar to those of local firms.However,enterprises with foreign ownership contract R&D with other companies more often if local firms conduct internal R&D.These results indicate the presence of knowledge spillover and cross-learning effects in both types of enterprises in postcommunist countries.Finally,we find that the national innovation environment is not significant for the R&D intensity of enterprises with majority foreign ownership,which suggests their high dependence on the parent structures of multinational enterprises.展开更多
文摘目前很多数据库程序需要实现背景音乐来增强多媒体效果,计算机在安装声卡的情况下Visual FoxPro可以利用set bell to命令、插入OLE控件、调用库函数等多种方法实现背景音乐,一些没有安装声卡的商用计算机也可以利用WindowsAPI函数Beep编写PC喇叭音乐。该文探讨了在各种情况下Visual FoxPro实现背景音乐的方法,并给出程序实例。
基金This article is the output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics(HSE University).
文摘This study examines how internal research and development(R&D),external knowledge acquisition,and R&D contracted with other companies interact in local and foreign-owned enterprises in post-communist economies.A large sample of firm-level data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey(BEEPS)across 26 postcommunist countries(including European Union(EU)members and non-EU states of Eastern Europe,Caucasian countries,and Central Asian countries)and country-level data from the Global Innovation Index and the International Property Rights Index were used.The findings show that enterprises with majority foreign ownership are relatively more likely to acquire external R&D.We demonstrate that the R&D behavior of enterprises with majority foreign ownership and local firms are interrelated,that is,we find a synergy effect.According to the results,decisions on internal R&D and the purchase of external knowledge for enterprises with majority foreign ownership are similar to those of local firms.However,enterprises with foreign ownership contract R&D with other companies more often if local firms conduct internal R&D.These results indicate the presence of knowledge spillover and cross-learning effects in both types of enterprises in postcommunist countries.Finally,we find that the national innovation environment is not significant for the R&D intensity of enterprises with majority foreign ownership,which suggests their high dependence on the parent structures of multinational enterprises.
