Wheat grain natural transverse sections of 12 periods were observed and analyzed using scanning electron micrographs technology and Bio-Quant system IV image analyzer in order to detect the developing process of A- an...Wheat grain natural transverse sections of 12 periods were observed and analyzed using scanning electron micrographs technology and Bio-Quant system IV image analyzer in order to detect the developing process of A- and B-type starch granules. In addition, the chemical composition and starch granule-bound proteins （SGPs） of A- and B-type starch granules were tested and analyzed. The results showed that A-type starch granules in wheat began from 3 d post anthesis （DPA） till grain maturing and B-type starch granules occured after 15 DPA till grain maturing. Approximately 98.5% of chemical compositions in both A- and B-type starch granules were amylose and amylopectin, and more than half of which were amylopectin. The amylopectin contents, average chain length, and chain length distribution （degree of polymerization〉 40） of amylopectin in A-type starch granules were significant higher than that of B-type starch granules. SGP-145, SGP-140, and SGP-26 kD were associated with A-type starch formation in wheat grain.展开更多
Starch is the major component of wheat flour and serves as a multifunctional ingredient in food industry. The objective of the present study was to investigate starch granule size distribution of Chinese wheat cultiva...Starch is the major component of wheat flour and serves as a multifunctional ingredient in food industry. The objective of the present study was to investigate starch granule size distribution of Chinese wheat cultivars, and to compare structure and functionality of starches in four leading cultivars Zhongmai 175, CA12092, Lunxuan 987, and Zhongyou 206. A wide variation in volume percentages of A- and B-type starch granules among genotypes was observed. Volume percentages of A- and B-type granules had ranges of 68.4–88.9% and 9.7–27.9% in the first cropping seasons, 74.1–90.1% and 7.2–25.3% in the second. Wheat cultivars with higher volume percentages of A- and B-type granules could serve as parents in breeding program for selecting high and low amylose wheat cultivars, respectively. In comparison with the B-type starch granules, the A-type granules starch showed difference in three aspects：（1） higher amount of ordered short-range structure and a lower relative crystallinity,（2） higher gelatinization onset（To） temperatures and enthalpies（ΔH）, and lower gelatinization conclusion temperatures（Tc）,（3） greater peak, though, and final viscosity, and lower breakdown viscosity and pasting temperature. It provides important information for breeders to develop potentially useful cultivars with particular functional properties of their starches suited to specific applications.展开更多
The B-typed starch spherocrystals were prepared by the dissolution and freezing crystallization of acid-hydrolyzed starch obtained by the mild hydrolysis of maize starch. The spherocrystals were characterized with sca...The B-typed starch spherocrystals were prepared by the dissolution and freezing crystallization of acid-hydrolyzed starch obtained by the mild hydrolysis of maize starch. The spherocrystals were characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry (TG) and gel pervasion chromatogram (GPC). The results show that the preparation was a B-type spherocrystal with the average degree of polymerization of 14 glucose units, and the average diameter of crystal particles was about 7μm.展开更多
This study investigates the properties of high-purity starches extracted from Polygonum multiflorum(PMS)and Smilax glabra(SGS).The starches were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,Fouriertransform infrared ...This study investigates the properties of high-purity starches extracted from Polygonum multiflorum(PMS)and Smilax glabra(SGS).The starches were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,high-performance anion-exchange chromatography,and differential scanning calorimetry.Significant differences were observed in their morphological,physicochemical,and functional properties.PMS had a smaller particle size(13.68 μm),irregular polygonal shape,A-type,lower water absorption(62.67 %),and higher oil absorption(51.17 %).In contrast,SGS exhibited larger particles(31.75 μm),a nearly spherical shape,B-type,higher crystallinity(50.66 %),and greater amylose content(21.54 %),with superior thermal stability,shear resistance,and gelatinization enthalpy.SGS also contained higher resistant starch(83.28 %) and longer average chain length(20.58 %),but showed lower solubility,swelling power,light transmittance,and freeze-thaw stability.The physicochemical properties differences in crystal pattern and particle morphology between PMS and SGS lead to distinct behaviors during in vitro digestion and fermentation.These findings highlight the potential of medicinal plant starches in functional ingredients and industrial processes.展开更多
In this work,we proposed a strategy for the hydrolysis of native corn starch after the treatment of corn starch in an ionic liquid aqueous solution,and it is an awfully“green”and simple means to obtain starch with l...In this work,we proposed a strategy for the hydrolysis of native corn starch after the treatment of corn starch in an ionic liquid aqueous solution,and it is an awfully“green”and simple means to obtain starch with low molecular weight and amorphous state.X-ray diffraction results revealed that the natural starch crystalline region was largely disrupted by ionic liquid owing to the broken intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds.After hydrolysis,the morphology of starch changed from particles of native corn starch into little pieces,and their molecular weight could be effectively regulated during the hydrolysis process,and also the hydrolyzed starch samples exhibited decreased thermal stability with the extension of hydrolysis time.This work would counsel as a powerful tool for the development of native starch in realistic applications.展开更多
With the escalating environmental impact of petrochemical-based packaging,the development of biodegradable alternatives from agricultural waste has become imperative.This study describes the fabrication and optimizati...With the escalating environmental impact of petrochemical-based packaging,the development of biodegradable alternatives from agricultural waste has become imperative.This study describes the fabrication and optimization of a sustainable,bio-based cushioning material derived from a corn starch foam matrix and corn husk fibers via compression molding.The investigation of starch ratios revealed that 100%normal corn starch(NCS)provided superior expansion and structural integrity compared to waxy starch,which exhibited significant cell wall collapse under SEM analysis.To enhance formability,xanthan gum(XG)was incorporated as a stabilizer;a 1.0%(w/w)concentration was found to be the morphological inflection point,yielding a refined closed-cell structure and a bulk density of 0.43 g/cm^(3).The stabilized matrix was reinforced with 2.0%to 6.0%(w/w)corn husk fibers pre-treated with tetraethoxy silane(TEOS)to improve interfacial adhesion.The addition of 6.0%fibers significantly augmented the material’s energy absorption capacity,achieving a peak impact strength of 1.87±0.50 kJ/m^(2)and a compressive strength of 0.56 N/mm^(2).These results demonstrate that the optimized agricultural waste-derived composite effectively surpasses the load-bearing capabilities of traditional commercial foams,offering a viable,eco-friendly solution for high-load protective packaging.展开更多
Acetogenins are lipidic polyketides with antioxidant,antimicrobial,cytotoxic,and antitumor properties,mainly found in the roots,stems,bark,leaves,and fruits(particularly the seeds)of Annonaceae species.Previous studie...Acetogenins are lipidic polyketides with antioxidant,antimicrobial,cytotoxic,and antitumor properties,mainly found in the roots,stems,bark,leaves,and fruits(particularly the seeds)of Annonaceae species.Previous studies have identified acetogenins in the peel and pulp of soursop(Annona muricata L.)fruits.In this research,acetogenins present in starch and pectin extracted from these fruits were analyzed and identified,given their potential importance in the pharmaceutical and possibly in the food industries.The objective was to identify and quantify acetogenins in starch and pectin of soursop fruits.Extraction of both polysaccharides was performed using conventional and ultrasound-assisted methods,obtaining two types of pastes(white and brown).These were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR).Methanolic extracts from the pastes were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and open-column fractionation.Acetogenins were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The compounds identified were pseudoannonacin and anonacin.In pectin,the concentration(μg g^(−1)of dry basis P/A)of pseudoannonacin was 340.06(conventional)and 452.80(ultrasound-assisted),while for anonacin it was 302.29(conventional)and 397.23(ultrasound-assisted).In starch,the concentration(μg g^(−1)of dry basis P/A)of pseudoannonacin was 20.72(conventional)and 21.60(ultrasound-assisted),whereas anonacin showed concentrations of 1.63(conventional)and 3.12(ultrasound-assisted).These results confirm the presence of anonacin and pseudoannonacin in both starch and pectin of soursop fruits,with pseudoannonacin being the most abundant acetogenin detected.展开更多
The principal challenge in optimizing biomass-derived hard carbon(HC)is the concurrent enhancement of specific capacity,cycling durability,and rate performance,as these properties are closely related to the disordered...The principal challenge in optimizing biomass-derived hard carbon(HC)is the concurrent enhancement of specific capacity,cycling durability,and rate performance,as these properties are closely related to the disordered carbon network and abundant pore structure.However,inadequate controllability of morphology,insufficiently regulated pore structures,and the complexity of post-processing modifications hinders the practical application of HC.In this work,a high-temperature and high-pressure expansion pretreatment technique is proposed to regulate the structure of starch precursors,enabling the precise design of ordered graphitic-like microcrystals and closed pores within HC.The optimized starch-based HC displayed remarkable electrochemical efficiency,with a reversible capacity of 332.0 mAh g^(-1),an initial Coulombic efficiency of 90.4%,and stable cycling over 3000 cycles.Meanwhile,advanced full-cell utilizing Na4Fe3(PO_(4))_(2)P_(2)O_(7) cathode achieve stable cycling performance exceeding 1000 cycles,demonstrating outstanding performance.This research innovatively employs a green expansion process to achieve structural regulation of HC,thereby providing an environmentally friendly and economically viable technical pathway for its large-scale production.展开更多
The aim of this research was to synthesize a new totally bio wood adhesive entailing the use of oxidized starch(OST),urea,and oxidized lignin(OL).For this reason,non-modified(L)and oxidized lignin(OL)at different cont...The aim of this research was to synthesize a new totally bio wood adhesive entailing the use of oxidized starch(OST),urea,and oxidized lignin(OL).For this reason,non-modified(L)and oxidized lignin(OL)at different contents(20%,30%,and 40%)were used to prepare the starch-urea-lignin(SUL)and starch-urea-oxidized lignin(SUOL)resin.Sodium persulfate(SPS)as oxidizer was employed to oxidize both starch and lignin.Urea was just used as a low cost and effective crosslinker in the resin composition.The properties of the synthesized resins and the plywood panels bonded with themweremeasured according to relevant standards.The viscosity and gel time of the SUOL resins containing oxidized lignin are respectively higher and faster than for non-modified lignin(SUL).The lignin phenolic hydroxyl groups(-OH)proportion was markedly increased by oxidation as shown by Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)spectrometry.The molecular mass and the polydispersity of the lignin did also decrease by its oxidization pretreatment.DSC analysis showed a decrease of the glass transition temperature of the lignin(Tg)due to its oxidation.The thermal analysis of the oxidized lignin SUOL resin also showed that it had a lower peak temperature than the SUL equivalent non-modified lignin resin.The plywood panels bonded with oxidized lignin gave acceptable bending modulus,bending strength,peak temperature by thermal analysis and dry shear strength as well as a better plywood dimensional stability when used in the SUOL formulation.The synthesized SUOL adhesive is a lignin-derived,totally bio,no-aldehyde added,inexpensive resin applicable to bond plywood.展开更多
High temperature stress (HT) significantly reduces maize yield by impairing starch accumulation in kernels.However,the mechanism by which HT affects starch synthesis remains controversial-whether through reduced assim...High temperature stress (HT) significantly reduces maize yield by impairing starch accumulation in kernels.However,the mechanism by which HT affects starch synthesis remains controversial-whether through reduced assimilate supply or direct inhibition on kernel metabolism.To clarify these mechanisms,a heat-sensitive maize hybrid,Xianyu 335 (XY),was exposed to 30℃/20℃ (maximum/minimum temperature,control) and 40℃/30℃ for seven consecutive days during the seed setting stage.Synchronous pollination (SP),apical pollination (AP),and shading treatments were applied to manipulate the inherent source–sink ratio in maize plants.Results showed that apical kernel weight decreased by 11.9%under 40℃ in the SP treatment.The ^(13)C content,starch accumulation,and cell-wall invertase (CWIN) activity also declined by 15.9,36.7,and 16.4%,respectively,under HT.In the shading treatment,40℃/30℃ caused even greater reductions in^(13)C content,starch accumulation,and CWIN activity due to diminished assimilate supply.Conversely,in the AP treatment,starch content and CWIN activity increased by 22.0 and 18.5%,respectively,under 40℃/30℃,resulting in kernel weight and ^(13)C content similar to those in SP and shading treatments regardless of temperature.Consistent with apical kernels under AP,HT did not negatively affect middle kernels in either SP or shading treatments,as kernel weight and starch content remained unchanged under HT.Although all kernels were exposed to the same HT or control environment,their responses varied a lot.The impaired starch synthesis in apical kernels under HT was rescued by increasing carbon supply via AP treatment.The contrasting performance among middle kernels,apical kernels under AP,and apical kernels under SP or shading indicates that reduced carbon supply is a critical factor underlying inhibited starch accumulation.Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further understanding kernel abortion under HT.展开更多
This study investigates the potential of starch extracted from underutilized agro-industrial resources as non-food-competing raw materials for the development of flexible bioplastics for food packaging applications.St...This study investigates the potential of starch extracted from underutilized agro-industrial resources as non-food-competing raw materials for the development of flexible bioplastics for food packaging applications.Starch was extracted from three biomass sources:rubber cassava(Manihot glaziovii),banana stem,and banana peel from Ambonese banana(Musa acuminata L.).Rubber cassava starch(SRC)exhibited the highest starch yield(50.68±0.28%),significantly surpassing banana stem(SBS,14.20±0.25%)and banana peel(SBP,3.07±0.15%).The amylose contents of SRC,SBS,and SBP were 28.18%,52.80%,and 56.57%,respectively,while their amylopectin contents were 71.83%,47.20%,and 43.43%.FTIR spectra confirmed the absence of cyanogenic groups in SRC,indicating its safety for packaging applications.XRD analysis revealed that PSRC films were predominantly amorphous,while PSBS and PSBP showed higher crystallinity.The enhancement of mechanical properties,specifically PSBS,showed the highest tensile strength at 16.04±0.56 MPa,whereas PSRC demonstrated the highest elongation at break at 23.57±0.40%,which could be attributed to the inherent characteristics of the starch sources.Additionally,PSRC film exhibited the highest transparency at 60.2%,the greatest water solubility at 34.92%,and the lowest water contact angle at 41.58○,confirming its more hydrophilic nature compared to other films.This work highlights the potential of low-cost,sustainable,and non-food agro-industrial starch sources as promising candidates for the development of flexible,eco-friendly bioplastics.展开更多
Corn starch(CS)is a renewable,biodegradable polysaccharide valued for its film-forming ability,yet native CS films exhibit lowmechanical strength,highwater sensitivity,and limited thermal stability.This study improves...Corn starch(CS)is a renewable,biodegradable polysaccharide valued for its film-forming ability,yet native CS films exhibit lowmechanical strength,highwater sensitivity,and limited thermal stability.This study improves CS-based films by blending with poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)or glycerol(GLY)and using citric acid(CA)as a green,non-toxic cross-linker.Composite films were prepared by casting CS–PVA or CS-GLY with CA at 0%-0.20%(w/w of starch).The influence of CA on physicochemical,mechanical,optical,thermal,and water barrier properties was evaluated.CA crosslinking markedly enhanced the tensile strength,water resistance,and thermal stability of CS-PVA films while increasing transparency in CS–GLY films.At 0.20%CA,the composite achieved 34.99MPa tensile strength,reducedwater vapor permeability,andminimized water uptake.FTIR confirmed ester bond formation between CAand hydroxyl groups of CS,PVA,and GLY,whereas thermal analysis showed higher decomposition temperatures and lower weight loss in crosslinked films.Increasing CA levels also decreased opacity and improved light transmittance,indicating greater homogeneity and reduced crystallinity.This dual-polymer matrix combined with a natural crosslinking strategy provides a sustainable route to high-performance,biodegradable CS-based packaging materials.展开更多
This work explores the development of biodegradable laminar composite foams for cushioning applications.The focus lies on overcoming the inherent brittleness of starch foams by incorporating various paper types as rei...This work explores the development of biodegradable laminar composite foams for cushioning applications.The focus lies on overcoming the inherent brittleness of starch foams by incorporating various paper types as rein-forcement.Tapioca starch and glutinous starch were blended in varying ratios(100:0–0:100)to optimize the base material’s properties.The morphology,density,flexural strength,and impact strength of these starch blends were evaluated.The results revealed a trade-off between impact strength and density,with increasing glutinous starch content favoring impact resistance but also leading to higher density.The optimal ratio of tapioca to glutinous starch for achieving maximumflexural strength and modulus was determined to be 60:40.Theflexural strength of the composite material at this ratio reached a peak value of 5.3±0.6 MPa,significantly surpassing theflexural strength of pure tapioca foam,which was measured to be 3.5±0.4 MPa.Building on this foundation,novel lami-nar composite foams were fabricated using the 60:40 starch blend reinforced with mulberry paper,kraft paper,and newsprint paper.To enhance the interfacial adhesion between the starch matrix and paper reinforcement,a silane coupling agent was employed at a 10 wt%loading on the paper.The incorporation of paper reinforcement into starch foams was found to enhance their mechanical properties.Specifically,flexural strength values increased from 5.3±0.6 MPa for the unreinforced starch foam to 6.8±0.6 MPa,8.1±0.9 MPa,and 7.4±0.1 MPa when reinforced with mulberry paper,kraft paper,and newsprint paper,respectively.Notably,kraft paper reinforcement led to the most enhancements inflexural strength,flexural modulus,and impact strength.This research paves the way for developing sustainable cushioning materials with competitive mechanical properties using bio-based resources like starch and paper.展开更多
Petrochemical plastics are widely used for food protection and preservation;however,they exhibit poor biodegradability,resisting natural degradation through physical,chemical,or enzymatic processes.As a sustainable al...Petrochemical plastics are widely used for food protection and preservation;however,they exhibit poor biodegradability,resisting natural degradation through physical,chemical,or enzymatic processes.As a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic packaging,edible films offer effective barriers against moisture,gases,and microbial contamination while being biodegradable,biocompatible,and environmentally friendly.In this study,novel active food packaging materials(in film form)were developed by incorporating starch,carrageenan,nanocellulose(NC),Aloe vera,and hibiscus flower extract.The effects of varying the matrix composition(26.5–73.5 wt.%starch/carrageenan),NC concentration(2.77-17.07 wt.%),and particle type(fibers or crystals)on the film structure and characteristics were analyzed using various methods.Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated good homogeneity and effective dispersion of NC within the blendmatrix.An increased carrageenan content in the filmimproved wettability,moisture absorption,solubility,and water vapor permeability.The mechanical properties of the films were enhanced by NC incorporation and higher carrageenan content.The developed films also exhibited effective UV radiation barriers and biodegradability.Films with low carrageenan content(less than 33.3%)and high NC content(7%,10% crystals or 10%,15% fibers)exhibited optimal properties,including enhanced water resistance,hydrophobicity,and mechanical strength,along with reduced water vapor permeability.However,the high water solubility and moisture absorption(above 55% and 14%,respectively)indicated their unsuitability as packaging materials for food products with wet surfaces and high humidity.The results suggest that these films are well suited for use as edible food packaging for fruits and vegetables.展开更多
Background The synchronized absorption of amino acids(AAs)and glucose in the gut is crucial for effective AA utilization and protein synthesis in the body.The study investigated how the starch digestion rate and AA le...Background The synchronized absorption of amino acids(AAs)and glucose in the gut is crucial for effective AA utilization and protein synthesis in the body.The study investigated how the starch digestion rate and AA levels impact intestinal AA digestion,transport and metabolism,breast muscle protein metabolism,and growth in grower broilers.A total of 72021-day-old healthy male Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly assigned to 12 treatments,each with 6 replicates of 10 birds.The treatments comprised 3 different starch[corn:control,cassava:rapidly digestible starch(RDS),and pea:slowly digestible starch(SDS)]with 4 different AA levels[based on standardized ileal digestible lysine(SID Lys),0.92%,1.02%(as the standard),1.12%and 1.22%].Results An interaction between dietary starch sources and SID Lys levels significantly affected breast muscle yield(P=0.033).RDS and SDS diets,or SID Lys levels of 0.92%,1.02%,or 1.22%,significantly decreased the breast muscle yield of broilers in contrast to the corn starch diet with 1.12%SID Lys(P=0.033).The SID Lys levels of 1.12%and 1.22%markedly improved body weight(BW),body weight gain(BWG)from 22 to 42 days of age,and mRNA expression of y^(+)LAT1 and mTOR while reducing feed intake(FI)and feed/gain ratio(F/G)compared to the 0.92%SID Lys level(P<0.05).The SDS diet significantly decreased BW and BWG of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age,distal ileal starch digestibility,jejunal amylase and chymotrypsin activities,and mRNA expression of GLUT2 and y^(+)LAT1 compared to the corn starch diet(P<0.05).The RDS diet suppressed the breast muscle mass by down-regulating expression of mTOR,S6K1,and eIF4E and up-regulating expression of MuRF,CathepsinB,Atrogin-1,and M-calpain compared to the corn starch diet(P<0.05).Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the SDS diet significantly increased acetyl-CoA andα-ketoglutaric acid levels in the tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle(P<0.05)but decreased the ileal digestibility of Lys,Tyr,Leu,Asp,Ser,Gly,Pro,Arg,Ile,and Val compared to the corn starch group(P<0.05).Conclusion The SDS diet impaired broiler growth by reducing intestinal starch digestibility,which inhibited intestinal AA and glucose absorption and utilization,increased AA oxidation for energy supply,and lowered the efficiency of protein synthesis.Although the RDS diet resulted in growth performance similar to the corn starch diet,it reduced breast muscle mass by inhibiting protein synthesis and promoting degradation.展开更多
Bionanocomposite film is produced from renewable and biodegradable natural resources.Although elephant foot yam(EFY)starch(Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)is a promising polymer for bionanocomposite film,the native hydro...Bionanocomposite film is produced from renewable and biodegradable natural resources.Although elephant foot yam(EFY)starch(Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)is a promising polymer for bionanocomposite film,the native hydrophilic properties influence the overall performance characteristics.Incorporating virgin coconut oil(VCO)and monoglyceride as hydrophobic components can improve mechanical properties and reduce permeability while increasing the hydrophobicity of the composite.Therefore,this study aimed to determine the effect of adding VCO and monoglyceride on EFY starch-nanocrystalline film at 3 and 5 wt%concentrations.Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties,water vapor transmission rate(WVTR),morphology,functional groups,biodegradability,and hydrophobicity.The results showed that the addition of 5 wt%monoglyceride produced optimum outcomes by reducing the WVTR to 3.99 g.m^(−2).h^(−1),increasing the thickness to 0.134 mm and decreasing the solubility to 36.04%.The Universal Testing Machine(UTM)tests showed an elongation of 74.59%,showing excellent elasticity.The Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)test showed the bonds formed with starch granules,leading to a flatter surface.The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)test also showed an increase in the wavelength of the C=O groups and a decrease in the O-H groups.The contact angle test processed using image-J showed high hydrophobicity,consequently reducing the biodegradability of bionanocomposite film by the Aspergillus niger fungal degradation test.In conclusion,this study successfully developed bionanocomposite film with enhanced hydrophobicity,elasticity,and barrier properties,highly suitable for protecting food from humid air.The composite holds great potential for further development as an environmentally friendly packaging solution.展开更多
Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperat...Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.展开更多
Starch is an essential commodity for humans and other animals.Future demands require qualitative and quantitative improvement by crop and post-harvest engineering that calls for comprehensive actions requiring increas...Starch is an essential commodity for humans and other animals.Future demands require qualitative and quantitative improvement by crop and post-harvest engineering that calls for comprehensive actions requiring increased fundamental knowledge on starch biosynthesis,development of advanced breeding strategies,efficient farming,and well-adapted and up scalable extraction protocols for diverse starch products.Recent staggering progress in molecular breeding techniques,especially genome editing,have enabled generation of higher starch yield and special functional qualities required to support such advancement.However,this necessitates fundamental biochemical and mechanistic understanding of starch biosynthesis and the variegated starch crop germplasms,all of which are closely linked to the relationships between starch molecular structures and functionality of various starch types as directed by the different capabilities of starch crop genotypes.We here review starch biosynthesis and its genetic foundation with a focus on increasing nutritional and health-promoting value of starch especially through bioengineering of the high amylose trait.展开更多
Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes.Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine,thus preventing a rapid rise in the glycemic index.Starch synt...Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes.Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine,thus preventing a rapid rise in the glycemic index.Starch synthase 2a(SS2a)is a key enzyme in amylopectin biosynthesis that has significant effects on starch structure and properties.In this study,we identified an ss2a null mutant(M3-1413)with a single base mutation from an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized population of barley.The mutation was located at the 3'end of the first intron of the RNA splicing receptor(AG)site,and resulted in abnormal RNA splicing and two abnormal transcripts of ss2a,which caused the inactivation of the SS2a gene.The starch structure and properties were significantly altered in the mutant,with M3-1413 containing lower total starch and higher amylose and resistant starch levels.This study sheds light on the effect of barley ss2a null mutations on starch properties and will help to guide new applications of barley starch in the development of nutritious food products.展开更多
With the promotion of potatoes as a staple food,the challenge lies in integrating them into traditional staple grain-based diets.As the primary component of grains,starch plays a crucial role,and its interactions with...With the promotion of potatoes as a staple food,the challenge lies in integrating them into traditional staple grain-based diets.As the primary component of grains,starch plays a crucial role,and its interactions with other heterogeneous starches could significantly influence their functional properties.Therefore,this study aimed to explore the role of substitution ratio(SR,0–100%)of potato starch(PS)in the compatibility with wheat starch(WS)from the perspective of microstructure and physicochemical characteristics using the simplex-centroid method.Results of scaning electron microscopy(SEM)revealed the network structure in SR 30%of PS possessed the smallest size and the most compact gel structure.A higher SR of PS increased the solubility and swelling power of the blended WS and improved its freeze-thaw stability.Peak viscosity and gel hardness of the blended WS exhibited an increasing trend as the SR of PS increased.With the increasing SR of PS,the blended WS exhibited an increased tanδvalue with decreased viscous and elastic moduli.There is a non-additive effect between PS and WS,which should be responsible for their difference between experimental and theoretical values.These findings could provide a new direction for understanding the compatibility interactions between different starches,and provide a theoretical guidance for the development of PS-based foods with desirable properties.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30860145)
文摘Wheat grain natural transverse sections of 12 periods were observed and analyzed using scanning electron micrographs technology and Bio-Quant system IV image analyzer in order to detect the developing process of A- and B-type starch granules. In addition, the chemical composition and starch granule-bound proteins （SGPs） of A- and B-type starch granules were tested and analyzed. The results showed that A-type starch granules in wheat began from 3 d post anthesis （DPA） till grain maturing and B-type starch granules occured after 15 DPA till grain maturing. Approximately 98.5% of chemical compositions in both A- and B-type starch granules were amylose and amylopectin, and more than half of which were amylopectin. The amylopectin contents, average chain length, and chain length distribution （degree of polymerization〉 40） of amylopectin in A-type starch granules were significant higher than that of B-type starch granules. SGP-145, SGP-140, and SGP-26 kD were associated with A-type starch formation in wheat grain.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171547,31401651)
文摘Starch is the major component of wheat flour and serves as a multifunctional ingredient in food industry. The objective of the present study was to investigate starch granule size distribution of Chinese wheat cultivars, and to compare structure and functionality of starches in four leading cultivars Zhongmai 175, CA12092, Lunxuan 987, and Zhongyou 206. A wide variation in volume percentages of A- and B-type starch granules among genotypes was observed. Volume percentages of A- and B-type granules had ranges of 68.4–88.9% and 9.7–27.9% in the first cropping seasons, 74.1–90.1% and 7.2–25.3% in the second. Wheat cultivars with higher volume percentages of A- and B-type granules could serve as parents in breeding program for selecting high and low amylose wheat cultivars, respectively. In comparison with the B-type starch granules, the A-type granules starch showed difference in three aspects：（1） higher amount of ordered short-range structure and a lower relative crystallinity,（2） higher gelatinization onset（To） temperatures and enthalpies（ΔH）, and lower gelatinization conclusion temperatures（Tc）,（3） greater peak, though, and final viscosity, and lower breakdown viscosity and pasting temperature. It provides important information for breeders to develop potentially useful cultivars with particular functional properties of their starches suited to specific applications.
文摘The B-typed starch spherocrystals were prepared by the dissolution and freezing crystallization of acid-hydrolyzed starch obtained by the mild hydrolysis of maize starch. The spherocrystals were characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry (TG) and gel pervasion chromatogram (GPC). The results show that the preparation was a B-type spherocrystal with the average degree of polymerization of 14 glucose units, and the average diameter of crystal particles was about 7μm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82174074)。
文摘This study investigates the properties of high-purity starches extracted from Polygonum multiflorum(PMS)and Smilax glabra(SGS).The starches were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,high-performance anion-exchange chromatography,and differential scanning calorimetry.Significant differences were observed in their morphological,physicochemical,and functional properties.PMS had a smaller particle size(13.68 μm),irregular polygonal shape,A-type,lower water absorption(62.67 %),and higher oil absorption(51.17 %).In contrast,SGS exhibited larger particles(31.75 μm),a nearly spherical shape,B-type,higher crystallinity(50.66 %),and greater amylose content(21.54 %),with superior thermal stability,shear resistance,and gelatinization enthalpy.SGS also contained higher resistant starch(83.28 %) and longer average chain length(20.58 %),but showed lower solubility,swelling power,light transmittance,and freeze-thaw stability.The physicochemical properties differences in crystal pattern and particle morphology between PMS and SGS lead to distinct behaviors during in vitro digestion and fermentation.These findings highlight the potential of medicinal plant starches in functional ingredients and industrial processes.
文摘In this work,we proposed a strategy for the hydrolysis of native corn starch after the treatment of corn starch in an ionic liquid aqueous solution,and it is an awfully“green”and simple means to obtain starch with low molecular weight and amorphous state.X-ray diffraction results revealed that the natural starch crystalline region was largely disrupted by ionic liquid owing to the broken intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds.After hydrolysis,the morphology of starch changed from particles of native corn starch into little pieces,and their molecular weight could be effectively regulated during the hydrolysis process,and also the hydrolyzed starch samples exhibited decreased thermal stability with the extension of hydrolysis time.This work would counsel as a powerful tool for the development of native starch in realistic applications.
基金supported by King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi(KMUTT),Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI),and National Science,Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF)Fiscal year 2026 Grant number FRB690020/0164.
文摘With the escalating environmental impact of petrochemical-based packaging,the development of biodegradable alternatives from agricultural waste has become imperative.This study describes the fabrication and optimization of a sustainable,bio-based cushioning material derived from a corn starch foam matrix and corn husk fibers via compression molding.The investigation of starch ratios revealed that 100%normal corn starch(NCS)provided superior expansion and structural integrity compared to waxy starch,which exhibited significant cell wall collapse under SEM analysis.To enhance formability,xanthan gum(XG)was incorporated as a stabilizer;a 1.0%(w/w)concentration was found to be the morphological inflection point,yielding a refined closed-cell structure and a bulk density of 0.43 g/cm^(3).The stabilized matrix was reinforced with 2.0%to 6.0%(w/w)corn husk fibers pre-treated with tetraethoxy silane(TEOS)to improve interfacial adhesion.The addition of 6.0%fibers significantly augmented the material’s energy absorption capacity,achieving a peak impact strength of 1.87±0.50 kJ/m^(2)and a compressive strength of 0.56 N/mm^(2).These results demonstrate that the optimized agricultural waste-derived composite effectively surpasses the load-bearing capabilities of traditional commercial foams,offering a viable,eco-friendly solution for high-load protective packaging.
基金funded by the Sectoral Fund for Research in Agricultural,Livestock,Aquaculture,Agrobiotechnology,and Plant Genetic Resources(SADER-SECIHTI)Number 266891the Sectoral Fund for Research for Education(SEP-SECIHTI)Number 242718.
文摘Acetogenins are lipidic polyketides with antioxidant,antimicrobial,cytotoxic,and antitumor properties,mainly found in the roots,stems,bark,leaves,and fruits(particularly the seeds)of Annonaceae species.Previous studies have identified acetogenins in the peel and pulp of soursop(Annona muricata L.)fruits.In this research,acetogenins present in starch and pectin extracted from these fruits were analyzed and identified,given their potential importance in the pharmaceutical and possibly in the food industries.The objective was to identify and quantify acetogenins in starch and pectin of soursop fruits.Extraction of both polysaccharides was performed using conventional and ultrasound-assisted methods,obtaining two types of pastes(white and brown).These were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR).Methanolic extracts from the pastes were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and open-column fractionation.Acetogenins were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The compounds identified were pseudoannonacin and anonacin.In pectin,the concentration(μg g^(−1)of dry basis P/A)of pseudoannonacin was 340.06(conventional)and 452.80(ultrasound-assisted),while for anonacin it was 302.29(conventional)and 397.23(ultrasound-assisted).In starch,the concentration(μg g^(−1)of dry basis P/A)of pseudoannonacin was 20.72(conventional)and 21.60(ultrasound-assisted),whereas anonacin showed concentrations of 1.63(conventional)and 3.12(ultrasound-assisted).These results confirm the presence of anonacin and pseudoannonacin in both starch and pectin of soursop fruits,with pseudoannonacin being the most abundant acetogenin detected.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(5257043994)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(202501AS070125,202501CF070129)+1 种基金the Innovation Capacity Construction and Enhancement Projects of Engineering Research Center of Yunnan Province(2023-XMDJ-00617107)the Scientific and Technological Project of Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory(YPML-20240502015).
文摘The principal challenge in optimizing biomass-derived hard carbon(HC)is the concurrent enhancement of specific capacity,cycling durability,and rate performance,as these properties are closely related to the disordered carbon network and abundant pore structure.However,inadequate controllability of morphology,insufficiently regulated pore structures,and the complexity of post-processing modifications hinders the practical application of HC.In this work,a high-temperature and high-pressure expansion pretreatment technique is proposed to regulate the structure of starch precursors,enabling the precise design of ordered graphitic-like microcrystals and closed pores within HC.The optimized starch-based HC displayed remarkable electrochemical efficiency,with a reversible capacity of 332.0 mAh g^(-1),an initial Coulombic efficiency of 90.4%,and stable cycling over 3000 cycles.Meanwhile,advanced full-cell utilizing Na4Fe3(PO_(4))_(2)P_(2)O_(7) cathode achieve stable cycling performance exceeding 1000 cycles,demonstrating outstanding performance.This research innovatively employs a green expansion process to achieve structural regulation of HC,thereby providing an environmentally friendly and economically viable technical pathway for its large-scale production.
基金funded by Semnan University,research grant No.226/1403/T140211.
文摘The aim of this research was to synthesize a new totally bio wood adhesive entailing the use of oxidized starch(OST),urea,and oxidized lignin(OL).For this reason,non-modified(L)and oxidized lignin(OL)at different contents(20%,30%,and 40%)were used to prepare the starch-urea-lignin(SUL)and starch-urea-oxidized lignin(SUOL)resin.Sodium persulfate(SPS)as oxidizer was employed to oxidize both starch and lignin.Urea was just used as a low cost and effective crosslinker in the resin composition.The properties of the synthesized resins and the plywood panels bonded with themweremeasured according to relevant standards.The viscosity and gel time of the SUOL resins containing oxidized lignin are respectively higher and faster than for non-modified lignin(SUL).The lignin phenolic hydroxyl groups(-OH)proportion was markedly increased by oxidation as shown by Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)spectrometry.The molecular mass and the polydispersity of the lignin did also decrease by its oxidization pretreatment.DSC analysis showed a decrease of the glass transition temperature of the lignin(Tg)due to its oxidation.The thermal analysis of the oxidized lignin SUOL resin also showed that it had a lower peak temperature than the SUL equivalent non-modified lignin resin.The plywood panels bonded with oxidized lignin gave acceptable bending modulus,bending strength,peak temperature by thermal analysis and dry shear strength as well as a better plywood dimensional stability when used in the SUOL formulation.The synthesized SUOL adhesive is a lignin-derived,totally bio,no-aldehyde added,inexpensive resin applicable to bond plywood.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071978)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD2300901 and 2022YFD2300905)。
文摘High temperature stress (HT) significantly reduces maize yield by impairing starch accumulation in kernels.However,the mechanism by which HT affects starch synthesis remains controversial-whether through reduced assimilate supply or direct inhibition on kernel metabolism.To clarify these mechanisms,a heat-sensitive maize hybrid,Xianyu 335 (XY),was exposed to 30℃/20℃ (maximum/minimum temperature,control) and 40℃/30℃ for seven consecutive days during the seed setting stage.Synchronous pollination (SP),apical pollination (AP),and shading treatments were applied to manipulate the inherent source–sink ratio in maize plants.Results showed that apical kernel weight decreased by 11.9%under 40℃ in the SP treatment.The ^(13)C content,starch accumulation,and cell-wall invertase (CWIN) activity also declined by 15.9,36.7,and 16.4%,respectively,under HT.In the shading treatment,40℃/30℃ caused even greater reductions in^(13)C content,starch accumulation,and CWIN activity due to diminished assimilate supply.Conversely,in the AP treatment,starch content and CWIN activity increased by 22.0 and 18.5%,respectively,under 40℃/30℃,resulting in kernel weight and ^(13)C content similar to those in SP and shading treatments regardless of temperature.Consistent with apical kernels under AP,HT did not negatively affect middle kernels in either SP or shading treatments,as kernel weight and starch content remained unchanged under HT.Although all kernels were exposed to the same HT or control environment,their responses varied a lot.The impaired starch synthesis in apical kernels under HT was rescued by increasing carbon supply via AP treatment.The contrasting performance among middle kernels,apical kernels under AP,and apical kernels under SP or shading indicates that reduced carbon supply is a critical factor underlying inhibited starch accumulation.Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further understanding kernel abortion under HT.
基金supported by the RIIM BRIN and LPDP Grants,grant number B-2880/II.7.5/KS.00/4/2025 dan B-7930/III.6/TK.01.03/4/2025 under the scheme BRIN-KONEKSI Joint Call for Proposalsthe theme“Indonesia's Bioeconomy:Maximising Sustainable Marine Biodiversity Utilisation 2024”No 6/II.7/HK/2025.
文摘This study investigates the potential of starch extracted from underutilized agro-industrial resources as non-food-competing raw materials for the development of flexible bioplastics for food packaging applications.Starch was extracted from three biomass sources:rubber cassava(Manihot glaziovii),banana stem,and banana peel from Ambonese banana(Musa acuminata L.).Rubber cassava starch(SRC)exhibited the highest starch yield(50.68±0.28%),significantly surpassing banana stem(SBS,14.20±0.25%)and banana peel(SBP,3.07±0.15%).The amylose contents of SRC,SBS,and SBP were 28.18%,52.80%,and 56.57%,respectively,while their amylopectin contents were 71.83%,47.20%,and 43.43%.FTIR spectra confirmed the absence of cyanogenic groups in SRC,indicating its safety for packaging applications.XRD analysis revealed that PSRC films were predominantly amorphous,while PSBS and PSBP showed higher crystallinity.The enhancement of mechanical properties,specifically PSBS,showed the highest tensile strength at 16.04±0.56 MPa,whereas PSRC demonstrated the highest elongation at break at 23.57±0.40%,which could be attributed to the inherent characteristics of the starch sources.Additionally,PSRC film exhibited the highest transparency at 60.2%,the greatest water solubility at 34.92%,and the lowest water contact angle at 41.58○,confirming its more hydrophilic nature compared to other films.This work highlights the potential of low-cost,sustainable,and non-food agro-industrial starch sources as promising candidates for the development of flexible,eco-friendly bioplastics.
基金supported through RIIM Competition funding from the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education Agency,Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia and National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia according to the contract number:61/IV/KS/5/2023 and 2131/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2023.
文摘Corn starch(CS)is a renewable,biodegradable polysaccharide valued for its film-forming ability,yet native CS films exhibit lowmechanical strength,highwater sensitivity,and limited thermal stability.This study improves CS-based films by blending with poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)or glycerol(GLY)and using citric acid(CA)as a green,non-toxic cross-linker.Composite films were prepared by casting CS–PVA or CS-GLY with CA at 0%-0.20%(w/w of starch).The influence of CA on physicochemical,mechanical,optical,thermal,and water barrier properties was evaluated.CA crosslinking markedly enhanced the tensile strength,water resistance,and thermal stability of CS-PVA films while increasing transparency in CS–GLY films.At 0.20%CA,the composite achieved 34.99MPa tensile strength,reducedwater vapor permeability,andminimized water uptake.FTIR confirmed ester bond formation between CAand hydroxyl groups of CS,PVA,and GLY,whereas thermal analysis showed higher decomposition temperatures and lower weight loss in crosslinked films.Increasing CA levels also decreased opacity and improved light transmittance,indicating greater homogeneity and reduced crystallinity.This dual-polymer matrix combined with a natural crosslinking strategy provides a sustainable route to high-performance,biodegradable CS-based packaging materials.
基金funded by the Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI)under Fundamental Fund 2023(Project:Advanced Materials and Manufacturing for Applications in New S-Curve Industries).
文摘This work explores the development of biodegradable laminar composite foams for cushioning applications.The focus lies on overcoming the inherent brittleness of starch foams by incorporating various paper types as rein-forcement.Tapioca starch and glutinous starch were blended in varying ratios(100:0–0:100)to optimize the base material’s properties.The morphology,density,flexural strength,and impact strength of these starch blends were evaluated.The results revealed a trade-off between impact strength and density,with increasing glutinous starch content favoring impact resistance but also leading to higher density.The optimal ratio of tapioca to glutinous starch for achieving maximumflexural strength and modulus was determined to be 60:40.Theflexural strength of the composite material at this ratio reached a peak value of 5.3±0.6 MPa,significantly surpassing theflexural strength of pure tapioca foam,which was measured to be 3.5±0.4 MPa.Building on this foundation,novel lami-nar composite foams were fabricated using the 60:40 starch blend reinforced with mulberry paper,kraft paper,and newsprint paper.To enhance the interfacial adhesion between the starch matrix and paper reinforcement,a silane coupling agent was employed at a 10 wt%loading on the paper.The incorporation of paper reinforcement into starch foams was found to enhance their mechanical properties.Specifically,flexural strength values increased from 5.3±0.6 MPa for the unreinforced starch foam to 6.8±0.6 MPa,8.1±0.9 MPa,and 7.4±0.1 MPa when reinforced with mulberry paper,kraft paper,and newsprint paper,respectively.Notably,kraft paper reinforcement led to the most enhancements inflexural strength,flexural modulus,and impact strength.This research paves the way for developing sustainable cushioning materials with competitive mechanical properties using bio-based resources like starch and paper.
基金funded by the Russian Federation represented by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education,Russia,grant number 075-15-2022-1231 on 18.10.2022National Research Foundation(NRF),South Africa,grant number 150508Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq),Brazil,grant number 440057/2022-1.
文摘Petrochemical plastics are widely used for food protection and preservation;however,they exhibit poor biodegradability,resisting natural degradation through physical,chemical,or enzymatic processes.As a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic packaging,edible films offer effective barriers against moisture,gases,and microbial contamination while being biodegradable,biocompatible,and environmentally friendly.In this study,novel active food packaging materials(in film form)were developed by incorporating starch,carrageenan,nanocellulose(NC),Aloe vera,and hibiscus flower extract.The effects of varying the matrix composition(26.5–73.5 wt.%starch/carrageenan),NC concentration(2.77-17.07 wt.%),and particle type(fibers or crystals)on the film structure and characteristics were analyzed using various methods.Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated good homogeneity and effective dispersion of NC within the blendmatrix.An increased carrageenan content in the filmimproved wettability,moisture absorption,solubility,and water vapor permeability.The mechanical properties of the films were enhanced by NC incorporation and higher carrageenan content.The developed films also exhibited effective UV radiation barriers and biodegradability.Films with low carrageenan content(less than 33.3%)and high NC content(7%,10% crystals or 10%,15% fibers)exhibited optimal properties,including enhanced water resistance,hydrophobicity,and mechanical strength,along with reduced water vapor permeability.However,the high water solubility and moisture absorption(above 55% and 14%,respectively)indicated their unsuitability as packaging materials for food products with wet surfaces and high humidity.The results suggest that these films are well suited for use as edible food packaging for fruits and vegetables.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1300404)。
文摘Background The synchronized absorption of amino acids(AAs)and glucose in the gut is crucial for effective AA utilization and protein synthesis in the body.The study investigated how the starch digestion rate and AA levels impact intestinal AA digestion,transport and metabolism,breast muscle protein metabolism,and growth in grower broilers.A total of 72021-day-old healthy male Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly assigned to 12 treatments,each with 6 replicates of 10 birds.The treatments comprised 3 different starch[corn:control,cassava:rapidly digestible starch(RDS),and pea:slowly digestible starch(SDS)]with 4 different AA levels[based on standardized ileal digestible lysine(SID Lys),0.92%,1.02%(as the standard),1.12%and 1.22%].Results An interaction between dietary starch sources and SID Lys levels significantly affected breast muscle yield(P=0.033).RDS and SDS diets,or SID Lys levels of 0.92%,1.02%,or 1.22%,significantly decreased the breast muscle yield of broilers in contrast to the corn starch diet with 1.12%SID Lys(P=0.033).The SID Lys levels of 1.12%and 1.22%markedly improved body weight(BW),body weight gain(BWG)from 22 to 42 days of age,and mRNA expression of y^(+)LAT1 and mTOR while reducing feed intake(FI)and feed/gain ratio(F/G)compared to the 0.92%SID Lys level(P<0.05).The SDS diet significantly decreased BW and BWG of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age,distal ileal starch digestibility,jejunal amylase and chymotrypsin activities,and mRNA expression of GLUT2 and y^(+)LAT1 compared to the corn starch diet(P<0.05).The RDS diet suppressed the breast muscle mass by down-regulating expression of mTOR,S6K1,and eIF4E and up-regulating expression of MuRF,CathepsinB,Atrogin-1,and M-calpain compared to the corn starch diet(P<0.05).Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the SDS diet significantly increased acetyl-CoA andα-ketoglutaric acid levels in the tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle(P<0.05)but decreased the ileal digestibility of Lys,Tyr,Leu,Asp,Ser,Gly,Pro,Arg,Ile,and Val compared to the corn starch group(P<0.05).Conclusion The SDS diet impaired broiler growth by reducing intestinal starch digestibility,which inhibited intestinal AA and glucose absorption and utilization,increased AA oxidation for energy supply,and lowered the efficiency of protein synthesis.Although the RDS diet resulted in growth performance similar to the corn starch diet,it reduced breast muscle mass by inhibiting protein synthesis and promoting degradation.
基金funded by an Internal Research Grant of Universitas Padjadjaran,Bandung,Indonesia.
文摘Bionanocomposite film is produced from renewable and biodegradable natural resources.Although elephant foot yam(EFY)starch(Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)is a promising polymer for bionanocomposite film,the native hydrophilic properties influence the overall performance characteristics.Incorporating virgin coconut oil(VCO)and monoglyceride as hydrophobic components can improve mechanical properties and reduce permeability while increasing the hydrophobicity of the composite.Therefore,this study aimed to determine the effect of adding VCO and monoglyceride on EFY starch-nanocrystalline film at 3 and 5 wt%concentrations.Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties,water vapor transmission rate(WVTR),morphology,functional groups,biodegradability,and hydrophobicity.The results showed that the addition of 5 wt%monoglyceride produced optimum outcomes by reducing the WVTR to 3.99 g.m^(−2).h^(−1),increasing the thickness to 0.134 mm and decreasing the solubility to 36.04%.The Universal Testing Machine(UTM)tests showed an elongation of 74.59%,showing excellent elasticity.The Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)test showed the bonds formed with starch granules,leading to a flatter surface.The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)test also showed an increase in the wavelength of the C=O groups and a decrease in the O-H groups.The contact angle test processed using image-J showed high hydrophobicity,consequently reducing the biodegradability of bionanocomposite film by the Aspergillus niger fungal degradation test.In conclusion,this study successfully developed bionanocomposite film with enhanced hydrophobicity,elasticity,and barrier properties,highly suitable for protecting food from humid air.The composite holds great potential for further development as an environmentally friendly packaging solution.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31830071,32202561)the earmarked fund for CARS(Grant No.CARS-31)。
文摘Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.
文摘Starch is an essential commodity for humans and other animals.Future demands require qualitative and quantitative improvement by crop and post-harvest engineering that calls for comprehensive actions requiring increased fundamental knowledge on starch biosynthesis,development of advanced breeding strategies,efficient farming,and well-adapted and up scalable extraction protocols for diverse starch products.Recent staggering progress in molecular breeding techniques,especially genome editing,have enabled generation of higher starch yield and special functional qualities required to support such advancement.However,this necessitates fundamental biochemical and mechanistic understanding of starch biosynthesis and the variegated starch crop germplasms,all of which are closely linked to the relationships between starch molecular structures and functionality of various starch types as directed by the different capabilities of starch crop genotypes.We here review starch biosynthesis and its genetic foundation with a focus on increasing nutritional and health-promoting value of starch especially through bioengineering of the high amylose trait.
基金supported by the Major Program of National Agricultural Science and Technology of China(NK20220607)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program,China(2023YFH0041)。
文摘Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes.Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine,thus preventing a rapid rise in the glycemic index.Starch synthase 2a(SS2a)is a key enzyme in amylopectin biosynthesis that has significant effects on starch structure and properties.In this study,we identified an ss2a null mutant(M3-1413)with a single base mutation from an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized population of barley.The mutation was located at the 3'end of the first intron of the RNA splicing receptor(AG)site,and resulted in abnormal RNA splicing and two abnormal transcripts of ss2a,which caused the inactivation of the SS2a gene.The starch structure and properties were significantly altered in the mutant,with M3-1413 containing lower total starch and higher amylose and resistant starch levels.This study sheds light on the effect of barley ss2a null mutations on starch properties and will help to guide new applications of barley starch in the development of nutritious food products.
基金Industrial innovation team of Chuzhou CityFengyang County“Fengxiang”talent team+3 种基金Huainan City Science and Technology Plan Project(2023076)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(202410879085)the Natural Science Research Projects of Anhui Universities(811904)the Excellent Research and Innovation Team of Anhui Province Universities in 2024(2024AH010007)。
文摘With the promotion of potatoes as a staple food,the challenge lies in integrating them into traditional staple grain-based diets.As the primary component of grains,starch plays a crucial role,and its interactions with other heterogeneous starches could significantly influence their functional properties.Therefore,this study aimed to explore the role of substitution ratio(SR,0–100%)of potato starch(PS)in the compatibility with wheat starch(WS)from the perspective of microstructure and physicochemical characteristics using the simplex-centroid method.Results of scaning electron microscopy(SEM)revealed the network structure in SR 30%of PS possessed the smallest size and the most compact gel structure.A higher SR of PS increased the solubility and swelling power of the blended WS and improved its freeze-thaw stability.Peak viscosity and gel hardness of the blended WS exhibited an increasing trend as the SR of PS increased.With the increasing SR of PS,the blended WS exhibited an increased tanδvalue with decreased viscous and elastic moduli.There is a non-additive effect between PS and WS,which should be responsible for their difference between experimental and theoretical values.These findings could provide a new direction for understanding the compatibility interactions between different starches,and provide a theoretical guidance for the development of PS-based foods with desirable properties.
