Several conjugate components represent the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Baikal:Baikal water(surface and deep water),groundwater from boreholes,water of numerous Baikal tributaries,cold and hot mineral springs around Lake...Several conjugate components represent the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Baikal:Baikal water(surface and deep water),groundwater from boreholes,water of numerous Baikal tributaries,cold and hot mineral springs around Lake Baikal,and the Angara River,the only runoff reflecting all this aquatic diversity.River waters in the Baikal region are known to be deficient in some vital elements,including fluorine.This article discusses the features of the fluorine distribution in the water from the conjugate components of the Baikal ecosystem.Fluorine ion concentrations in the water of the Baikal ecosystem was determined using the potentiometric method.The study represents the monitoring that was carried out between 1997 and 2022 years.We determine likely causes of high and low fluorine concentrations in the water from different components,propose and substantiate the fluorine sources,geological and geochemical model of its influx and distribution features in the water of the Baikal ecosystem.展开更多
Precipitation over southeastern Lake Baikal features a significant decreasing trend in July and August over 1979–2018 and is closely related to blocking occurrence over central Siberia(45°–70°N,75°–1...Precipitation over southeastern Lake Baikal features a significant decreasing trend in July and August over 1979–2018 and is closely related to blocking occurrence over central Siberia(45°–70°N,75°–115°E).This study investigates the formation and maintenance of anticyclonic and cyclonic wave-breaking(AWB and CWB)blocking events and their climate impacts on precipitation in the southeastern Lake Baikal area.Both AWB and CWB blocking events are characterized by a cold trough deepening from the sub-Arctic region and a ridge amplifying toward its north over central Siberia,as well as an evident Rossby wave train over midlatitude Eurasia.For AWB blocking events,the ridge and trough pair tilts clockwise and the wave train exhibits a zonal distribution.In contrast,ridge and trough pair associated with CWB blocking events leans anticlockwise with larger-scale,meridional,and more anisotropic signatures.Moreover,the incoming Rossby wave energy associated with CWB blocking events is more evident than for AWB blocking events.Therefore,CWB blocking events are more persistent.AWB blocking events produce more extensive and persistent precipitation over the southeastern Lake Baikal area than CWB blocking events,in which moderate above-normal rainfall is seen in the decaying periods of blockings.A significant decreasing trend is found in terms of AWB blocking occurrence over central Siberia,which may contribute to the downward trend of precipitation over southeastern Lake Baikal.展开更多
The current lithospheric geodynamics and tectonophysics in the Baikal rift are discussed in terms of a nonlinear oscillator with dissipation.The nonlinear oscillator model is applicable to the area because stress chan...The current lithospheric geodynamics and tectonophysics in the Baikal rift are discussed in terms of a nonlinear oscillator with dissipation.The nonlinear oscillator model is applicable to the area because stress change shows up as quasi-periodic inharmonic oscillations at rifting attractor structures （RAS）.The model is consistent with the space-time patterns of regional seismicity in which coupled large earthquakes,proximal in time but distant in space,may be a response to bifurcations in nonlinear resonance hysteresis in a system of three oscillators corresponding to the rifting attractors.The space-time distribution of coupled MLH ＞ 5.5 events has been stable for the period of instrumental seismicity,with the largest events occurring in pairs,one shortly after another,on two ends of the rift system and with couples of smaller events in the central part of the rift.The event couples appear as peaks of earthquake ‘migration＇ rate with an approximately decadal periodicity.Thus the energy accumulated at RAS is released in coupled large events by the mechanism of nonlinear oscillators with dissipation.The new knowledge,with special focus on space-time rifting attractors and bifurcations in a system of nonlinear resonance hysteresis,may be of theoretical and practical value for earthquake prediction issues.Extrapolation of the results into the nearest future indicates the probability of such a bifurcation in the region,i.e.,there is growing risk of a pending M ≈ 7 coupled event to happen within a few years.展开更多
The forest estate in south-west Zabaikalia, a territory included in the Lake Baikal catchment area, has been investigated. For this purpose we have used both data of our own studies and monitoring data of environmenta...The forest estate in south-west Zabaikalia, a territory included in the Lake Baikal catchment area, has been investigated. For this purpose we have used both data of our own studies and monitoring data of environmental protection bodies. It shows that in our study area, fires, fellings, entomo-parasites and air pollution are the major negative factors affecting the state of the forest. In the period from 2003 to 2008 fires were registered in the area of over 500 thousand ha, pest foci in the forests covering an area of over 330 thousand ha, where almost 5 million m3wood was cut in an area of about 43 thousand ha. The total area of forests in our study affected by air pollution amounts to about 700 thousand ha. According to the results, forest pollution in the territory is concentrated in the vicinity of large-scale industrial complexes, for distances up to about 40 km. The total area of forests weakened by air pollution amounts to about 2 million ha.展开更多
The results of studies of the peculiarities of formation of phytocenoses in environments contact sites of the western and eastern coasts of the Lake Baikal has been showed in this paper. On the base of geobotanic prof...The results of studies of the peculiarities of formation of phytocenoses in environments contact sites of the western and eastern coasts of the Lake Baikal has been showed in this paper. On the base of geobotanic profiling combined with soil one, the structure and dynamics of phytocenoses forming under the conditions of mutual development of light-coniferous taiga forest and of extra zonal steppes. Edaphic conditions and placement of phytocenoses are main trigger factors determining the ways of plant cover development in this part of Lake Baikal basin. We discuss the characteristics properties inherent in the linkage of the dynamics and spatial variability of the vegetation with the change of climate in the Baikal region. The regional conditions of the physiogeographic environment had given rise to structurally highly contrasting plant communities in this region. The increase in yearly mean summertime amounts of rainfall, combined with the rise of yearly mean winter temperatures over the last years were conducive to changes in the spatial structure of vegetation. The boundary between the types of vegetation undergoes smoothing. The upper boundary of forest is altered because of changes of the environment that are responsible for the zonality and properties of vertical zonality of the vegetation on the mountains surrounding Lake Baikal. Changes in the vegetation serve as indicators of climate change as well as providing diagnostic tools for the genesis of the Baikal region’s natural environment.展开更多
Fine-grained disseminated carbonate was found in Holocene sediments in a core taken from the northern basin of Lake Baikal. The core had two distinct facies. a terrigenous blue-clay overlain by a diatomaceous silt. Ox...Fine-grained disseminated carbonate was found in Holocene sediments in a core taken from the northern basin of Lake Baikal. The core had two distinct facies. a terrigenous blue-clay overlain by a diatomaceous silt. Oxygen and carbon stable isotope analyses, combined with SEM , X-ray diffraction and .palynology, show that the carbonate in the blue-clay layer is pedogenic in origin, rather than biogenic or authigenic . The S C values in the blue clay suggest that the carbonate is derived from a single source , while the carbonate in the diatom-rich layer might be transported by winds from different sources. On the assumption that the carbonate was formed during the post-glacial age and was transported primarily by river runoff, the 18O isotopic values suggest that the annual temperature in the northern Baikal drainage area was about 3℃ warmer during the middle Holocene (8500-7000 a, B. P.) than during the early Holocene (11 000-8 500a, B.P.) when the blue clay was being deposited . This interpretation展开更多
[KG(0.01mm]This study focuses on the community structure of aggregated bacteria in Lake Baikal and relationships with free-living bacteria. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) methods were used in samples of bact...[KG(0.01mm]This study focuses on the community structure of aggregated bacteria in Lake Baikal and relationships with free-living bacteria. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) methods were used in samples of bacteria taken in April, 2001. Bacterial counts of free-living bacteria by DAPI staining ranged from 0.2×10 6 to 3.2×10 6 cells·mL -1, decreasing with depth, whereas aggregated bacterial numbers dramatically increased with depth, ranging from 0.4×10 4 to 3.3×10 4 cells·mL -1. Ratios of EUB probe binding cells to DAPI counts ranged from 52.3 to 74.1% in free-living bacteria and from 39.6 to 66.7% in aggregated bacteria, respectively. Community composition of aggregated bacteria was very different from free-living bacteria, especially at 25m depth where highest phytoplankton numbers were observed. The vertical profile of aggregated bacteria community was very characteristic. Beta-Proteobacteria increased with depth down to 100m. At 250m, gamma-Proteobacteria was 44% of DAPI bound cells, while other groups were less than 1%. We conclude that community structures of free-living and aggregated bacteria were different, and they may sustain the ecosystem in independent ways.展开更多
The problem of biogenic income from rocks into a water ecosystem and of their use by hydrobionts is considered by the example of Lake Baikal biogeocenoses. A complex interreaction of stony material and Baikal water oc...The problem of biogenic income from rocks into a water ecosystem and of their use by hydrobionts is considered by the example of Lake Baikal biogeocenoses. A complex interreaction of stony material and Baikal water occurs on the stony littoral of Lake Baikal with an active participation of benthic and planktonic hydrobionts. Biogeochemical processes enable income of biophile elements providing productivity of stony littoral and hydrobionts biodiversity. A particular role in the littoral zone belongs to symbiotic organisms: lichens and sponges. They extract from the tocks a wide spectrum of macro- and micro- elements including phosphorus, fixe nitrogen and consume carbon. Biodiversity and bioproductivity of stony littoral depend on the diversity of petrographic composition of the rocks and on their geochemical peculiarities. Increase of anthropogenic impact onto the stony littoral manifested by income of biogenic elements and alien microbial cenosis flow results in degradation of primary aquatic biogeocenoses.展开更多
Phytocenoses in the ecosystems contact zones are characterized by a rather complex structural and dynamical more than one features and by specific development characters under definite physical and geographical condit...Phytocenoses in the ecosystems contact zones are characterized by a rather complex structural and dynamical more than one features and by specific development characters under definite physical and geographical conditions. Unlike zonal vegetation, such phytocenoses respond to all environment changes more rapidly. The structure of such phytocenoses allows to determine the way this or that scenarios of climate change would develop at any level of more than one ecosystems. A possibility to use the notion “paragenese” for characterization of phytocenoses under contrast conditions is considered. Paragenese is the development of phytocenoses which are not related to zonal vegetation types by their composition and structure. Probably, the communities from ecosystems contact zones are to be related to a particular “type” of vegetation. Phytocenoses in the contact of light coniferous taiga and extrazonal steppes, as well as relations between zonal forest-steppe at main areas of Lake Baikal basin served as examples for justification of use of the notion “paragenese” to characterize the development of such communities.展开更多
During last decades, new trends appeared in the ecotones of the upper boundary of forests at the ridges surroundingLakeBaikal(Khamar-Daban and Baikal’sky Ridge): ones to advance of wood species (Pinus sibirica Du Tou...During last decades, new trends appeared in the ecotones of the upper boundary of forests at the ridges surroundingLakeBaikal(Khamar-Daban and Baikal’sky Ridge): ones to advance of wood species (Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Abies sibirica Ledeb., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Larix dahurica Lawson) out of timber stands into the area of subgoltsy with Pinus pumila (Pallas) Regel. up to mountain tundras. In average, this is from 100 to 200 - 300 meters (maximum up to500 m) in linear distance from the margin of dense timber stand. A burst of forests renewal occurred in 1989-1995, it resulted probably from a high productivity of the seeds of wood species due to warmer winters in 1980ies-1990ies which favoured the formation of favourable climate-edaphic conditions for the development of forest communities above the forests boundary on the ridges surrounding Lake Baikal.展开更多
The present paper contains the results of a review of economic instruments for water resources management in the Republic of Buryatia prepared under the OECD project “Improving the use of economic instruments for wat...The present paper contains the results of a review of economic instruments for water resources management in the Republic of Buryatia prepared under the OECD project “Improving the use of economic instruments for water management in the Republic of Buryatia (Lake Baikal basin)” and aimed at supporting the policy dialogue on water in Russia, in cooperation with the EU Water Initiative. Based on the analysis, some recommendations were developed for improving the use of instruments for water resources management in the Republic of Buryatia as a part of the Baikal Natural Area.展开更多
This article considers a necessity to assign the Baikal basin as an integrated transboundary ecological-economic system where an incongruity of global ecological and local economic interests is observed. The existing ...This article considers a necessity to assign the Baikal basin as an integrated transboundary ecological-economic system where an incongruity of global ecological and local economic interests is observed. The existing problems and limitations of further development of the Baikal ecological-economic system are singled out.展开更多
Assessment of the current status of Lake Baikal proved to be based on changes in natural (“preindustrial”) chemical content in basic abiotic and biological compartments of the Lake geosystem. This approach was used ...Assessment of the current status of Lake Baikal proved to be based on changes in natural (“preindustrial”) chemical content in basic abiotic and biological compartments of the Lake geosystem. This approach was used to evaluate background “base-line levels” of 6 major and about 50 minor and trace ele-ments in the Lake Baikal water body using a number of most reliable data re-ported within 1992-2012. In terms of environment geochemistry Baikal is one of the purest water reservoirs on the Earth. A simple mass balance model was proposed for assessing possible anthropogenic impact on Baikal water geo-chemistry. Estimations of change trends showed that only for Na+, SO42-, Cl- and Mo growth rate of their average concentrations in the Lake occurred to be 1%, 3%, 7% and 2% in every 10 years. Space-time monitoring schedules for all water body compartments of the Lake are proposed as well as similar moni-toring programs for tributaries, precipitations, bottom sediments, aquatic biota.展开更多
Research is devoted to the problem of recycling waste of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, whose activity has caused serious damage to the ecological environment of Lake Baikal and its environs. Grouting waste productio...Research is devoted to the problem of recycling waste of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, whose activity has caused serious damage to the ecological environment of Lake Baikal and its environs. Grouting waste production is currently the most effective possible decision to the problem of pollutants, such as sludge-lignin and ash, in water objects and groundwater. The results on the grouting of liquid and solid waste from the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, represented by sludge lignin and ash, are presented. Cement, liquid glass, colloidal silica, ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide were used as the main hardeners. Samples were formed by mixing the original waste with astringent. The strength in time, shrinkage, resistance to water were studied. Samples formed on the basis of colloidal silica solution have a maximum uniaxial compressive strength of 0.4 - 0.5 MPa, on the basis of liquid glass—0.2 - 0.3 MPa. Adding fine sand increases the strength by 1.5 - 1.7 times. Samples based on ammonium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide do not have sufficient strength. Adding fine quartz sand increases the strength up to 1.0 - 1.2 MPa.展开更多
Measurements of non-tidal variations of gravity （Ag）, which were obtained from 1992 to 2012 at the Talaya seismic station （located in the south-western part of the Baikal region）, are interpreted together with GPS...Measurements of non-tidal variations of gravity （Ag）, which were obtained from 1992 to 2012 at the Talaya seismic station （located in the south-western part of the Baikal region）, are interpreted together with GPS （Global Position System） observation data, which were obtained from 2000 to 2013 at the same station. An absolute gravimeter was used for gravity observation. The strongest precision requirements concern tidal gravity prediction. It is the reason why we investigated tidal effect by LCR （LaCoste ＆ Romberg） gravimeter from 1996 to 1997 at the same station. We use tested tidal model for correction of gravity change. The linear component of gravity variations corresponds to changes in the elevation of the site. The correlation coefficient is close to the normal value of the vertical gradient of gravity. At this site, coseismic gravity variations at the time of the Kultuk earthquake （August 27, 2008, Mw = 6.5） were caused by a combined effect of the change of the site＇s elevation and deformation of the crust. Our estimations of the coseismic effects are consistent with results obtained by modeling based on the available seismic data.展开更多
Due to global climate change it is important to constantly monitor thecurrent climate state, observed trends and timely detection of their changes.The change in the hydrothermal regime has to result into changes innat...Due to global climate change it is important to constantly monitor thecurrent climate state, observed trends and timely detection of their changes.The change in the hydrothermal regime has to result into changes innatural ecosystems. The analysis of long-term changes of mean annualtemperatures and annual precipitation in warm and cold seasons over1955-2017 years was carried out using data of the Davsha meteorologicalstation , 54, 35˚N., 109,5˚E. Significant warming in the Northern Baikalregion has been observed since 1990 and continues to the present. Theclimate is subcontinental with cool and short summers, frosty and longwinters. In the last decade, there has been a shift of the beginning somephenology seasons. This had an effect on the increase in the warm seasonof the year and the duration of the frost-free period (by 5 days from thelong-term average date). Spring comes earlier - for 3 days, summer andthe last frost - for 5 days, autumn comes later - for 2 days.展开更多
The Baikal Group is one of the most important stratigraphic units in the geology of East Siberia (Upper Riphean). This paper focuses on litological-facies features based on the analysis of organic remains (stromatolit...The Baikal Group is one of the most important stratigraphic units in the geology of East Siberia (Upper Riphean). This paper focuses on litological-facies features based on the analysis of organic remains (stromatolites, microphitolites and microfossils), in order to better precise the age and environmental deposit conditions of the Baikal Group. The results are used to draw a correlation between all the Precambrian of deposits of the South of East Siberia. The stratigraphy of the Baikal Group is then compared to the geodynamic evolution of this region, characterized by the break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia and subsequent opening of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Stratigraphic analogs to the Baikal Group display in most areas deposits of various minerals (complex ores, phosphoresces, bauxites etc. have been dated of the same age), so the present study would also provides an economic interest.展开更多
On cosmic picture of the ice surface lake Baikal are discovered dark ring by diameter 7 km-8 km.The author shall give physical interpretation given phenomenon,having expected that shaping rings are connected with surg...On cosmic picture of the ice surface lake Baikal are discovered dark ring by diameter 7 km-8 km.The author shall give physical interpretation given phenomenon,having expected that shaping rings are connected with surge of the warm natural gas from sedimentary thick mass of the bottom of the Baikal.Convection is formed in thick mass of water in the manner of torah around surge of the natural gas,which carries become warm water before surface(the lower edge ice)in side from pole of the natural gas.The mechanism heatconductivity heat gets to upper edge ice,where snow and ice begin intensive to melt.As a result thawed patch is formed on snow-clad ice in the manner of ring.展开更多
基金the framework of the IGC SB RAS project(No.0284-2021-0003)supported by the RFFR ofi_m project(No.17-29-05022).
文摘Several conjugate components represent the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Baikal:Baikal water(surface and deep water),groundwater from boreholes,water of numerous Baikal tributaries,cold and hot mineral springs around Lake Baikal,and the Angara River,the only runoff reflecting all this aquatic diversity.River waters in the Baikal region are known to be deficient in some vital elements,including fluorine.This article discusses the features of the fluorine distribution in the water from the conjugate components of the Baikal ecosystem.Fluorine ion concentrations in the water of the Baikal ecosystem was determined using the potentiometric method.The study represents the monitoring that was carried out between 1997 and 2022 years.We determine likely causes of high and low fluorine concentrations in the water from different components,propose and substantiate the fluorine sources,geological and geochemical model of its influx and distribution features in the water of the Baikal ecosystem.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of China (Grant No. 2015BAC03B03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41861144014, 41630424 and 41875078)
文摘Precipitation over southeastern Lake Baikal features a significant decreasing trend in July and August over 1979–2018 and is closely related to blocking occurrence over central Siberia(45°–70°N,75°–115°E).This study investigates the formation and maintenance of anticyclonic and cyclonic wave-breaking(AWB and CWB)blocking events and their climate impacts on precipitation in the southeastern Lake Baikal area.Both AWB and CWB blocking events are characterized by a cold trough deepening from the sub-Arctic region and a ridge amplifying toward its north over central Siberia,as well as an evident Rossby wave train over midlatitude Eurasia.For AWB blocking events,the ridge and trough pair tilts clockwise and the wave train exhibits a zonal distribution.In contrast,ridge and trough pair associated with CWB blocking events leans anticlockwise with larger-scale,meridional,and more anisotropic signatures.Moreover,the incoming Rossby wave energy associated with CWB blocking events is more evident than for AWB blocking events.Therefore,CWB blocking events are more persistent.AWB blocking events produce more extensive and persistent precipitation over the southeastern Lake Baikal area than CWB blocking events,in which moderate above-normal rainfall is seen in the decaying periods of blockings.A significant decreasing trend is found in terms of AWB blocking occurrence over central Siberia,which may contribute to the downward trend of precipitation over southeastern Lake Baikal.
基金supported by grants 09-05-00014-a, and 08-05-90201-Mong_a from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research
文摘The current lithospheric geodynamics and tectonophysics in the Baikal rift are discussed in terms of a nonlinear oscillator with dissipation.The nonlinear oscillator model is applicable to the area because stress change shows up as quasi-periodic inharmonic oscillations at rifting attractor structures （RAS）.The model is consistent with the space-time patterns of regional seismicity in which coupled large earthquakes,proximal in time but distant in space,may be a response to bifurcations in nonlinear resonance hysteresis in a system of three oscillators corresponding to the rifting attractors.The space-time distribution of coupled MLH ＞ 5.5 events has been stable for the period of instrumental seismicity,with the largest events occurring in pairs,one shortly after another,on two ends of the rift system and with couples of smaller events in the central part of the rift.The event couples appear as peaks of earthquake ‘migration＇ rate with an approximately decadal periodicity.Thus the energy accumulated at RAS is released in coupled large events by the mechanism of nonlinear oscillators with dissipation.The new knowledge,with special focus on space-time rifting attractors and bifurcations in a system of nonlinear resonance hysteresis,may be of theoretical and practical value for earthquake prediction issues.Extrapolation of the results into the nearest future indicates the probability of such a bifurcation in the region,i.e.,there is growing risk of a pending M ≈ 7 coupled event to happen within a few years.
基金supported by the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (No.17)
文摘The forest estate in south-west Zabaikalia, a territory included in the Lake Baikal catchment area, has been investigated. For this purpose we have used both data of our own studies and monitoring data of environmental protection bodies. It shows that in our study area, fires, fellings, entomo-parasites and air pollution are the major negative factors affecting the state of the forest. In the period from 2003 to 2008 fires were registered in the area of over 500 thousand ha, pest foci in the forests covering an area of over 330 thousand ha, where almost 5 million m3wood was cut in an area of about 43 thousand ha. The total area of forests in our study affected by air pollution amounts to about 700 thousand ha. According to the results, forest pollution in the territory is concentrated in the vicinity of large-scale industrial complexes, for distances up to about 40 km. The total area of forests weakened by air pollution amounts to about 2 million ha.
文摘The results of studies of the peculiarities of formation of phytocenoses in environments contact sites of the western and eastern coasts of the Lake Baikal has been showed in this paper. On the base of geobotanic profiling combined with soil one, the structure and dynamics of phytocenoses forming under the conditions of mutual development of light-coniferous taiga forest and of extra zonal steppes. Edaphic conditions and placement of phytocenoses are main trigger factors determining the ways of plant cover development in this part of Lake Baikal basin. We discuss the characteristics properties inherent in the linkage of the dynamics and spatial variability of the vegetation with the change of climate in the Baikal region. The regional conditions of the physiogeographic environment had given rise to structurally highly contrasting plant communities in this region. The increase in yearly mean summertime amounts of rainfall, combined with the rise of yearly mean winter temperatures over the last years were conducive to changes in the spatial structure of vegetation. The boundary between the types of vegetation undergoes smoothing. The upper boundary of forest is altered because of changes of the environment that are responsible for the zonality and properties of vertical zonality of the vegetation on the mountains surrounding Lake Baikal. Changes in the vegetation serve as indicators of climate change as well as providing diagnostic tools for the genesis of the Baikal region’s natural environment.
文摘Fine-grained disseminated carbonate was found in Holocene sediments in a core taken from the northern basin of Lake Baikal. The core had two distinct facies. a terrigenous blue-clay overlain by a diatomaceous silt. Oxygen and carbon stable isotope analyses, combined with SEM , X-ray diffraction and .palynology, show that the carbonate in the blue-clay layer is pedogenic in origin, rather than biogenic or authigenic . The S C values in the blue clay suggest that the carbonate is derived from a single source , while the carbonate in the diatom-rich layer might be transported by winds from different sources. On the assumption that the carbonate was formed during the post-glacial age and was transported primarily by river runoff, the 18O isotopic values suggest that the annual temperature in the northern Baikal drainage area was about 3℃ warmer during the middle Holocene (8500-7000 a, B. P.) than during the early Holocene (11 000-8 500a, B.P.) when the blue clay was being deposited . This interpretation
基金the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation(2002-201-02-2)
文摘[KG(0.01mm]This study focuses on the community structure of aggregated bacteria in Lake Baikal and relationships with free-living bacteria. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) methods were used in samples of bacteria taken in April, 2001. Bacterial counts of free-living bacteria by DAPI staining ranged from 0.2×10 6 to 3.2×10 6 cells·mL -1, decreasing with depth, whereas aggregated bacterial numbers dramatically increased with depth, ranging from 0.4×10 4 to 3.3×10 4 cells·mL -1. Ratios of EUB probe binding cells to DAPI counts ranged from 52.3 to 74.1% in free-living bacteria and from 39.6 to 66.7% in aggregated bacteria, respectively. Community composition of aggregated bacteria was very different from free-living bacteria, especially at 25m depth where highest phytoplankton numbers were observed. The vertical profile of aggregated bacteria community was very characteristic. Beta-Proteobacteria increased with depth down to 100m. At 250m, gamma-Proteobacteria was 44% of DAPI bound cells, while other groups were less than 1%. We conclude that community structures of free-living and aggregated bacteria were different, and they may sustain the ecosystem in independent ways.
文摘The problem of biogenic income from rocks into a water ecosystem and of their use by hydrobionts is considered by the example of Lake Baikal biogeocenoses. A complex interreaction of stony material and Baikal water occurs on the stony littoral of Lake Baikal with an active participation of benthic and planktonic hydrobionts. Biogeochemical processes enable income of biophile elements providing productivity of stony littoral and hydrobionts biodiversity. A particular role in the littoral zone belongs to symbiotic organisms: lichens and sponges. They extract from the tocks a wide spectrum of macro- and micro- elements including phosphorus, fixe nitrogen and consume carbon. Biodiversity and bioproductivity of stony littoral depend on the diversity of petrographic composition of the rocks and on their geochemical peculiarities. Increase of anthropogenic impact onto the stony littoral manifested by income of biogenic elements and alien microbial cenosis flow results in degradation of primary aquatic biogeocenoses.
文摘Phytocenoses in the ecosystems contact zones are characterized by a rather complex structural and dynamical more than one features and by specific development characters under definite physical and geographical conditions. Unlike zonal vegetation, such phytocenoses respond to all environment changes more rapidly. The structure of such phytocenoses allows to determine the way this or that scenarios of climate change would develop at any level of more than one ecosystems. A possibility to use the notion “paragenese” for characterization of phytocenoses under contrast conditions is considered. Paragenese is the development of phytocenoses which are not related to zonal vegetation types by their composition and structure. Probably, the communities from ecosystems contact zones are to be related to a particular “type” of vegetation. Phytocenoses in the contact of light coniferous taiga and extrazonal steppes, as well as relations between zonal forest-steppe at main areas of Lake Baikal basin served as examples for justification of use of the notion “paragenese” to characterize the development of such communities.
文摘During last decades, new trends appeared in the ecotones of the upper boundary of forests at the ridges surroundingLakeBaikal(Khamar-Daban and Baikal’sky Ridge): ones to advance of wood species (Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Abies sibirica Ledeb., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Larix dahurica Lawson) out of timber stands into the area of subgoltsy with Pinus pumila (Pallas) Regel. up to mountain tundras. In average, this is from 100 to 200 - 300 meters (maximum up to500 m) in linear distance from the margin of dense timber stand. A burst of forests renewal occurred in 1989-1995, it resulted probably from a high productivity of the seeds of wood species due to warmer winters in 1980ies-1990ies which favoured the formation of favourable climate-edaphic conditions for the development of forest communities above the forests boundary on the ridges surrounding Lake Baikal.
文摘The present paper contains the results of a review of economic instruments for water resources management in the Republic of Buryatia prepared under the OECD project “Improving the use of economic instruments for water management in the Republic of Buryatia (Lake Baikal basin)” and aimed at supporting the policy dialogue on water in Russia, in cooperation with the EU Water Initiative. Based on the analysis, some recommendations were developed for improving the use of instruments for water resources management in the Republic of Buryatia as a part of the Baikal Natural Area.
文摘This article considers a necessity to assign the Baikal basin as an integrated transboundary ecological-economic system where an incongruity of global ecological and local economic interests is observed. The existing problems and limitations of further development of the Baikal ecological-economic system are singled out.
文摘Assessment of the current status of Lake Baikal proved to be based on changes in natural (“preindustrial”) chemical content in basic abiotic and biological compartments of the Lake geosystem. This approach was used to evaluate background “base-line levels” of 6 major and about 50 minor and trace ele-ments in the Lake Baikal water body using a number of most reliable data re-ported within 1992-2012. In terms of environment geochemistry Baikal is one of the purest water reservoirs on the Earth. A simple mass balance model was proposed for assessing possible anthropogenic impact on Baikal water geo-chemistry. Estimations of change trends showed that only for Na+, SO42-, Cl- and Mo growth rate of their average concentrations in the Lake occurred to be 1%, 3%, 7% and 2% in every 10 years. Space-time monitoring schedules for all water body compartments of the Lake are proposed as well as similar moni-toring programs for tributaries, precipitations, bottom sediments, aquatic biota.
文摘Research is devoted to the problem of recycling waste of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, whose activity has caused serious damage to the ecological environment of Lake Baikal and its environs. Grouting waste production is currently the most effective possible decision to the problem of pollutants, such as sludge-lignin and ash, in water objects and groundwater. The results on the grouting of liquid and solid waste from the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, represented by sludge lignin and ash, are presented. Cement, liquid glass, colloidal silica, ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide were used as the main hardeners. Samples were formed by mixing the original waste with astringent. The strength in time, shrinkage, resistance to water were studied. Samples formed on the basis of colloidal silica solution have a maximum uniaxial compressive strength of 0.4 - 0.5 MPa, on the basis of liquid glass—0.2 - 0.3 MPa. Adding fine sand increases the strength by 1.5 - 1.7 times. Samples based on ammonium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide do not have sufficient strength. Adding fine quartz sand increases the strength up to 1.0 - 1.2 MPa.
文摘Measurements of non-tidal variations of gravity （Ag）, which were obtained from 1992 to 2012 at the Talaya seismic station （located in the south-western part of the Baikal region）, are interpreted together with GPS （Global Position System） observation data, which were obtained from 2000 to 2013 at the same station. An absolute gravimeter was used for gravity observation. The strongest precision requirements concern tidal gravity prediction. It is the reason why we investigated tidal effect by LCR （LaCoste ＆ Romberg） gravimeter from 1996 to 1997 at the same station. We use tested tidal model for correction of gravity change. The linear component of gravity variations corresponds to changes in the elevation of the site. The correlation coefficient is close to the normal value of the vertical gradient of gravity. At this site, coseismic gravity variations at the time of the Kultuk earthquake （August 27, 2008, Mw = 6.5） were caused by a combined effect of the change of the site＇s elevation and deformation of the crust. Our estimations of the coseismic effects are consistent with results obtained by modeling based on the available seismic data.
文摘Due to global climate change it is important to constantly monitor thecurrent climate state, observed trends and timely detection of their changes.The change in the hydrothermal regime has to result into changes innatural ecosystems. The analysis of long-term changes of mean annualtemperatures and annual precipitation in warm and cold seasons over1955-2017 years was carried out using data of the Davsha meteorologicalstation , 54, 35˚N., 109,5˚E. Significant warming in the Northern Baikalregion has been observed since 1990 and continues to the present. Theclimate is subcontinental with cool and short summers, frosty and longwinters. In the last decade, there has been a shift of the beginning somephenology seasons. This had an effect on the increase in the warm seasonof the year and the duration of the frost-free period (by 5 days from thelong-term average date). Spring comes earlier - for 3 days, summer andthe last frost - for 5 days, autumn comes later - for 2 days.
文摘The Baikal Group is one of the most important stratigraphic units in the geology of East Siberia (Upper Riphean). This paper focuses on litological-facies features based on the analysis of organic remains (stromatolites, microphitolites and microfossils), in order to better precise the age and environmental deposit conditions of the Baikal Group. The results are used to draw a correlation between all the Precambrian of deposits of the South of East Siberia. The stratigraphy of the Baikal Group is then compared to the geodynamic evolution of this region, characterized by the break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia and subsequent opening of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Stratigraphic analogs to the Baikal Group display in most areas deposits of various minerals (complex ores, phosphoresces, bauxites etc. have been dated of the same age), so the present study would also provides an economic interest.
文摘On cosmic picture of the ice surface lake Baikal are discovered dark ring by diameter 7 km-8 km.The author shall give physical interpretation given phenomenon,having expected that shaping rings are connected with surge of the warm natural gas from sedimentary thick mass of the bottom of the Baikal.Convection is formed in thick mass of water in the manner of torah around surge of the natural gas,which carries become warm water before surface(the lower edge ice)in side from pole of the natural gas.The mechanism heatconductivity heat gets to upper edge ice,where snow and ice begin intensive to melt.As a result thawed patch is formed on snow-clad ice in the manner of ring.
