The current experiment was conducted for the simultaneous determination of several water-soluble vitamins like ribo- flavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) ...The current experiment was conducted for the simultaneous determination of several water-soluble vitamins like ribo- flavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in five highly con- sumed local leafy vegetables named as bottle gourd leaves (Lagenaria vulgaris) (local name Lau shak), green amaranth leaves (Amaranthus viridis) (local name Data shak), red amaranth leaves (Amaranthus gangeticuss) (local name Lal shak), Indian spinach (Basella alba) (local name Pui shak) and bitter gourd leaves (Momordica charantia) (local name Korola shak). The analyses were performed by HPLC using an analytical reversed phase C-18 (ODS column, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, Phenomenex, Inc.) column with the mobile phase consisting of a mixture of buffer (hexane sulphonic acid sodium, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and triethylamine, pH 3.0) and methanol in the ratio of 96:4 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with UV detection at 210 nm. The retention times for the vitamins were obtained as 3.61 min, 6.37 min, 9.51 min and 11.51 min for Vitamins B2, B3, B5 and B6, respectively. These obtained values of the vitamins were compared with the values available in published literatures of Deshio Khaddar Pustiman (DKPM), Indian food value (IFV) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).展开更多
Vitamin D deficiency(VDD)represents a significant nutritional concern among children and adolescents.The estimated prevalence of VDD in China is 46.8%in this population^([1]).VDD during childhood and adolescence has b...Vitamin D deficiency(VDD)represents a significant nutritional concern among children and adolescents.The estimated prevalence of VDD in China is 46.8%in this population^([1]).VDD during childhood and adolescence has been associated with the onset of various conditions,including acute respiratory infections,asthma,atopic dermatitis,and food allergies^([2]).Multiple factors,including age,sun exposure,adiposity,and genetics,influence vitamin D levels^([2,3]).Increasing attention has been directed toward understanding the environmental determinants that may influence vitamin D status.Given the potential of metallic pollutants to disrupt endocrine function and their ubiquity in the environment,investigating the effects of metal exposure on human vitamin D status,particularly in vulnerable populations,is imperative.展开更多
Vitamins are natural materials essential for maintaining the normal physical function of the live cells. It has been reported that 13 vitamins are needed in our body, included vitamin A, B vitamins （thiamine, ribofla...Vitamins are natural materials essential for maintaining the normal physical function of the live cells. It has been reported that 13 vitamins are needed in our body, included vitamin A, B vitamins （thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid and cobalamin）, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K. Nowadays, the functions of vitamins have been extensively investigated. The objective of this paper is to summarize the new functions of vitamins, aiming to provide suggestions on the usage of various vitamins in clinical application.展开更多
Vitamin B is essential for maintaining normal life activities in humans and animals who have to intake the microelement from the outside, especially from cereal products. In the present study 166 Chinese and foreign w...Vitamin B is essential for maintaining normal life activities in humans and animals who have to intake the microelement from the outside, especially from cereal products. In the present study 166 Chinese and foreign wheat cultivars planted in two environments were characterized for variation in vitamin B1 and B2 contents. A genome-wide association study(GWAS) using the wheat 90 K SNP assay identified 17 loci for vitamin B1 and 7 for vitamin B2 contents. Linear regression analysis showed a significantly positive correlation of the number of favorable alleles with vitamin B1 and B2 contents. Marker-trait associations(MTAs) at IWB43809(6AS, 0cM) and IWB69903(6AS, 13cM) were new and stable, and significantly associated with vitamin B1 content across two environments. The loci identified in this study and associated SNP markers could be used for improvement of vitamin B1 and B2 contents to obtain superior quality along with grain yield in wheat.展开更多
Objective To explore metabolic changes after acute hypoxia and modulating effect of vitamins B1, B2, and PP supplementation in mice exposed to acute hypoxia. Methods Fifty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into ...Objective To explore metabolic changes after acute hypoxia and modulating effect of vitamins B1, B2, and PP supplementation in mice exposed to acute hypoxia. Methods Fifty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups： normal, acute hypoxia, acute hypoxia with 2, 4 and 8 time- vitamins B1, B2, and PP supplementation . All mice were fed with corresponding diets for two weeks and then were exposed to a simulated altitude of 6 000 meters for 8 h, except for the normal group. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was used to identify the changes of serum metabolic profiles. Results There were significant changes in some serum metabolites under induced acute hypoxia, essentially relative increase in the concentrations of lactate, sugar and lipids and decrease in ethanol. The serum levels of choline, succinate, taurine, alanine, and glutamine also increased and phosphocholine decreased in the acute hypoxia group. After vitamins B1, B2, and PP supplementation, all these metabolic changes gradually recovered. Conclusion Significant changes in serum metabolic profile were observed by metabolomics in mice exposed to acute hypoxia, and vitamins B1, B2, and PP supplementation proved to be beneficial to improving some metabolic pathways. It is suggested that the dietary intakes of vitamins B1, B2, and PP should be increased under hypoxia condition.展开更多
A novel chemiluminescence detection scheme has been developed for detecting water-soluble vitamins following capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation. This detection was based on the inhibitory effect of vitamins on...A novel chemiluminescence detection scheme has been developed for detecting water-soluble vitamins following capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation. This detection was based on the inhibitory effect of vitamins on the CL reaction between luminol and BrO- in basic aqueous solution. Detection of vitamins was accomplished with a boratebased background electrolyte at pH 9.2. The luminol was used as a component of the separation carrier electrolyte.展开更多
Objective: Study blood vessel injury and gene expression indicating vascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by mannitol with and without administration of anti-oxidative vitamins. Methods: Healthy rabbits were ran...Objective: Study blood vessel injury and gene expression indicating vascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by mannitol with and without administration of anti-oxidative vitamins. Methods: Healthy rabbits were randomly divided into four groups. Mannitol was injected into the vein of the rabbit ear in each animal. Pre-treatment prior to mannitol injection was per- formed with normal saline (group B), vitamin C (group C) and vitamin E (group D). Blood vessel injury was assessed under electron and light microscopy. In a second experiment, cell culture specimen of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with mannitol. Pre-treatment was done with normal saline (sample B), vitamin C (sample C) and vitamin E (sample D). Total RNA was extracted with the original single step procedure, followed by hybridisation and analysis of gene expression. Results: In the animal experiment, serious blood vessel injury was seen in group A and group B. Group D showed light injury only, and normal tissue without pathological changes was seen in group C. Of all 330 apoptosis-related genes analysed in human cell culture specimen, no significant difference was seen after pre-treatment with normal saline, compared with the gene chip without pre-treatment. On the gene chip pre-treated with vitamin C, 45 apoptosis genes were down-regulated and 34 anti-apoptosis genes were up-regulated. Pre-treatment with vitamin E resulted in the down-regulation of 3 apoptosis genes. Conclusion: Vitamin C can protect vascular endothelial cells from mannitol-induced injury.展开更多
An orthogonal experimental design OA9 （33） was used to evaluate the effects of vitamins （A, B2, and B6） on the growth and digestive ability of the juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis （initia...An orthogonal experimental design OA9 （33） was used to evaluate the effects of vitamins （A, B2, and B6） on the growth and digestive ability of the juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis （initial weight, 5.9-0.2 g）. A total of 135 turtles were divided into 9 groups, which each included 15 individuals. The results revealed that vitamin A （VA） had the strongest impacts on the growth rate and feed utilization among the three vitamins; 35,000 IU kg^-1 VA had optimal effects on the feeding intake and specific growth rate, and 20,000 IU kg^-1 VA had optimal effects on protein digestibility and the feed conversion ratio. Vitamin B2 （VB2） was essential for regulating protein deposition and the energy efficiency for growth of the turtles; 120 mg kg^-1 VB2 resulted in increased protein and energy deposition, and 180 mg kg^-1 VB2 had greater beneficial effects on the growth rate. Vitamin B6 （VB6） had important effects on protein and feed efficiency; however, VB6 at an excessive level （120 mg kg^-1） restricted turtle growth. Based on the above growth results, dietary supplementation ofVA, VB2 and VB6 at levels of 35,000 IU kg^-1, 180 mg kg^-1 and 70 mg kg^-1, respectively, were recommended for the juvenile soft-shelled turtle.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effects of vitamins (A, C and E) on liver injury induced by ethanol administration during liver regeneration in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy were divided...AIM: To investigate the effects of vitamins (A, C and E) on liver injury induced by ethanol administration during liver regeneration in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy were divided into five groups (groups 1-5). During the experiment, animals of Group 1 drank only water. The other four groups (2-5) drank 30 mL of ethanol/L of water. Group 3 additionally received vitamin A, those of group 4 vitamin C and those of group 5 received vitamin E. Subsequently serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin and bilirubin were measured colorimetrically. Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances, TBARS) both in plasma and liver was measured, as well as liver mass gain assessment and total DNA. RESULTS: Compared with sham group, serum AST and ALT increased significantly under ethanol treatment (43% and 93%, respectively, with P < 0.05). Vitamin C and vitamin E treatment attenuated the ethanol-induced increases in ALT and AST activity. Ethanol treatment also decreased serum albumin concentration compared to sham group (3.1 ± 0.4 g/dL vs 4.5 ± 0.2 g/dL; P < 0.05). During liver regeneration vitamins C and E significantly ameliorated liver injury for ethanol administration in hepatic lipid peroxidation (4.92 nmol/mg and 4.25 nmol/mg vs 14.78 nmol/mg, respectively, with P < 0.05). In association with hepatic injury, ethanol administration caused a significant increase in both hepatic and plasma lipid peroxidation. Vitamins (C and E) treatment attenuated hepatic and plasma lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION: Vitamins C and E protect against liver injury and dysfunction, attenuate lipid peroxidation, and thus appear to be significantly more effective than vitamin A against ethanol-mediated toxic effects during liver regeneration.展开更多
Bronchial asthma may result in oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. Antioxidant vitamins E and C concentrations were estimated in plasma of asthmatics that were also simultaneously subjected to spirometry and matched with h...Bronchial asthma may result in oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. Antioxidant vitamins E and C concentrations were estimated in plasma of asthmatics that were also simultaneously subjected to spirometry and matched with healthy controls showing significant changes in both the vitamin concentrations. Vitamin C showed strong correlation whereas vitamin E was not correlated with spirometry.展开更多
B vitamins are enzyme cofactors that play an important role in energy metabolism.The aim of this study was to elucidate whether B vitamin administration can reduce body weight(BW)gain by improving energy metabolism-re...B vitamins are enzyme cofactors that play an important role in energy metabolism.The aim of this study was to elucidate whether B vitamin administration can reduce body weight(BW)gain by improving energy metabolism-related enzyme activities in rats fed on a highfat diet.Fifty rats were randomly assigned to one of the following five groups:control group(C),including rats fed on standard rat chow;four treatment groups(H0,H1,H2,and H3),in which rats were fed on a high-fat diet.Rats in the H1 group were treated daily with 100 mg/kg BW thiamine(VB1),100 mg/kg BW riboflavin(VB2),and 250 mg/kg BW niacin(VPP);rats in the H2 group were treated daily with 100 mg/kg BW pyridoxine(VB6),100 mg/kg BW cobalamin(VB12),and 5 mg/kg BW folate(FA);and rats in the H3 group were treated daily with all of the B vitamins administered to the H1 and H2 groups.After 12 weeks,the BW gains from the initial value were 154.5±58.4 g and 159.1±53.0 g in the H1 and C groups,respectively,which were significantly less than the changes in the H0 group(285.2±14.8 g,P〈0.05).In the H0 group,the plasma total cholesterol(CHO)and triglyceride(TG)levels were 1.59±0.30 mmol/L and 1.55±0.40 mmol/L,respectively,which were significantly greater than those in the H1 group(1.19±0.18 mmol/L and 0.76±0.34 mmol/L,respectively,P〈0.05).The activities of transketolase(TK),glutathione reductase,and Na^+/K^+adenosine triphosphatase were significantly increased in the B vitamin-treated groups and were significantly greater than those in the H0 group(P〈0.05).Furthermore,the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,pyruvic acid kinase,and succinate dehydrogenase activities also were increased after treatment with B vitamins.Supplementation with B vitamins could effectively reduce BW gain and plasma levels of lipids by improving energy metabolism-related enzyme activities in rats,thus possibly providing potential benefits to humans.展开更多
Objective:To determine whether B vitamin treatment was sufficient to reduce cognitive impairment associated with high-fat diets in rats and to modulate transketolase(TK)expression and activity.Methods:To test this,we ...Objective:To determine whether B vitamin treatment was sufficient to reduce cognitive impairment associated with high-fat diets in rats and to modulate transketolase(TK)expression and activity.Methods:To test this,we separated 50 rats into five groups that were either fed a standard chow diet(controls)or a high-fat diet(experimental groups HO,HI,H2,and H3).HO group animals received no additional dietary supplementation,while H1 group animals were administered 100 mg/kg body weight(BW)thiamine,100 mg/kg BW riboflavin,and 250 mg/kg BW niacin each day,and group H2 animals received daily doses of 100 mg/kg BW pyridoxine,100 mg/kg BW cobalamin,and 5 mg/kg BW folate.Animals in the H3 group received the B vitamin regimens administered to both H1 and H2 each day.Results:Over time,group HO exhibited greater increases in BW and fat mass relative to other groups.When spatial and memory capabilities in these animals were evaluated via conditioned taste aversion(CTA)and Morris Water Maze(MWM),we found B vitamin treatment was associated with significant improvements relative to untreated HO controls.Similarly,B vitamin supplementation was associated with elevated TK expression in erythrocytes and hypothalamus of treated animals relative to those in HO(P<0.05).Conclusion:Together,these findings suggest B vitamin can modulate hypothalamic TK activity to reduce the severity of cognitive deficits in a rat model of obesity.As such,B vitamin supplementation may be a beneficial method for reducing cognitive dysfunction in clinical settings associated with high-fat diets.展开更多
BACKGROUND Many studies have investigated the relationships between vitamins and esophageal cancer(EC).Most of these studies focused on the roles of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of EC,and few studies have ...BACKGROUND Many studies have investigated the relationships between vitamins and esophageal cancer(EC).Most of these studies focused on the roles of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of EC,and few studies have examined the changes in vitamin nutritional status and their influencing factors before and after chemotherapy for EC.Chemotherapy may have a considerable effect on EC patients’vitamin levels and hematological indicators.AIM To research the nutritional status of multiple vitamins in EC patients during chemotherapy and to assess its clinical significance.METHODS EC patients admitted to our center from July 2017 to September 2020 were enrolled in this study.Serum concentrations of nine vitamins(A,D,E,B9,B12,B1,C,B2 and B6),hemoglobin,total protein,albumin,blood calcium,blood phosphorus concentrations and body mass index(BMI)were measured in all EC patients.The changes in nine vitamins,hematological indicators and BMI were compared before and after two cycles of chemotherapy.The possible influential factors were analyzed.RESULTS In total,203 EC patients receiving chemotherapy were enrolled in this study.Varying degrees of vitamin A,D,C and B2 deficiency and weight loss were found in these patients,and the proportions of vitamin B2 and vitamin C deficiencies increased significantly after chemotherapy(both P<0.05).Serum concentrations of vitamins A,C,B2 and B6 and BMI before and after chemotherapy were statistically significant(all P<0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that vitamin A levels significantly differed between male and female EC patients,whereas vitamin D concentration significantly differed in EC patients in different stages(all P<0.05).Correlations were observed between the changes in serum concentrations of vitamin A and C before and after two cycles chemotherapy and the change in BMI(P<0.05).Hemoglobin,total protein,serum albumin and blood calcium concentrations significantly decreased in EC patients after chemotherapy(all P<0.05),while the blood phosphorus level significantly increased after chemotherapy(P<0.05).Using the difference in vitamin concentrations as the independent variables and the difference in BMI as the dependent variable,logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant differences for vitamin A,vitamin D and vitamin C(F=5.082,P=0.002).CONCLUSION Vitamin A,D,C and B2 were mainly deficient in patients with EC during chemotherapy.Multivitamin supplementation may help to improve the nutritional status,chemotherapy tolerance and efficacy.展开更多
In this work,glutathione capped CdTe QDs(GSH-QDs)were prepared through a one-pot process and found to be quenched by Cr^3+,Ag^+and Cu^2+ions.Cr^3+and chromium(III)picolinate could be quantitatively measured after mask...In this work,glutathione capped CdTe QDs(GSH-QDs)were prepared through a one-pot process and found to be quenched by Cr^3+,Ag^+and Cu^2+ions.Cr^3+and chromium(III)picolinate could be quantitatively measured after masking Cu^2+and Ag+ions by sulfide.Under optimal conditions,linear quenching was observed for Cr^3+in the ranges of 0–2.0M and the limit of detection was 3.0 nM.The recoveries for Cr^3+in vitamin supplements obtained were from 92.5%to 106%.The determination results of chromium(III)picolinate in vitamin supplement samples were compared to that obtained using flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS)method,and the result showed good reliability.展开更多
Objective To determine ten B-vitamins in human milk by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. Methods The pretreated human milk samples were adequately separated and quan...Objective To determine ten B-vitamins in human milk by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. Methods The pretreated human milk samples were adequately separated and quantified within 11 min by UPLC-MS/MS with an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column （2.1×100 mm, 1.8 μm）. The mobile phase was a gradient of 2.5 mmol/L ammonium formate aqueous solution and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. Stable isotope internal standards were used in the analysis, to correct for the method variability, including matrix and ionization effects. The homogenized human milk samples were deproteinzed using methanol, unknown contaminants were extracted with diethyl ether and hydrophobic phase was discarded. The analytes were monitored via ESl＋ionization and detected in multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） with three acquisition functions. Results Calibration curves ranged from 0.5-160 ng/mL （thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal）, and 2.5-800 ng/mL （pantothenic acid, FAD and nicotinamide） （R^2=0.990-0.999）. The relative recovery ranged from 80.1% to 120.2%; accuracy was determined to be 98.3% to 108.0%. Intra-day and inter-day variation were 3.4%-19.9% and 5.9%-18.1%, respectively. The limit of quantification （LOQ） for all vitamins was between 0.25 and 3 lag/L. Conclusion This method was successfully applied for simultaneous analysis of ten B-vitamins in human milk.展开更多
Objective To assess the antimutagenicity of antioxidant vitamins （vitamins A, C, and E） as expressed by their efficacy to lower aflatoxin-induced mutations. Methods The Muller-5 method for mutation detection was use...Objective To assess the antimutagenicity of antioxidant vitamins （vitamins A, C, and E） as expressed by their efficacy to lower aflatoxin-induced mutations. Methods The Muller-5 method for mutation detection was used to assay the frequency of X-chromosome linked recessive lethal mutations （XRLMs） in Drosophila. Larvae were exposed to dietary concentration of aflatoxins and/or the human therapeutic doses of any of the three antioxidant vitamins. Absence of normal eyed males among M2 progeny gave an indication of mutation induction. Results Aflatoxin supplimentation significantly increased the incidence of XRLMs in Drosophila. Mutation frequency was also raised a little above the control level in case of vitamin treatment. However, notable mitigation in mutation frequency was registered when aflatoxin-treated larvae were concomitantly fed with any of the three antioxidant vitamins. Conclusion Aflatoxin exposure can enhance the frequency of gene mutation in Drosophila which is significantly lowered by each of the three antioxidant vitamins. The degree of amelioration produced by them is almost identical. This mitigation is based on the scavenging/trapping by antioxidant vitamins of DNA-reactive products （metabolites and radicals） emanating from aflatoxin metabolism.展开更多
Exponentially growing cultures of human bladder tumor cells (RT4 and T24) were treated with Vitamin C (VC) alone, Vitamin K3 (VK3) alone, or with a VC:VK3 combination continuously for 5 days or treated with vitamins f...Exponentially growing cultures of human bladder tumor cells (RT4 and T24) were treated with Vitamin C (VC) alone, Vitamin K3 (VK3) alone, or with a VC:VK3 combination continuously for 5 days or treated with vitamins for 1 h, washed with PBS and then incubated in culture medium for 5 days. Co-administration of the vitamins enhanced the antitumor activity 12- to 24-fold for the RT-4 cells and 6- to 41-fold for the T24 cells. Flow cytometry of RT4 cells exposed to the vitamins revealed a growth arrested population and a population undergoing cell death. Growth arrested cells were blocked near the G0/G1-S-phase interface, while cell death was due to autoschizis. Catalase treatment abrogated both cell cycle arrest and cell death which implicated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in these processes. The H2O2 production resulted in a moderate increase in lipid peroxidation and depletion of cell thiol levels. Analysis of cellular ATP levels revealed a transient increase in ATP production for VC and the VC:VK3 combination, but decreased ATP levels following VK3 treatment. Lipid peroxidation, thiol depletion and ATP modulation occurred at a 17-fold lower concentration in the vitamin combination than with either vitamin alone. These results suggested that the increased cytotoxicity of the vitamin combination was due to redox cycling and increased oxidative stress.展开更多
A systematically comparative study on the contents of vitamins in the natural and the cultured prawn, Penaeus chinensis, was made by using High-efficiency Liquid Phase Chromatography in 1989. The results show that the...A systematically comparative study on the contents of vitamins in the natural and the cultured prawn, Penaeus chinensis, was made by using High-efficiency Liquid Phase Chromatography in 1989. The results show that the vitamin C (Vc) content in the natural prawn was 8. 19% higher than that of the cultured prawn.As the natural prawn's body length increasing, the Vc content in cephalothorax increased continuously, but after August 10, the Vc content in the cultured prawn fell down rapidly. No significant differences in vitamin B1, B2,B6, nicotinic acid (NAc), nicotinamide (NAm) and folio acid (FAc) were found between the natural and the cultured prawn. Therefore, Vc probably is one of major factors limiting the growth and development of Chinese prawn.展开更多
Vitamins are necessary compounds synthesized and utilized in plants. In tissue culture media, vitamin addition is not always common;since the amount needed by plants is relatively unknown and varies. Vitamins, in comb...Vitamins are necessary compounds synthesized and utilized in plants. In tissue culture media, vitamin addition is not always common;since the amount needed by plants is relatively unknown and varies. Vitamins, in combination with other media constituents, have been shown to have direct and indirect effects on callus growth, somatic growth, rooting, and embryonic development. For example, different studies have shown that thiamine is associated with cytokinin and has a role in inducing callus growth and rooting. Moreover, thiamine was essential in facilitating the production of more secondary metabolites such as proteases in pineapple. Both biotin and riboflavin play a role in callus development as well. Specifically, riboflavin exerts different effects on plant rooting either positively and negatively. Vitamin D known to cause uptake of calcium in animal tissue, exerts a similar effect in plants. In addition, vitamin D causes cell elongation and meristematic cell division. Vitamin C, known for its anti-oxidative properties, has also enhanced shoot growth and rooting.展开更多
To obtain the wound dressings which can accelerate healing effectively,vitamin E D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate(vitamin E TPGS),one of the common derivatives of the unstable vitamins E,was successfully ...To obtain the wound dressings which can accelerate healing effectively,vitamin E D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate(vitamin E TPGS),one of the common derivatives of the unstable vitamins E,was successfully incorporated into P(LLA-CL)nanofibers by electrospinning.Electron microscopy showed that the smooth cylindrical fibers were obtained,albeit with a small amount of beading visible for the vitamins-loaded fibers.The diameters of the P(LLA-CL)fibers decreased with the addition of vitamins.The incorporation of the vitamin E TPGS in the electrospun fibers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).Moreover,X-ray diffraction(XRD)indicated that vitamin E TPGS existed in the amorphous physical form after electrospinning.Fibers containing vitamin E TPGS showed a sustained release profile over more than 100 h in vitro.Antibacterial tests demonstrated that fibers loaded with vitamin E TPGS were effective in inhibiting the growth of E.coli and S.aureus.MTT assay showed that the fibers could promote the proliferation of L929 fibroblasts.These results above demonstrate the potential of P(LLA-CL)/vitamins E TPGS(P/E)as advanced wound dressing materials.展开更多
文摘The current experiment was conducted for the simultaneous determination of several water-soluble vitamins like ribo- flavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in five highly con- sumed local leafy vegetables named as bottle gourd leaves (Lagenaria vulgaris) (local name Lau shak), green amaranth leaves (Amaranthus viridis) (local name Data shak), red amaranth leaves (Amaranthus gangeticuss) (local name Lal shak), Indian spinach (Basella alba) (local name Pui shak) and bitter gourd leaves (Momordica charantia) (local name Korola shak). The analyses were performed by HPLC using an analytical reversed phase C-18 (ODS column, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, Phenomenex, Inc.) column with the mobile phase consisting of a mixture of buffer (hexane sulphonic acid sodium, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and triethylamine, pH 3.0) and methanol in the ratio of 96:4 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with UV detection at 210 nm. The retention times for the vitamins were obtained as 3.61 min, 6.37 min, 9.51 min and 11.51 min for Vitamins B2, B3, B5 and B6, respectively. These obtained values of the vitamins were compared with the values available in published literatures of Deshio Khaddar Pustiman (DKPM), Indian food value (IFV) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(G.F.Wang,grant number 82204071)(P.Y.Su,grant numbers 81874268 and 82473655)the Research Funds of the Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM(P.Y.Su,No.JKS2023016)Anhui Provincial Health Commission Scientific Research Project(Y.Zhou,No.AHWJ2023A30027)。
文摘Vitamin D deficiency(VDD)represents a significant nutritional concern among children and adolescents.The estimated prevalence of VDD in China is 46.8%in this population^([1]).VDD during childhood and adolescence has been associated with the onset of various conditions,including acute respiratory infections,asthma,atopic dermatitis,and food allergies^([2]).Multiple factors,including age,sun exposure,adiposity,and genetics,influence vitamin D levels^([2,3]).Increasing attention has been directed toward understanding the environmental determinants that may influence vitamin D status.Given the potential of metallic pollutants to disrupt endocrine function and their ubiquity in the environment,investigating the effects of metal exposure on human vitamin D status,particularly in vulnerable populations,is imperative.
文摘Vitamins are natural materials essential for maintaining the normal physical function of the live cells. It has been reported that 13 vitamins are needed in our body, included vitamin A, B vitamins （thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid and cobalamin）, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K. Nowadays, the functions of vitamins have been extensively investigated. The objective of this paper is to summarize the new functions of vitamins, aiming to provide suggestions on the usage of various vitamins in clinical application.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Programs of China(2016YFD0101802,2016YFE0108600,2014CB1381050)Gene Transformation Projects(2016ZX08002003–003)Core Research Budget of the Non–profit Governmental Research Institutions(Y2016XT06)
文摘Vitamin B is essential for maintaining normal life activities in humans and animals who have to intake the microelement from the outside, especially from cereal products. In the present study 166 Chinese and foreign wheat cultivars planted in two environments were characterized for variation in vitamin B1 and B2 contents. A genome-wide association study(GWAS) using the wheat 90 K SNP assay identified 17 loci for vitamin B1 and 7 for vitamin B2 contents. Linear regression analysis showed a significantly positive correlation of the number of favorable alleles with vitamin B1 and B2 contents. Marker-trait associations(MTAs) at IWB43809(6AS, 0cM) and IWB69903(6AS, 13cM) were new and stable, and significantly associated with vitamin B1 content across two environments. The loci identified in this study and associated SNP markers could be used for improvement of vitamin B1 and B2 contents to obtain superior quality along with grain yield in wheat.
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 30872097)
文摘Objective To explore metabolic changes after acute hypoxia and modulating effect of vitamins B1, B2, and PP supplementation in mice exposed to acute hypoxia. Methods Fifty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups： normal, acute hypoxia, acute hypoxia with 2, 4 and 8 time- vitamins B1, B2, and PP supplementation . All mice were fed with corresponding diets for two weeks and then were exposed to a simulated altitude of 6 000 meters for 8 h, except for the normal group. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was used to identify the changes of serum metabolic profiles. Results There were significant changes in some serum metabolites under induced acute hypoxia, essentially relative increase in the concentrations of lactate, sugar and lipids and decrease in ethanol. The serum levels of choline, succinate, taurine, alanine, and glutamine also increased and phosphocholine decreased in the acute hypoxia group. After vitamins B1, B2, and PP supplementation, all these metabolic changes gradually recovered. Conclusion Significant changes in serum metabolic profile were observed by metabolomics in mice exposed to acute hypoxia, and vitamins B1, B2, and PP supplementation proved to be beneficial to improving some metabolic pathways. It is suggested that the dietary intakes of vitamins B1, B2, and PP should be increased under hypoxia condition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20175039).
文摘A novel chemiluminescence detection scheme has been developed for detecting water-soluble vitamins following capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation. This detection was based on the inhibitory effect of vitamins on the CL reaction between luminol and BrO- in basic aqueous solution. Detection of vitamins was accomplished with a boratebased background electrolyte at pH 9.2. The luminol was used as a component of the separation carrier electrolyte.
文摘Objective: Study blood vessel injury and gene expression indicating vascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by mannitol with and without administration of anti-oxidative vitamins. Methods: Healthy rabbits were randomly divided into four groups. Mannitol was injected into the vein of the rabbit ear in each animal. Pre-treatment prior to mannitol injection was per- formed with normal saline (group B), vitamin C (group C) and vitamin E (group D). Blood vessel injury was assessed under electron and light microscopy. In a second experiment, cell culture specimen of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with mannitol. Pre-treatment was done with normal saline (sample B), vitamin C (sample C) and vitamin E (sample D). Total RNA was extracted with the original single step procedure, followed by hybridisation and analysis of gene expression. Results: In the animal experiment, serious blood vessel injury was seen in group A and group B. Group D showed light injury only, and normal tissue without pathological changes was seen in group C. Of all 330 apoptosis-related genes analysed in human cell culture specimen, no significant difference was seen after pre-treatment with normal saline, compared with the gene chip without pre-treatment. On the gene chip pre-treated with vitamin C, 45 apoptosis genes were down-regulated and 34 anti-apoptosis genes were up-regulated. Pre-treatment with vitamin E resulted in the down-regulation of 3 apoptosis genes. Conclusion: Vitamin C can protect vascular endothelial cells from mannitol-induced injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.30972261,31172085,31272315 and 41606137)
文摘An orthogonal experimental design OA9 （33） was used to evaluate the effects of vitamins （A, B2, and B6） on the growth and digestive ability of the juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis （initial weight, 5.9-0.2 g）. A total of 135 turtles were divided into 9 groups, which each included 15 individuals. The results revealed that vitamin A （VA） had the strongest impacts on the growth rate and feed utilization among the three vitamins; 35,000 IU kg^-1 VA had optimal effects on the feeding intake and specific growth rate, and 20,000 IU kg^-1 VA had optimal effects on protein digestibility and the feed conversion ratio. Vitamin B2 （VB2） was essential for regulating protein deposition and the energy efficiency for growth of the turtles; 120 mg kg^-1 VB2 resulted in increased protein and energy deposition, and 180 mg kg^-1 VB2 had greater beneficial effects on the growth rate. Vitamin B6 （VB6） had important effects on protein and feed efficiency; however, VB6 at an excessive level （120 mg kg^-1） restricted turtle growth. Based on the above growth results, dietary supplementation ofVA, VB2 and VB6 at levels of 35,000 IU kg^-1, 180 mg kg^-1 and 70 mg kg^-1, respectively, were recommended for the juvenile soft-shelled turtle.
文摘AIM: To investigate the effects of vitamins (A, C and E) on liver injury induced by ethanol administration during liver regeneration in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy were divided into five groups (groups 1-5). During the experiment, animals of Group 1 drank only water. The other four groups (2-5) drank 30 mL of ethanol/L of water. Group 3 additionally received vitamin A, those of group 4 vitamin C and those of group 5 received vitamin E. Subsequently serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin and bilirubin were measured colorimetrically. Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances, TBARS) both in plasma and liver was measured, as well as liver mass gain assessment and total DNA. RESULTS: Compared with sham group, serum AST and ALT increased significantly under ethanol treatment (43% and 93%, respectively, with P < 0.05). Vitamin C and vitamin E treatment attenuated the ethanol-induced increases in ALT and AST activity. Ethanol treatment also decreased serum albumin concentration compared to sham group (3.1 ± 0.4 g/dL vs 4.5 ± 0.2 g/dL; P < 0.05). During liver regeneration vitamins C and E significantly ameliorated liver injury for ethanol administration in hepatic lipid peroxidation (4.92 nmol/mg and 4.25 nmol/mg vs 14.78 nmol/mg, respectively, with P < 0.05). In association with hepatic injury, ethanol administration caused a significant increase in both hepatic and plasma lipid peroxidation. Vitamins (C and E) treatment attenuated hepatic and plasma lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION: Vitamins C and E protect against liver injury and dysfunction, attenuate lipid peroxidation, and thus appear to be significantly more effective than vitamin A against ethanol-mediated toxic effects during liver regeneration.
文摘Bronchial asthma may result in oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. Antioxidant vitamins E and C concentrations were estimated in plasma of asthmatics that were also simultaneously subjected to spirometry and matched with healthy controls showing significant changes in both the vitamin concentrations. Vitamin C showed strong correlation whereas vitamin E was not correlated with spirometry.
文摘B vitamins are enzyme cofactors that play an important role in energy metabolism.The aim of this study was to elucidate whether B vitamin administration can reduce body weight(BW)gain by improving energy metabolism-related enzyme activities in rats fed on a highfat diet.Fifty rats were randomly assigned to one of the following five groups:control group(C),including rats fed on standard rat chow;four treatment groups(H0,H1,H2,and H3),in which rats were fed on a high-fat diet.Rats in the H1 group were treated daily with 100 mg/kg BW thiamine(VB1),100 mg/kg BW riboflavin(VB2),and 250 mg/kg BW niacin(VPP);rats in the H2 group were treated daily with 100 mg/kg BW pyridoxine(VB6),100 mg/kg BW cobalamin(VB12),and 5 mg/kg BW folate(FA);and rats in the H3 group were treated daily with all of the B vitamins administered to the H1 and H2 groups.After 12 weeks,the BW gains from the initial value were 154.5±58.4 g and 159.1±53.0 g in the H1 and C groups,respectively,which were significantly less than the changes in the H0 group(285.2±14.8 g,P〈0.05).In the H0 group,the plasma total cholesterol(CHO)and triglyceride(TG)levels were 1.59±0.30 mmol/L and 1.55±0.40 mmol/L,respectively,which were significantly greater than those in the H1 group(1.19±0.18 mmol/L and 0.76±0.34 mmol/L,respectively,P〈0.05).The activities of transketolase(TK),glutathione reductase,and Na^+/K^+adenosine triphosphatase were significantly increased in the B vitamin-treated groups and were significantly greater than those in the H0 group(P〈0.05).Furthermore,the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,pyruvic acid kinase,and succinate dehydrogenase activities also were increased after treatment with B vitamins.Supplementation with B vitamins could effectively reduce BW gain and plasma levels of lipids by improving energy metabolism-related enzyme activities in rats,thus possibly providing potential benefits to humans.
基金supported by a grant from Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.A2018282).
文摘Objective:To determine whether B vitamin treatment was sufficient to reduce cognitive impairment associated with high-fat diets in rats and to modulate transketolase(TK)expression and activity.Methods:To test this,we separated 50 rats into five groups that were either fed a standard chow diet(controls)or a high-fat diet(experimental groups HO,HI,H2,and H3).HO group animals received no additional dietary supplementation,while H1 group animals were administered 100 mg/kg body weight(BW)thiamine,100 mg/kg BW riboflavin,and 250 mg/kg BW niacin each day,and group H2 animals received daily doses of 100 mg/kg BW pyridoxine,100 mg/kg BW cobalamin,and 5 mg/kg BW folate.Animals in the H3 group received the B vitamin regimens administered to both H1 and H2 each day.Results:Over time,group HO exhibited greater increases in BW and fat mass relative to other groups.When spatial and memory capabilities in these animals were evaluated via conditioned taste aversion(CTA)and Morris Water Maze(MWM),we found B vitamin treatment was associated with significant improvements relative to untreated HO controls.Similarly,B vitamin supplementation was associated with elevated TK expression in erythrocytes and hypothalamus of treated animals relative to those in HO(P<0.05).Conclusion:Together,these findings suggest B vitamin can modulate hypothalamic TK activity to reduce the severity of cognitive deficits in a rat model of obesity.As such,B vitamin supplementation may be a beneficial method for reducing cognitive dysfunction in clinical settings associated with high-fat diets.
基金Health Bureau of the Department of Logistics and Security of the Central Military Commission of China,No.17BJZ47.
文摘BACKGROUND Many studies have investigated the relationships between vitamins and esophageal cancer(EC).Most of these studies focused on the roles of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of EC,and few studies have examined the changes in vitamin nutritional status and their influencing factors before and after chemotherapy for EC.Chemotherapy may have a considerable effect on EC patients’vitamin levels and hematological indicators.AIM To research the nutritional status of multiple vitamins in EC patients during chemotherapy and to assess its clinical significance.METHODS EC patients admitted to our center from July 2017 to September 2020 were enrolled in this study.Serum concentrations of nine vitamins(A,D,E,B9,B12,B1,C,B2 and B6),hemoglobin,total protein,albumin,blood calcium,blood phosphorus concentrations and body mass index(BMI)were measured in all EC patients.The changes in nine vitamins,hematological indicators and BMI were compared before and after two cycles of chemotherapy.The possible influential factors were analyzed.RESULTS In total,203 EC patients receiving chemotherapy were enrolled in this study.Varying degrees of vitamin A,D,C and B2 deficiency and weight loss were found in these patients,and the proportions of vitamin B2 and vitamin C deficiencies increased significantly after chemotherapy(both P<0.05).Serum concentrations of vitamins A,C,B2 and B6 and BMI before and after chemotherapy were statistically significant(all P<0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that vitamin A levels significantly differed between male and female EC patients,whereas vitamin D concentration significantly differed in EC patients in different stages(all P<0.05).Correlations were observed between the changes in serum concentrations of vitamin A and C before and after two cycles chemotherapy and the change in BMI(P<0.05).Hemoglobin,total protein,serum albumin and blood calcium concentrations significantly decreased in EC patients after chemotherapy(all P<0.05),while the blood phosphorus level significantly increased after chemotherapy(P<0.05).Using the difference in vitamin concentrations as the independent variables and the difference in BMI as the dependent variable,logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant differences for vitamin A,vitamin D and vitamin C(F=5.082,P=0.002).CONCLUSION Vitamin A,D,C and B2 were mainly deficient in patients with EC during chemotherapy.Multivitamin supplementation may help to improve the nutritional status,chemotherapy tolerance and efficacy.
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371767)the National S&T support program of China(2015BAD17B02)+1 种基金Jiangsu Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau China(2017KJ19)the National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food,Jiangnan University and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province,Jiangnan University.
文摘In this work,glutathione capped CdTe QDs(GSH-QDs)were prepared through a one-pot process and found to be quenched by Cr^3+,Ag^+and Cu^2+ions.Cr^3+and chromium(III)picolinate could be quantitatively measured after masking Cu^2+and Ag+ions by sulfide.Under optimal conditions,linear quenching was observed for Cr^3+in the ranges of 0–2.0M and the limit of detection was 3.0 nM.The recoveries for Cr^3+in vitamin supplements obtained were from 92.5%to 106%.The determination results of chromium(III)picolinate in vitamin supplement samples were compared to that obtained using flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS)method,and the result showed good reliability.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2010AA023004)
文摘Objective To determine ten B-vitamins in human milk by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. Methods The pretreated human milk samples were adequately separated and quantified within 11 min by UPLC-MS/MS with an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column （2.1×100 mm, 1.8 μm）. The mobile phase was a gradient of 2.5 mmol/L ammonium formate aqueous solution and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. Stable isotope internal standards were used in the analysis, to correct for the method variability, including matrix and ionization effects. The homogenized human milk samples were deproteinzed using methanol, unknown contaminants were extracted with diethyl ether and hydrophobic phase was discarded. The analytes were monitored via ESl＋ionization and detected in multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） with three acquisition functions. Results Calibration curves ranged from 0.5-160 ng/mL （thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal）, and 2.5-800 ng/mL （pantothenic acid, FAD and nicotinamide） （R^2=0.990-0.999）. The relative recovery ranged from 80.1% to 120.2%; accuracy was determined to be 98.3% to 108.0%. Intra-day and inter-day variation were 3.4%-19.9% and 5.9%-18.1%, respectively. The limit of quantification （LOQ） for all vitamins was between 0.25 and 3 lag/L. Conclusion This method was successfully applied for simultaneous analysis of ten B-vitamins in human milk.
文摘Objective To assess the antimutagenicity of antioxidant vitamins （vitamins A, C, and E） as expressed by their efficacy to lower aflatoxin-induced mutations. Methods The Muller-5 method for mutation detection was used to assay the frequency of X-chromosome linked recessive lethal mutations （XRLMs） in Drosophila. Larvae were exposed to dietary concentration of aflatoxins and/or the human therapeutic doses of any of the three antioxidant vitamins. Absence of normal eyed males among M2 progeny gave an indication of mutation induction. Results Aflatoxin supplimentation significantly increased the incidence of XRLMs in Drosophila. Mutation frequency was also raised a little above the control level in case of vitamin treatment. However, notable mitigation in mutation frequency was registered when aflatoxin-treated larvae were concomitantly fed with any of the three antioxidant vitamins. Conclusion Aflatoxin exposure can enhance the frequency of gene mutation in Drosophila which is significantly lowered by each of the three antioxidant vitamins. The degree of amelioration produced by them is almost identical. This mitigation is based on the scavenging/trapping by antioxidant vitamins of DNA-reactive products （metabolites and radicals） emanating from aflatoxin metabolism.
文摘Exponentially growing cultures of human bladder tumor cells (RT4 and T24) were treated with Vitamin C (VC) alone, Vitamin K3 (VK3) alone, or with a VC:VK3 combination continuously for 5 days or treated with vitamins for 1 h, washed with PBS and then incubated in culture medium for 5 days. Co-administration of the vitamins enhanced the antitumor activity 12- to 24-fold for the RT-4 cells and 6- to 41-fold for the T24 cells. Flow cytometry of RT4 cells exposed to the vitamins revealed a growth arrested population and a population undergoing cell death. Growth arrested cells were blocked near the G0/G1-S-phase interface, while cell death was due to autoschizis. Catalase treatment abrogated both cell cycle arrest and cell death which implicated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in these processes. The H2O2 production resulted in a moderate increase in lipid peroxidation and depletion of cell thiol levels. Analysis of cellular ATP levels revealed a transient increase in ATP production for VC and the VC:VK3 combination, but decreased ATP levels following VK3 treatment. Lipid peroxidation, thiol depletion and ATP modulation occurred at a 17-fold lower concentration in the vitamin combination than with either vitamin alone. These results suggested that the increased cytotoxicity of the vitamin combination was due to redox cycling and increased oxidative stress.
文摘A systematically comparative study on the contents of vitamins in the natural and the cultured prawn, Penaeus chinensis, was made by using High-efficiency Liquid Phase Chromatography in 1989. The results show that the vitamin C (Vc) content in the natural prawn was 8. 19% higher than that of the cultured prawn.As the natural prawn's body length increasing, the Vc content in cephalothorax increased continuously, but after August 10, the Vc content in the cultured prawn fell down rapidly. No significant differences in vitamin B1, B2,B6, nicotinic acid (NAc), nicotinamide (NAm) and folio acid (FAc) were found between the natural and the cultured prawn. Therefore, Vc probably is one of major factors limiting the growth and development of Chinese prawn.
文摘Vitamins are necessary compounds synthesized and utilized in plants. In tissue culture media, vitamin addition is not always common;since the amount needed by plants is relatively unknown and varies. Vitamins, in combination with other media constituents, have been shown to have direct and indirect effects on callus growth, somatic growth, rooting, and embryonic development. For example, different studies have shown that thiamine is associated with cytokinin and has a role in inducing callus growth and rooting. Moreover, thiamine was essential in facilitating the production of more secondary metabolites such as proteases in pineapple. Both biotin and riboflavin play a role in callus development as well. Specifically, riboflavin exerts different effects on plant rooting either positively and negatively. Vitamin D known to cause uptake of calcium in animal tissue, exerts a similar effect in plants. In addition, vitamin D causes cell elongation and meristematic cell division. Vitamin C, known for its anti-oxidative properties, has also enhanced shoot growth and rooting.
基金Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(No.16410723700)“111 Project”Biomedical Textile Materials Science and Technology,China(No.B07024)UK-China Joint Laboratory for Therapeutic Textiles Based at Donghua University
文摘To obtain the wound dressings which can accelerate healing effectively,vitamin E D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate(vitamin E TPGS),one of the common derivatives of the unstable vitamins E,was successfully incorporated into P(LLA-CL)nanofibers by electrospinning.Electron microscopy showed that the smooth cylindrical fibers were obtained,albeit with a small amount of beading visible for the vitamins-loaded fibers.The diameters of the P(LLA-CL)fibers decreased with the addition of vitamins.The incorporation of the vitamin E TPGS in the electrospun fibers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).Moreover,X-ray diffraction(XRD)indicated that vitamin E TPGS existed in the amorphous physical form after electrospinning.Fibers containing vitamin E TPGS showed a sustained release profile over more than 100 h in vitro.Antibacterial tests demonstrated that fibers loaded with vitamin E TPGS were effective in inhibiting the growth of E.coli and S.aureus.MTT assay showed that the fibers could promote the proliferation of L929 fibroblasts.These results above demonstrate the potential of P(LLA-CL)/vitamins E TPGS(P/E)as advanced wound dressing materials.
