In this paper, the smooth connection between two B-spline surfaces is discussed. First, a brief proof of some simple sufficient conditions of Go and G1 continuity is given. On this basis, a novel method for Go or G1 c...In this paper, the smooth connection between two B-spline surfaces is discussed. First, a brief proof of some simple sufficient conditions of Go and G1 continuity is given. On this basis, a novel method for Go or G1 connection between two adjacent B-spline surfaces is presented. A reparameterization step is firstly taken for one of the surfaces such that they have the same parameterization in v direction, then, adjust their boundary control vertices to make them Go or Gl connected. The GI connection parameter is determined by an optimization problem. Compared with the existed methods, our method is simple and easy to be used in practice.展开更多
According to the B-spline theory and Boehm algorithm, this paper presents several necessary and sufficient G1 continuity conditions between two adjacent B-spline surfaces. In order to meet the need of application, a k...According to the B-spline theory and Boehm algorithm, this paper presents several necessary and sufficient G1 continuity conditions between two adjacent B-spline surfaces. In order to meet the need of application, a kind of sufficient conditions of G1 continuity are developed, and a kind of sufficient conditions of G1 continuity among N(N>2) patch B-spline surfaces meeting at a common corner are given at the end.展开更多
In the process of seismic data interpretation, the extraction of a horizon or a fault is generally needed. In this paper we present a fast extraction method. First select some feature points interactively, then recons...In the process of seismic data interpretation, the extraction of a horizon or a fault is generally needed. In this paper we present a fast extraction method. First select some feature points interactively, then reconstruct the surface according to the selected feature points by using B-spline interpolation curve or surface. In order to solve the error-drawing problem appeared in the process of interactive rendering, which is caused by the change of sampling interval as the view point changes, we combine shear-warp and splatting algorithm to render the surface. The rendering of seismic data and specific surface in our work are achieved on GPU platform using CUDA programming language, which make it able to meet the requirements of real-time rendering.展开更多
Algorithms of modifying a surface to approximate some scattered points, or pass through some characteristic points/curves are presented. Similar to variational approach, the algorithms are based on optimization. For t...Algorithms of modifying a surface to approximate some scattered points, or pass through some characteristic points/curves are presented. Similar to variational approach, the algorithms are based on optimization. For the deviation between the modified surface and the original one is adopted as the objective functions, the change of the surface shape is as small as possible with the modified surface satisfying the specified requirements.展开更多
In this paper, we present an algorithm for reconstruction of B-spline surface such that it interpolates the four given bound- ary curves and simultaneously approximates some given inner points. The main idea of our me...In this paper, we present an algorithm for reconstruction of B-spline surface such that it interpolates the four given bound- ary curves and simultaneously approximates some given inner points. The main idea of our method is： first, we construct an initial surface which interpolates the four given boundary curves; then, while keeping the boundary control points of the initial surface un- changed, we reposition the inner control points of the surface with energy optimization method. Examples show that our algorithm is practicable and effective.展开更多
A new lens calibration method which is suitable for all kinds of cameras is presented. Based on the global and local adjustable feature of B-spline surface, this method does not require the determination of distortion...A new lens calibration method which is suitable for all kinds of cameras is presented. Based on the global and local adjustable feature of B-spline surface, this method does not require the determination of distortion model of the camera lens. By applying B-spline surface fitting, all kinds of lens distortion models can be simulated. The control points of B-spline surface are estimated inversly from the feature points of detected lines. Then by moving the control points, straight line features in the image can be retrieved. Compared with traditional calibration method, this method has its unique advantage that need no corresponding points between image and scene. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the method.展开更多
A surface interpolation algorithm is presented. By using a special kind of knot vector. a B-spline surface can be constructed to interpolate an array of m ×n positions, including parameter u and v tangent vectors...A surface interpolation algorithm is presented. By using a special kind of knot vector. a B-spline surface can be constructed to interpolate an array of m ×n positions, including parameter u and v tangent vectors and twist vector at each positions. Single surface interpolation approach is easier to ensure the smoothness of the interpolating surface than multi-patches method. This algorithm can be used to solve the approximating problem of B-spline approximation of general parametric surface.展开更多
Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))oxidation and reduction reactions(HPOR/HPRR)are pivotal in various innovative electrochemical energy conversion devices.A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is critical for ca...Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))oxidation and reduction reactions(HPOR/HPRR)are pivotal in various innovative electrochemical energy conversion devices.A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is critical for catalyst design and performance improvement in these applications.In this work,we systematically investigate the HPOR/HPRR mechanisms on low-index Pt surfaces,specifically Pt(111),Pt(100)and Pt(110),through density functional theory(DFT)calculations combined with the computational hydrogen electrode(CHE)model.For HPOR,all the low-index Pt surfaces exhibit a unified potential-determining step(PDS)involving the electrochemical oxidation of hydroperoxyl intermediates(HOO*).The binding free energy of HOO*(Δ_(GHOO*))emerges as an activity descriptor,with Pt(110)exhibiting the highest HPOR activity.The HPRR mechanism follows a chem-electrochemical(C-EC)pathway.The rate-determining step(RDS)of HPRR is either the cleavage of the HO-OH bond(chemical)or the reduction of HO(electrochemical),depending on their respective activation energies.These activation energies are functions of the HO*binding free energy,Δ_(GHO*),establishingΔ_(GHO*)as the descriptor for HPRR activity prediction.Pt(111)and Pt(100)are identified as the most active HPRR catalysts among the studied metal surfaces,although they still experience a significant overpotential.The scaling relationship betweenΔ_(GHOO*)andΔ_(GHO*)reveals a thermodynamic coupling of HPOR and HPRR,explaining their occurrence on Pt surfaces.These findings provide important insights and activity descriptors for both HPOR and HPRR,providing valuable guidance for the design of electrocatalysts in H_(2)O_(2)-related energy applications and fuel cells.展开更多
This study experimentally investigates the influence of surfacewettability on the frosting characteristics of three types of corrugated structures(Types A,B,and C)under controlled low-temperature conditions.The experi...This study experimentally investigates the influence of surfacewettability on the frosting characteristics of three types of corrugated structures(Types A,B,and C)under controlled low-temperature conditions.The experiments were conducted in a constant-temperature bath at a cold surface temperature of–5℃,relative humidity of 90%,and ambient air temperature of 10℃.The results reveal that the variation trends of frost morphology,frost mass,and frost layer thickness are generally consistent across surfaces with different wettability.Among the tested surfaces,frost crystal formation and complete surface coverage occurred latest on the superhydrophobic surface(CA=153.9–165.8℃),next on the bare aluminumsurface(75.3–83.2℃),and earliest on the hydrophilic surface(5.3–7.5℃).At the same frosting duration,the superhydrophobic surface exhibited a sparse and fluffy frost layer,the bare aluminum surface formed a rough and dense frost,while the hydrophilic surface developed a fine and compact frost layer.The amount of frost formation decreased in the order of hydrophilic>bare aluminum>superhydrophobic,indicating that the superhydrophobic surface provides the most significant anti-frosting effect during the initial stages of frost formation.For instance,on the Type A corrugated structure,after 15 min of frosting,the frost mass on the superhydrophobic surface was 38.78%and 68.45%lower than those on the bare aluminum and hydrophilic surfaces,respectively.After 30 min,these differences were 4.99%and 25.26%,respectively.Overall,the superhydrophobic surface exhibited the smallest frost mass and frost layer thickness,demonstrating superior anti-frosting performance compared with the other surface types.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)represent a next-generation energy storage technology,but widespread applications are restricted by the shuttle of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs).The rational design of separators has been d...Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)represent a next-generation energy storage technology,but widespread applications are restricted by the shuttle of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs).The rational design of separators has been demonstrated to be one of the most efficient and cost-effective strategies to curb the shuttle effect,and tremendous research progress has been achieved.The efficiency of a separator depends on its interaction with LiPSs,which is governed by the surface energy and binding strength.Despite several review works that have been reported to advance the separators,most of them primarily focus on active material innovation and construction.The most crucial issues of surface binding energy have not been systematically reviewed,limiting the precise design of efficient separators.In this review,fundamentals related to surface energy and binding interactions with LiPSs are comprehensively analyzed and discussed.With surface binding and energy main lines,the advancements in separator engineering strategies are elaborately summarized and discussed.Moreover,techniques for evaluating affinity to LiPSs are thoroughly analyzed to avoid any ambiguities in measurement.Based on the research context,valuable research directions are suggested to construct efficient separators.This work provides guidelines to regulate the surface binding and energy of separators for high-performance LSBs.展开更多
The specific surface area(S S)and pore size(D)exhibit an inherent trade-off in the microscale design of bone implants:larger pores typically correlate with reduced surface area and vice versa.This relationship has att...The specific surface area(S S)and pore size(D)exhibit an inherent trade-off in the microscale design of bone implants:larger pores typically correlate with reduced surface area and vice versa.This relationship has attracted notable attention because of its critical role in the regulation of cell adhesion and osteogenesis.However,it remains largely unclear how S S and D affect the generated bone tissue and dynamically change during long-term osteogenesis.Herein,by applying rigorous geometric mapping to minimal surfaces,we constructed precisely partitioned and layer-by-layer thickened tissue models to simulate osteogenesis across different temporal scales and thereby track the dynamic evolution of geometric characteristics,permeability,and mechanobiological tissue differentiation.The high-S S samples were found to facilitate the rapid formation of new bone tissue in the early stages.However,their smaller pores tended to cause occlusions,hindering further tissue development.In contrast,low-S S samples showed slower bone regeneration,but their larger pores provided adequate physical space for tissue regeneration and mass transport,ultimately promoting bone formation in the long term.Mechanobiological regulation suggests that fibrous tissue formation inhibits additional bone formation,establishing a dynamic equilibrium between osteogenesis and pore space to sustain nutrient/waste exchange throughout the regenerative process.Overall,smaller pores are preferable in implants for minimally loaded osteoplasty procedures focused on early-stage bone consolidation,whereas larger pores are preferable in dynamically loaded implants requiring prolonged mechanical stability.展开更多
Photodetectors can convert light energy into electrical signals,so are widely used in photovoltaics,photon counting,monitoring,and imaging.Photodetectors are easy to prepare high-resolution photochips because of their...Photodetectors can convert light energy into electrical signals,so are widely used in photovoltaics,photon counting,monitoring,and imaging.Photodetectors are easy to prepare high-resolution photochips because of their small size unit integration.However,these photodetector units often exhibit poor photoelectric performance due to material defects and inadequate structures,which greatly limit the functions of devices.Designing modification strategies and micro-/nanostructures can compensate for defects,adjust the bandgap,and develop novel quantum structures,which consequently optimize photovoltaic units and revolutionize optoelectronic devices.Here,this paper aims to comprehensively elaborate on the surface/interface engineering scheme of micro-/nano-photodetectors.It starts from the fundamentals of photodetectors,such as principles,types,and parameters,and describes the influence of material selection,manufacturing techniques,and post-processing.Then,we analyse in detail the great influence of surface/interface engineering on the performance of photovoltaic devices,including surface/interface modification and micro-/nanostructural design.Finally,the applications and prospects of optoelectronic devices in various fields such as miniaturization of electronic devices,robotics,and human–computer interaction are shown.展开更多
The conditions for G1 continuity between two adjacent bicubic B-spline surfaces with double interior knots along their common boundary curve are obtained in this paper, which are directly represented by the control po...The conditions for G1 continuity between two adjacent bicubic B-spline surfaces with double interior knots along their common boundary curve are obtained in this paper, which are directly represented by the control points of the two B-spline surfaces. As stated by Shi Xi-quan and Zhao Yan, a local scheme of constructing G1 continuous B-spline surface models with single interior knots does not exist; we may achieve a local scheme of (true) G1 continuity over an arbitrary B-spline surface network using these conditions.展开更多
In this study,polyacrylic acid(PAA)films were employed as a model system,and a series of PAA films with tunable water wettability was systematically prepared by varying molecular weight and curing temperature.Using at...In this study,polyacrylic acid(PAA)films were employed as a model system,and a series of PAA films with tunable water wettability was systematically prepared by varying molecular weight and curing temperature.Using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR),the molecular configurations of surface carboxyl groups(COOH),free carboxyl(COOH_(f))and hydrogen-bonded carboxyl(COOH_(HB),were directly correlated with the polar component of surface energy(γ^(s,p)).By decomposing theγ^(s,p)values of the PAA thin films as a sum of the contributions of COOH_(f)and COOH_(H B),the intrinsic polar component of surface energy of COOH_(H B)(γ_(H B)^(s,p*))was quantified for the first time as 8.34 mN/m,significantly lower than that of COOH_(f)(γ_(f)^(s,p*)=34 mN/m).This result highlights that hydrogen bonding markedly reduces theγ^(s,p),providing a rational explanation for the relatively large water contact angle observed on PAA thin films.Furthermore,it establishes a thermodynamic basis for estimating the fraction of surface COOH_(H B)groups(f H B)from wettability measurements.Further extension of the model to carboxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers(COOH-SAMs)revealed that surface COOH density(ΣCOOH)critically regulates wetting behavior:whenΣCOOH ranges from 4.30 to 5.25 nm^(-2),COOH groups predominantly exist in a free state and facilitate effective hydration layers,thereby promoting superhydrophilicity.Overall,this study not only establishes a unified thermodynamic framework linking surface COOH configurations to macroscopic wettability,but also validates its universality by extending it to COOH-SAMs systems,thereby providing a unified theoretical framework for the controllable design of hydrophilicity in various COOH-functionalized surfaces.展开更多
A methodology for the reduction of radar cross section(RCS)of cambered platforms within the target airspace is presented,which utilizes a dual-polarized ultra-wide-angle artificial electromagnetic absorbing surface.By...A methodology for the reduction of radar cross section(RCS)of cambered platforms within the target airspace is presented,which utilizes a dual-polarized ultra-wide-angle artificial electromagnetic absorbing surface.By applying the theory of generalized Brewster complex wave impedance matching,five distinct unit cell designs are developed to attain more than95%absorption rate for dual-polarized incident waves within five angular ranges:0°-30°,30°-50°,50°-60°,60°-70°,and 70°-80°.To optimally reduce the RCS of a cambered platform,the five types of units can be evenly distributed on the surface based on the local incident angles of plane waves originating from the target airspace.As an illustrative example,the leading edge of an airfoil is taken into account,and experimental measurements validate the efficiency of the proposed structure.Specifically,the absorbing surface achieves more than 10 dB of RCS reduction in the frequency ranges from 5-10 GHz(about66.7%relative bandwidth)for dual polarizations.展开更多
In industrial manufacturing,efficient surface defect detection is crucial for ensuring product quality and production safety.Traditional inspectionmethods are often slow,subjective,and prone to errors,while classicalm...In industrial manufacturing,efficient surface defect detection is crucial for ensuring product quality and production safety.Traditional inspectionmethods are often slow,subjective,and prone to errors,while classicalmachine vision techniques strugglewith complex backgrounds and small defects.To address these challenges,this study proposes an improved YOLOv11 model for detecting defects on hot-rolled steel strips using the NEU-DET dataset.Three key improvements are introduced in the proposed model.First,a lightweight Guided Attention Feature Module(GAFM)is incorporated to enhance multi-scale feature fusion,allowing the model to better capture and integrate semantic and spatial information across different layers,which improves its ability to detect defects of varying sizes.Second,an Aggregated Attention(AA)mechanism is employed to strengthen the representation of critical defect features while effectively suppressing irrelevant background information,particularly enhancing the detection of small,low-contrast,or complex defects.Third,Ghost Dynamic Convolution(GDC)is applied to reduce computational cost by generating low-cost ghost features and dynamically reweighting convolutional kernels,enabling faster inference without sacrificing feature quality or detection accuracy.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a mean Average Precision(mAP)of 87.2%,compared to 81.5%for the baseline,while lowering computational cost from6.3Giga Floating-point Operations Per Second(GFLOPs)to 5.1 GFLOPs.These results indicate that the improved YOLOv11 is both accurate and computationally efficient,making it suitable for real-time industrial surface defect detection and contributing to the development of practical,high-performance inspection systems.展开更多
BACKGROUND Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder with rising prevalence.It is closely related to systemic health and psychological factors,such as sleep and mood disorders,which significantly...BACKGROUND Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder with rising prevalence.It is closely related to systemic health and psychological factors,such as sleep and mood disorders,which significantly impact the quality of life of patients.AIM To explore the correlations between ocular surface function,sleep quality,and anxiety/depression in patients with DED.METHODS This was a cross-sectional investigative study that included 358 patients with DED between January 2022 and January 2025.Ocular surface was assessed using the ocular surface disease index(OSDI),tear film break-up time,fluorescein staining score,and Schirmer I test.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),and Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)were used to evaluate sleep quality and anxiety/depression levels.Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to explore the relationships.RESULTS The mean PSQI score of the patients was 9.94±2.18;the mean SAS score was 47.30±4.90,and the mean SDS score was 50.08±5.52.These suggested a prevalence of sleep and psychological abnormalities.There was a significant correlation between the indicators of ocular surface function(OSDI,tear film break-up time,fluorescein staining,and Schirmer I test)and PSQI,SAS,and SDS scores(P<0.05).Moreover,multiple regression revealed that age≥50 years(β=1.55,P=0.029),PSQI scores(β=0.58,P<0.001),SAS scores(β=0.17,P=0.017),and SDS scores(β=0.15,P=0.019)were independent predictors of the OSDI scores.CONCLUSION Ocular surface function in patients with DED is closely related to sleep quality and anxiety/depression,emphasizing the need for holistic clinical management.展开更多
The cold chain environment is an important route for the long⁃distance transmission of pathogenic micro⁃organisms.In this study,we explored the mechanisms of secondary propagation through surface contact on cold surfa...The cold chain environment is an important route for the long⁃distance transmission of pathogenic micro⁃organisms.In this study,we explored the mechanisms of secondary propagation through surface contact on cold surfaces.A quantitative statistical experimental method was adopted to study the surface⁃contact transmission of micro⁃organisms,wherein the transfer rate of surface contact was the dependent variable and Escherichia coli was used as the indicator bacterium.The effects of contact pressure(0.44,0.86,1.55,2.25,and 2.94 N/cm^(2)),contact time(0,15,30,45,and 60 s),contact angle(15°and 25°),and surface materials(rubber and cotton gloves)were measured at two storage temperatures:cold storage(5℃)and freezing(-18℃).The results showed that as temperature decreases,the transfer of micro⁃organisms through surface contact becomes less probable.The contact time did not significantly influence the transfer rate of micro⁃organisms when items were handled at cold⁃storage temperatures.Based on these results,we recommend placing items as flat as possible to minimize the tilt angle when handling them at cold⁃storage temperatures.Additionally,if the tilt angle cannot be avoided,rubber gloves should be used when handling items stored at large tilt angles,whereas cotton gloves may be used for items placed at smaller angles.展开更多
To conduct marine surveys,multiple unmanned surface vessels(Multi-USV)with different capabilities perform collaborative mapping in multiple designated areas.This paper proposes a task allocation algorithm based on int...To conduct marine surveys,multiple unmanned surface vessels(Multi-USV)with different capabilities perform collaborative mapping in multiple designated areas.This paper proposes a task allocation algorithm based on integer linear programming(ILP)with flow balance constraints,ensuring the fair and efficient distribution of sub-areas among USVs and maintaining strong connectivity of assigned regions.In the established gridmap,a search-based path planning algorithm is performed on the sub-areas according to the allocation scheme.It uses the greedy algorithm and the A*algorithm to achieve complete coverage of the barrier-free area and obtain an efficient trajectory of each USV.The greedy algorithm enables fast local traversal of unvisited grids,while the A*algorithm ensures navigation to escape from deadlock areas and maintains global path continuity.The comparison of task allocation results proves that the task allocation algorithm based on ILP improves the mapping efficiency and task distribution fairness.The proposed allocation method and result analysis provide a certain reference for the practical application ofMulti-USV to perform survey tasks collaboratively.展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.F2012202041)Youth Research Foundation of Science and Technology of Hebei Education Departmen(No.Q2012022)
文摘In this paper, the smooth connection between two B-spline surfaces is discussed. First, a brief proof of some simple sufficient conditions of Go and G1 continuity is given. On this basis, a novel method for Go or G1 connection between two adjacent B-spline surfaces is presented. A reparameterization step is firstly taken for one of the surfaces such that they have the same parameterization in v direction, then, adjust their boundary control vertices to make them Go or Gl connected. The GI connection parameter is determined by an optimization problem. Compared with the existed methods, our method is simple and easy to be used in practice.
文摘According to the B-spline theory and Boehm algorithm, this paper presents several necessary and sufficient G1 continuity conditions between two adjacent B-spline surfaces. In order to meet the need of application, a kind of sufficient conditions of G1 continuity are developed, and a kind of sufficient conditions of G1 continuity among N(N>2) patch B-spline surfaces meeting at a common corner are given at the end.
文摘In the process of seismic data interpretation, the extraction of a horizon or a fault is generally needed. In this paper we present a fast extraction method. First select some feature points interactively, then reconstruct the surface according to the selected feature points by using B-spline interpolation curve or surface. In order to solve the error-drawing problem appeared in the process of interactive rendering, which is caused by the change of sampling interval as the view point changes, we combine shear-warp and splatting algorithm to render the surface. The rendering of seismic data and specific surface in our work are achieved on GPU platform using CUDA programming language, which make it able to meet the requirements of real-time rendering.
文摘Algorithms of modifying a surface to approximate some scattered points, or pass through some characteristic points/curves are presented. Similar to variational approach, the algorithms are based on optimization. For the deviation between the modified surface and the original one is adopted as the objective functions, the change of the surface shape is as small as possible with the modified surface satisfying the specified requirements.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province
文摘In this paper, we present an algorithm for reconstruction of B-spline surface such that it interpolates the four given bound- ary curves and simultaneously approximates some given inner points. The main idea of our method is： first, we construct an initial surface which interpolates the four given boundary curves; then, while keeping the boundary control points of the initial surface un- changed, we reposition the inner control points of the surface with energy optimization method. Examples show that our algorithm is practicable and effective.
文摘A new lens calibration method which is suitable for all kinds of cameras is presented. Based on the global and local adjustable feature of B-spline surface, this method does not require the determination of distortion model of the camera lens. By applying B-spline surface fitting, all kinds of lens distortion models can be simulated. The control points of B-spline surface are estimated inversly from the feature points of detected lines. Then by moving the control points, straight line features in the image can be retrieved. Compared with traditional calibration method, this method has its unique advantage that need no corresponding points between image and scene. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the method.
基金This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 50775044, 50805025） and Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong （No. 8151009001000040）.
文摘A surface interpolation algorithm is presented. By using a special kind of knot vector. a B-spline surface can be constructed to interpolate an array of m ×n positions, including parameter u and v tangent vectors and twist vector at each positions. Single surface interpolation approach is easier to ensure the smoothness of the interpolating surface than multi-patches method. This algorithm can be used to solve the approximating problem of B-spline approximation of general parametric surface.
基金Supported by the Shanxi Province Grant(202203021212007,2023SHB003).
文摘Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))oxidation and reduction reactions(HPOR/HPRR)are pivotal in various innovative electrochemical energy conversion devices.A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is critical for catalyst design and performance improvement in these applications.In this work,we systematically investigate the HPOR/HPRR mechanisms on low-index Pt surfaces,specifically Pt(111),Pt(100)and Pt(110),through density functional theory(DFT)calculations combined with the computational hydrogen electrode(CHE)model.For HPOR,all the low-index Pt surfaces exhibit a unified potential-determining step(PDS)involving the electrochemical oxidation of hydroperoxyl intermediates(HOO*).The binding free energy of HOO*(Δ_(GHOO*))emerges as an activity descriptor,with Pt(110)exhibiting the highest HPOR activity.The HPRR mechanism follows a chem-electrochemical(C-EC)pathway.The rate-determining step(RDS)of HPRR is either the cleavage of the HO-OH bond(chemical)or the reduction of HO(electrochemical),depending on their respective activation energies.These activation energies are functions of the HO*binding free energy,Δ_(GHO*),establishingΔ_(GHO*)as the descriptor for HPRR activity prediction.Pt(111)and Pt(100)are identified as the most active HPRR catalysts among the studied metal surfaces,although they still experience a significant overpotential.The scaling relationship betweenΔ_(GHOO*)andΔ_(GHO*)reveals a thermodynamic coupling of HPOR and HPRR,explaining their occurrence on Pt surfaces.These findings provide important insights and activity descriptors for both HPOR and HPRR,providing valuable guidance for the design of electrocatalysts in H_(2)O_(2)-related energy applications and fuel cells.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province(No.232102241014)the Key scientific research project of Henan Province Colleges and Universities(No.22A470002)Doctoral Fund Project of Henan Polytechnic University(No.B2021-37).
文摘This study experimentally investigates the influence of surfacewettability on the frosting characteristics of three types of corrugated structures(Types A,B,and C)under controlled low-temperature conditions.The experiments were conducted in a constant-temperature bath at a cold surface temperature of–5℃,relative humidity of 90%,and ambient air temperature of 10℃.The results reveal that the variation trends of frost morphology,frost mass,and frost layer thickness are generally consistent across surfaces with different wettability.Among the tested surfaces,frost crystal formation and complete surface coverage occurred latest on the superhydrophobic surface(CA=153.9–165.8℃),next on the bare aluminumsurface(75.3–83.2℃),and earliest on the hydrophilic surface(5.3–7.5℃).At the same frosting duration,the superhydrophobic surface exhibited a sparse and fluffy frost layer,the bare aluminum surface formed a rough and dense frost,while the hydrophilic surface developed a fine and compact frost layer.The amount of frost formation decreased in the order of hydrophilic>bare aluminum>superhydrophobic,indicating that the superhydrophobic surface provides the most significant anti-frosting effect during the initial stages of frost formation.For instance,on the Type A corrugated structure,after 15 min of frosting,the frost mass on the superhydrophobic surface was 38.78%and 68.45%lower than those on the bare aluminum and hydrophilic surfaces,respectively.After 30 min,these differences were 4.99%and 25.26%,respectively.Overall,the superhydrophobic surface exhibited the smallest frost mass and frost layer thickness,demonstrating superior anti-frosting performance compared with the other surface types.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52172228)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2024J01475 and 2023J05127)
文摘Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)represent a next-generation energy storage technology,but widespread applications are restricted by the shuttle of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs).The rational design of separators has been demonstrated to be one of the most efficient and cost-effective strategies to curb the shuttle effect,and tremendous research progress has been achieved.The efficiency of a separator depends on its interaction with LiPSs,which is governed by the surface energy and binding strength.Despite several review works that have been reported to advance the separators,most of them primarily focus on active material innovation and construction.The most crucial issues of surface binding energy have not been systematically reviewed,limiting the precise design of efficient separators.In this review,fundamentals related to surface energy and binding interactions with LiPSs are comprehensively analyzed and discussed.With surface binding and energy main lines,the advancements in separator engineering strategies are elaborately summarized and discussed.Moreover,techniques for evaluating affinity to LiPSs are thoroughly analyzed to avoid any ambiguities in measurement.Based on the research context,valuable research directions are suggested to construct efficient separators.This work provides guidelines to regulate the surface binding and energy of separators for high-performance LSBs.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52035012)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2025A1515012203)。
文摘The specific surface area(S S)and pore size(D)exhibit an inherent trade-off in the microscale design of bone implants:larger pores typically correlate with reduced surface area and vice versa.This relationship has attracted notable attention because of its critical role in the regulation of cell adhesion and osteogenesis.However,it remains largely unclear how S S and D affect the generated bone tissue and dynamically change during long-term osteogenesis.Herein,by applying rigorous geometric mapping to minimal surfaces,we constructed precisely partitioned and layer-by-layer thickened tissue models to simulate osteogenesis across different temporal scales and thereby track the dynamic evolution of geometric characteristics,permeability,and mechanobiological tissue differentiation.The high-S S samples were found to facilitate the rapid formation of new bone tissue in the early stages.However,their smaller pores tended to cause occlusions,hindering further tissue development.In contrast,low-S S samples showed slower bone regeneration,but their larger pores provided adequate physical space for tissue regeneration and mass transport,ultimately promoting bone formation in the long term.Mechanobiological regulation suggests that fibrous tissue formation inhibits additional bone formation,establishing a dynamic equilibrium between osteogenesis and pore space to sustain nutrient/waste exchange throughout the regenerative process.Overall,smaller pores are preferable in implants for minimally loaded osteoplasty procedures focused on early-stage bone consolidation,whereas larger pores are preferable in dynamically loaded implants requiring prolonged mechanical stability.
文摘Photodetectors can convert light energy into electrical signals,so are widely used in photovoltaics,photon counting,monitoring,and imaging.Photodetectors are easy to prepare high-resolution photochips because of their small size unit integration.However,these photodetector units often exhibit poor photoelectric performance due to material defects and inadequate structures,which greatly limit the functions of devices.Designing modification strategies and micro-/nanostructures can compensate for defects,adjust the bandgap,and develop novel quantum structures,which consequently optimize photovoltaic units and revolutionize optoelectronic devices.Here,this paper aims to comprehensively elaborate on the surface/interface engineering scheme of micro-/nano-photodetectors.It starts from the fundamentals of photodetectors,such as principles,types,and parameters,and describes the influence of material selection,manufacturing techniques,and post-processing.Then,we analyse in detail the great influence of surface/interface engineering on the performance of photovoltaic devices,including surface/interface modification and micro-/nanostructural design.Finally,the applications and prospects of optoelectronic devices in various fields such as miniaturization of electronic devices,robotics,and human–computer interaction are shown.
基金973 Foundation of China (G19980306007) National Natural Science Foundation of China (G1999014115, 60473108) Outstanding Young Teacher Foundation of Educational Department of China (60073038) Doctoral Program Foundation of Educational Department of China.
文摘The conditions for G1 continuity between two adjacent bicubic B-spline surfaces with double interior knots along their common boundary curve are obtained in this paper, which are directly represented by the control points of the two B-spline surfaces. As stated by Shi Xi-quan and Zhao Yan, a local scheme of constructing G1 continuous B-spline surface models with single interior knots does not exist; we may achieve a local scheme of (true) G1 continuity over an arbitrary B-spline surface network using these conditions.
文摘In this study,polyacrylic acid(PAA)films were employed as a model system,and a series of PAA films with tunable water wettability was systematically prepared by varying molecular weight and curing temperature.Using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR),the molecular configurations of surface carboxyl groups(COOH),free carboxyl(COOH_(f))and hydrogen-bonded carboxyl(COOH_(HB),were directly correlated with the polar component of surface energy(γ^(s,p)).By decomposing theγ^(s,p)values of the PAA thin films as a sum of the contributions of COOH_(f)and COOH_(H B),the intrinsic polar component of surface energy of COOH_(H B)(γ_(H B)^(s,p*))was quantified for the first time as 8.34 mN/m,significantly lower than that of COOH_(f)(γ_(f)^(s,p*)=34 mN/m).This result highlights that hydrogen bonding markedly reduces theγ^(s,p),providing a rational explanation for the relatively large water contact angle observed on PAA thin films.Furthermore,it establishes a thermodynamic basis for estimating the fraction of surface COOH_(H B)groups(f H B)from wettability measurements.Further extension of the model to carboxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers(COOH-SAMs)revealed that surface COOH density(ΣCOOH)critically regulates wetting behavior:whenΣCOOH ranges from 4.30 to 5.25 nm^(-2),COOH groups predominantly exist in a free state and facilitate effective hydration layers,thereby promoting superhydrophilicity.Overall,this study not only establishes a unified thermodynamic framework linking surface COOH configurations to macroscopic wettability,but also validates its universality by extending it to COOH-SAMs systems,thereby providing a unified theoretical framework for the controllable design of hydrophilicity in various COOH-functionalized surfaces.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3907304-3)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(62271050)。
文摘A methodology for the reduction of radar cross section(RCS)of cambered platforms within the target airspace is presented,which utilizes a dual-polarized ultra-wide-angle artificial electromagnetic absorbing surface.By applying the theory of generalized Brewster complex wave impedance matching,five distinct unit cell designs are developed to attain more than95%absorption rate for dual-polarized incident waves within five angular ranges:0°-30°,30°-50°,50°-60°,60°-70°,and 70°-80°.To optimally reduce the RCS of a cambered platform,the five types of units can be evenly distributed on the surface based on the local incident angles of plane waves originating from the target airspace.As an illustrative example,the leading edge of an airfoil is taken into account,and experimental measurements validate the efficiency of the proposed structure.Specifically,the absorbing surface achieves more than 10 dB of RCS reduction in the frequency ranges from 5-10 GHz(about66.7%relative bandwidth)for dual polarizations.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62071123)in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Grant Nos.2024J01971,2022J05202)in part by the Young and Middle-Aged Teacher Education Research Project of Fujian Province(Grant No.JAT210370).
文摘In industrial manufacturing,efficient surface defect detection is crucial for ensuring product quality and production safety.Traditional inspectionmethods are often slow,subjective,and prone to errors,while classicalmachine vision techniques strugglewith complex backgrounds and small defects.To address these challenges,this study proposes an improved YOLOv11 model for detecting defects on hot-rolled steel strips using the NEU-DET dataset.Three key improvements are introduced in the proposed model.First,a lightweight Guided Attention Feature Module(GAFM)is incorporated to enhance multi-scale feature fusion,allowing the model to better capture and integrate semantic and spatial information across different layers,which improves its ability to detect defects of varying sizes.Second,an Aggregated Attention(AA)mechanism is employed to strengthen the representation of critical defect features while effectively suppressing irrelevant background information,particularly enhancing the detection of small,low-contrast,or complex defects.Third,Ghost Dynamic Convolution(GDC)is applied to reduce computational cost by generating low-cost ghost features and dynamically reweighting convolutional kernels,enabling faster inference without sacrificing feature quality or detection accuracy.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a mean Average Precision(mAP)of 87.2%,compared to 81.5%for the baseline,while lowering computational cost from6.3Giga Floating-point Operations Per Second(GFLOPs)to 5.1 GFLOPs.These results indicate that the improved YOLOv11 is both accurate and computationally efficient,making it suitable for real-time industrial surface defect detection and contributing to the development of practical,high-performance inspection systems.
文摘BACKGROUND Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder with rising prevalence.It is closely related to systemic health and psychological factors,such as sleep and mood disorders,which significantly impact the quality of life of patients.AIM To explore the correlations between ocular surface function,sleep quality,and anxiety/depression in patients with DED.METHODS This was a cross-sectional investigative study that included 358 patients with DED between January 2022 and January 2025.Ocular surface was assessed using the ocular surface disease index(OSDI),tear film break-up time,fluorescein staining score,and Schirmer I test.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),and Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)were used to evaluate sleep quality and anxiety/depression levels.Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to explore the relationships.RESULTS The mean PSQI score of the patients was 9.94±2.18;the mean SAS score was 47.30±4.90,and the mean SDS score was 50.08±5.52.These suggested a prevalence of sleep and psychological abnormalities.There was a significant correlation between the indicators of ocular surface function(OSDI,tear film break-up time,fluorescein staining,and Schirmer I test)and PSQI,SAS,and SDS scores(P<0.05).Moreover,multiple regression revealed that age≥50 years(β=1.55,P=0.029),PSQI scores(β=0.58,P<0.001),SAS scores(β=0.17,P=0.017),and SDS scores(β=0.15,P=0.019)were independent predictors of the OSDI scores.CONCLUSION Ocular surface function in patients with DED is closely related to sleep quality and anxiety/depression,emphasizing the need for holistic clinical management.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52278121).
文摘The cold chain environment is an important route for the long⁃distance transmission of pathogenic micro⁃organisms.In this study,we explored the mechanisms of secondary propagation through surface contact on cold surfaces.A quantitative statistical experimental method was adopted to study the surface⁃contact transmission of micro⁃organisms,wherein the transfer rate of surface contact was the dependent variable and Escherichia coli was used as the indicator bacterium.The effects of contact pressure(0.44,0.86,1.55,2.25,and 2.94 N/cm^(2)),contact time(0,15,30,45,and 60 s),contact angle(15°and 25°),and surface materials(rubber and cotton gloves)were measured at two storage temperatures:cold storage(5℃)and freezing(-18℃).The results showed that as temperature decreases,the transfer of micro⁃organisms through surface contact becomes less probable.The contact time did not significantly influence the transfer rate of micro⁃organisms when items were handled at cold⁃storage temperatures.Based on these results,we recommend placing items as flat as possible to minimize the tilt angle when handling them at cold⁃storage temperatures.Additionally,if the tilt angle cannot be avoided,rubber gloves should be used when handling items stored at large tilt angles,whereas cotton gloves may be used for items placed at smaller angles.
基金supported in part by the International Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou Development District under Grant 2023GH08the Science and Technology Development Fund,MSAR,under Grants 0029/2022/AGJ and 0029/2023/RIA1the Program of Guangdong under Grant 2023A0505020003.
文摘To conduct marine surveys,multiple unmanned surface vessels(Multi-USV)with different capabilities perform collaborative mapping in multiple designated areas.This paper proposes a task allocation algorithm based on integer linear programming(ILP)with flow balance constraints,ensuring the fair and efficient distribution of sub-areas among USVs and maintaining strong connectivity of assigned regions.In the established gridmap,a search-based path planning algorithm is performed on the sub-areas according to the allocation scheme.It uses the greedy algorithm and the A*algorithm to achieve complete coverage of the barrier-free area and obtain an efficient trajectory of each USV.The greedy algorithm enables fast local traversal of unvisited grids,while the A*algorithm ensures navigation to escape from deadlock areas and maintains global path continuity.The comparison of task allocation results proves that the task allocation algorithm based on ILP improves the mapping efficiency and task distribution fairness.The proposed allocation method and result analysis provide a certain reference for the practical application ofMulti-USV to perform survey tasks collaboratively.
