Galen(129–199 A.D.), an ancient Greek scholar, is one of the most influential and recognized physicians and surgeons in the history of medicine. He is one of the most influential Greek scholar in Persian medicine, wh...Galen(129–199 A.D.), an ancient Greek scholar, is one of the most influential and recognized physicians and surgeons in the history of medicine. He is one of the most influential Greek scholar in Persian medicine, who has been repeatedly cited by Iranian scholars. The purpose of this article is to describe the exact position of Galen in Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine, the most important work of Persian medicine. In The Canon of Medicine, Galen is cited about 300 times, and Avicenna always admired and praised Galen repeatedly. Galen’s ideas were important to Avicenna, but there are also many elements of Galen’s views that Avicenna challenged or criticized. For example, Avicenna diverged from Galen’s philosophical view in medicine and rejected some of Galen’s pharmaceutical opinions and Galen’s views on the physiology of pain, the physiology of pulse, the same nature of the tendons and nerves and separation of the mind and body. Although the views of Greek scholars, especially Galen, in The Canon of Medicine have been quoted abundantly, Avicenna revised the knowledge of the ancient scholars through critical thinking and relying on observation and testing, systematized the science of medicine and introduced many ideas and innovations. As such, Europeans considered Avicenna as the most prominent physician of the Islamic Golden Age.展开更多
Adequate daily water consumption is an important factor of keeping regular homeostasis. However, the best quantity of daily water consumption for a healthy individual is not virtually stated in the literature. Despite...Adequate daily water consumption is an important factor of keeping regular homeostasis. However, the best quantity of daily water consumption for a healthy individual is not virtually stated in the literature. Despite the dearth of evidence-based recommendations, it is commonly thought that ingesting eight glasses of water a day is good for a healthy person. Avicenna had a unique viewpoint. He believed that daily water intake depended on numerous elements together with age, intercourse, body temperament, season, occupation and various internal and external elements. He also cited a few essential and usefu measures regarding proper water consumption, which have additionally been emphasized in Islamic hadiths.展开更多
1 Introduction According to traditional Persian medicine （TPM） resources, establishing a balance between quality of organs （hotness, coldness, wetness, dryness） and external factors, including the consumed food, ...1 Introduction According to traditional Persian medicine （TPM） resources, establishing a balance between quality of organs （hotness, coldness, wetness, dryness） and external factors, including the consumed food, plays a critical role in the health status. Avicenna believed that skin is the most balanced organ in the body. His interpretation is that according to quality perspective, hotness-coldness and wetness-dryness, skin is more moderate in comparison with other organs. Traditional Persian sages （Hakim） emphasized on the role of these quadruple qualities＇ balance on health. They believed that every organ, based on its function.展开更多
The process of food digestion is one of the most important physiologic processes in human body. In this review, we are seeking the views of Avicenna, the most distinguished Persian medical scholar about digestion and ...The process of food digestion is one of the most important physiologic processes in human body. In this review, we are seeking the views of Avicenna, the most distinguished Persian medical scholar about digestion and indigestion. Avicenna’s view was based on the humoral theory. Avicenna has focused scrutiny on the process of digestion. He divided this process into four phases including gastric, hepatic, intravascular and intra-organ digestion. A defect in any of these phases can lead to disturbance in other stages. Avicenna approached the problem of indigestion through factors of diet, lifestyle and inherent structural characteristics of digestive organs. Modern medicine confirms Avicenna's opinion about the start of digestion from the mouth, the role of the stomach in digestion and the role of the liver in the metabolism of foods. Overeating or eating certain foods, snacking between meals, eating variety of different foods together, intense physical activity, sexual activity after a meal, stress and sleep insufficiency are among factors that may be linked to indigestion in modern medicine viewpoints and also have been mentioned in Avicenna's teachings. It seems rational to consider the medical approaches recommended by Avicenna for future studies in the field of digestive disorders.展开更多
Avicenna marina(Forssk.)Vierh is a halophytic mangrove.The reproductive unit is green and has photosynthetic propagules.Mangroves are naturally exposed to fluctuations in some abiotic factors at the soil surface,inclu...Avicenna marina(Forssk.)Vierh is a halophytic mangrove.The reproductive unit is green and has photosynthetic propagules.Mangroves are naturally exposed to fluctuations in some abiotic factors at the soil surface,including salinity and alkalinity.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two salts including NaCl and NaHCO_(3)on germination processes and discuss the relationships between cotyledon photosynthesis and embryo axis growth in A.marina propagules.These propagules came from Al Birk,located on the shoreline of the Saudi Red Sea.The results showed that the studied salts did not affect neither the final germination percentage nor the embryo axis growth.However,rooting and root growth were delayed by both salts at 300 mM and were strongly inhibited by 600 mM NaHCO_(3).Both NaCl and NaHCO_(3)reduced the photosynthetic activity.These two salts did not affect the other photosynthetic parameters,including stomatal conductance,net transpiration,and intercellular CO_(2).Thereafter,the reduction in net photosynthesis was not related to any limitation of stomatal conductance.The early germination phase was independent of cotyledon photosynthesis,whereas rooting and root growth may be limited by reduced photosynthesis under NaCl and NaHCO_(3).展开更多
Periconceptional care such as lifestyle plays an important impact role in offspring health. The aim of the present study was to clarify the perspective of Avicenna on periconceptional care. Avicenna(980–1037 A.D.) wa...Periconceptional care such as lifestyle plays an important impact role in offspring health. The aim of the present study was to clarify the perspective of Avicenna on periconceptional care. Avicenna(980–1037 A.D.) was one of the outstanding Persian physicians, who made great contributions to the field of medical sciences, in particular, obstetrics. In advance, Avicenna's book, Canon of Medicine, was considered to find his perspectives on periconceptional care. Then, his ideas and theories were compared to the current findings by searching the keywords in main indexing systems including PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science as well as the search engine of Google Scholar. Current investigations show that gamete quality, pregnancy outcome, and offspring health at birth and long term depend on both parents' lifestyle in pre-and periconceptional period, as well as the intrauterine environment. Avicenna believed that seminal fluid, sperm, ovum, and developing conditions in utero were influenced by the stages of food digestion and the function of some organs.On the other hand, food digestion and function of the organs also depend on each parent's lifestyle and environmental factors. He mentioned 6 principles of healthy lifestyle: exercise, nutrition, sleep and awareness, excretion of body wastes and retention of necessary materials, psychic features, as well as air and climate. Thus, a multicomponent healthy lifestyle should be considered by parents of child-bearing age in an appropriate period before and in early pregnancy as well as elimination of any disorders in parents, to give birth to more healthy offspring.展开更多
The art of orthopedics traces its history back to ancient civilizations like those of the Egyptians. The evolution of this branch of medicine is indebted to investigations of many scientists, including Greek, Roman an...The art of orthopedics traces its history back to ancient civilizations like those of the Egyptians. The evolution of this branch of medicine is indebted to investigations of many scientists, including Greek, Roman and Persian scholars. The Persian physician Avicenna(980-1037 AD) is one such scientist who investigated different aspects of orthopedics. It is possible to analyze Avicenna's knowledge of orthopedics and his contributions to this branch of medicine by an examination of his epic encyclopedia of medicine, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb(The Canon of Medicine).展开更多
We have read the article entitled "Galen’s place in Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine: Respect, confirmation and criticism."(online available: 15 November 2019) [1]. We want to congratulate the authors for ...We have read the article entitled "Galen’s place in Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine: Respect, confirmation and criticism."(online available: 15 November 2019) [1]. We want to congratulate the authors for this successful review article and make some contributions.The article explains that Avicenna mentioned Galen in his famous medical book—The Cannon of Medicine, in detail.展开更多
Ibn Sina(980-1037 AD),known by his full name Abu Ali al-Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina and the Latin name‘Avicenna’,was a Persian scholar who is primarily remembered for his contributions to the science of medicine.H...Ibn Sina(980-1037 AD),known by his full name Abu Ali al-Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina and the Latin name‘Avicenna’,was a Persian scholar who is primarily remembered for his contributions to the science of medicine.He authored Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb(The Canon of Medicine).Sections of his work are devoted to detailed descriptions of a number of infectious illnesses,particularly rabies.Avicenna described rabies in humans and animals and explained its clinical manifestations,route of transmission,and treatment methods.In this article,our goal is to discuss Avicenna’s 11th-century points of view on rabies and compare them with modern medical knowledge.展开更多
Objective:To describe the age structure,growth,reproductive characteristics and lengthweight relationship of Cobitis avicennae(C.avicennae)population inhabiting the Gamasiab River,Western Iran.Methods:C.avicennae was ...Objective:To describe the age structure,growth,reproductive characteristics and lengthweight relationship of Cobitis avicennae(C.avicennae)population inhabiting the Gamasiab River,Western Iran.Methods:C.avicennae was collected throughout the spawning season(February to July,2015)in Gamasiab River and its age,growth,and reproductive traits were investigated.Total length was measured to the nearest 1 mm,and total weight and gonad weight to the nearest 0.001 g.The age was determined using operculum.Sex was determined by examination of the gonad tissue.The number of eggs was estimated by gravimetric method.Average egg diameter was examined by measuring 30 eggs for each female with an ocular micrometer microscope.Results:The maximum age was 3 years.The specimens size ranged from 32.63 to 100.00 mm in total length,weighing from 0.22 to 5.17 g in total weight.Length-weight relationship was estimated as W=1E-05TL^(2.85)for females,W=1E-05TL^(2.83)for males and W=7E-06TL^(2.94)for the population.The growth model was isometric for males and sexes combined and negatively allometric for females.The absolute fecundity ranged between 132 and 900 eggs with a mean of 490.55 eggs.Conclusions:The life history traits described for C.avicennae from the Western Iran basin indicated a moderate life span,a moderate body weight,a short duration of spawning season,relatively high heterogeneity in egg size and low egg number.Some life history traits of C.avicennae demonstrated obvious differences compared with its closely related species,indicating that latitude and local environment conditions are important selective forces for this species.展开更多
The rich history of anatomy in Persian Medicine is evident and significant(1).In the medieval era,there were a large number of experienced Persian physicians who studied and were experts in the field of human dissecti...The rich history of anatomy in Persian Medicine is evident and significant(1).In the medieval era,there were a large number of experienced Persian physicians who studied and were experts in the field of human dissection such as Avicenna that we can see his innovations in anatomy,for example,his description of the Willis circle(2).展开更多
Since ancient times,China and Iran,two ancient civilizations with profound medical traditions,have engaged in extensive medical interactions through trade and cultural exchange channels,such as the Silk Road.The paper...Since ancient times,China and Iran,two ancient civilizations with profound medical traditions,have engaged in extensive medical interactions through trade and cultural exchange channels,such as the Silk Road.The paper first reviews the emergence of medical exchanges between the two countries during the Han dynasty,then elaborates on the in-depth development of medical exchanges from the Three Kingdoms to the eve of the Tang dynasty.Entering the Song and Yuan dynasties,the medical exchanges between the two countries became more specific,involving the translation and dissemination of medical classics,the exchanges between doctors,and the trade and cultivation of medicinal materials.The paper further examines the new opportunities and challenges presented by traditional medical exchanges between the two countries under the Belt and Road Initiative.It emphasizes the contribution of this cross-civilization medical exchange to the development of the medical systems of both sides and to human health.This article reveals its far-reaching significance by systematically examining the historical context of medical exchanges between the two countries.It provides historical references and inspiration for future in-depth cooperation between the two countries in traditional medicine.展开更多
文摘Galen(129–199 A.D.), an ancient Greek scholar, is one of the most influential and recognized physicians and surgeons in the history of medicine. He is one of the most influential Greek scholar in Persian medicine, who has been repeatedly cited by Iranian scholars. The purpose of this article is to describe the exact position of Galen in Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine, the most important work of Persian medicine. In The Canon of Medicine, Galen is cited about 300 times, and Avicenna always admired and praised Galen repeatedly. Galen’s ideas were important to Avicenna, but there are also many elements of Galen’s views that Avicenna challenged or criticized. For example, Avicenna diverged from Galen’s philosophical view in medicine and rejected some of Galen’s pharmaceutical opinions and Galen’s views on the physiology of pain, the physiology of pulse, the same nature of the tendons and nerves and separation of the mind and body. Although the views of Greek scholars, especially Galen, in The Canon of Medicine have been quoted abundantly, Avicenna revised the knowledge of the ancient scholars through critical thinking and relying on observation and testing, systematized the science of medicine and introduced many ideas and innovations. As such, Europeans considered Avicenna as the most prominent physician of the Islamic Golden Age.
文摘Adequate daily water consumption is an important factor of keeping regular homeostasis. However, the best quantity of daily water consumption for a healthy individual is not virtually stated in the literature. Despite the dearth of evidence-based recommendations, it is commonly thought that ingesting eight glasses of water a day is good for a healthy person. Avicenna had a unique viewpoint. He believed that daily water intake depended on numerous elements together with age, intercourse, body temperament, season, occupation and various internal and external elements. He also cited a few essential and usefu measures regarding proper water consumption, which have additionally been emphasized in Islamic hadiths.
文摘1 Introduction According to traditional Persian medicine （TPM） resources, establishing a balance between quality of organs （hotness, coldness, wetness, dryness） and external factors, including the consumed food, plays a critical role in the health status. Avicenna believed that skin is the most balanced organ in the body. His interpretation is that according to quality perspective, hotness-coldness and wetness-dryness, skin is more moderate in comparison with other organs. Traditional Persian sages （Hakim） emphasized on the role of these quadruple qualities＇ balance on health. They believed that every organ, based on its function.
文摘The process of food digestion is one of the most important physiologic processes in human body. In this review, we are seeking the views of Avicenna, the most distinguished Persian medical scholar about digestion and indigestion. Avicenna’s view was based on the humoral theory. Avicenna has focused scrutiny on the process of digestion. He divided this process into four phases including gastric, hepatic, intravascular and intra-organ digestion. A defect in any of these phases can lead to disturbance in other stages. Avicenna approached the problem of indigestion through factors of diet, lifestyle and inherent structural characteristics of digestive organs. Modern medicine confirms Avicenna's opinion about the start of digestion from the mouth, the role of the stomach in digestion and the role of the liver in the metabolism of foods. Overeating or eating certain foods, snacking between meals, eating variety of different foods together, intense physical activity, sexual activity after a meal, stress and sleep insufficiency are among factors that may be linked to indigestion in modern medicine viewpoints and also have been mentioned in Avicenna's teachings. It seems rational to consider the medical approaches recommended by Avicenna for future studies in the field of digestive disorders.
基金This research was supported by King Khalid University(KKU),Award No.R.G.P.1/114/40,Abha,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Avicenna marina(Forssk.)Vierh is a halophytic mangrove.The reproductive unit is green and has photosynthetic propagules.Mangroves are naturally exposed to fluctuations in some abiotic factors at the soil surface,including salinity and alkalinity.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two salts including NaCl and NaHCO_(3)on germination processes and discuss the relationships between cotyledon photosynthesis and embryo axis growth in A.marina propagules.These propagules came from Al Birk,located on the shoreline of the Saudi Red Sea.The results showed that the studied salts did not affect neither the final germination percentage nor the embryo axis growth.However,rooting and root growth were delayed by both salts at 300 mM and were strongly inhibited by 600 mM NaHCO_(3).Both NaCl and NaHCO_(3)reduced the photosynthetic activity.These two salts did not affect the other photosynthetic parameters,including stomatal conductance,net transpiration,and intercellular CO_(2).Thereafter,the reduction in net photosynthesis was not related to any limitation of stomatal conductance.The early germination phase was independent of cotyledon photosynthesis,whereas rooting and root growth may be limited by reduced photosynthesis under NaCl and NaHCO_(3).
基金a part of the thesis entitled ‘‘Explanation of healthy lifestyle in traditional Iranian medicine and comparison with the findings of new medical sciences: a comparative review study" which was supported by a grant from Shahed University
文摘Periconceptional care such as lifestyle plays an important impact role in offspring health. The aim of the present study was to clarify the perspective of Avicenna on periconceptional care. Avicenna(980–1037 A.D.) was one of the outstanding Persian physicians, who made great contributions to the field of medical sciences, in particular, obstetrics. In advance, Avicenna's book, Canon of Medicine, was considered to find his perspectives on periconceptional care. Then, his ideas and theories were compared to the current findings by searching the keywords in main indexing systems including PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science as well as the search engine of Google Scholar. Current investigations show that gamete quality, pregnancy outcome, and offspring health at birth and long term depend on both parents' lifestyle in pre-and periconceptional period, as well as the intrauterine environment. Avicenna believed that seminal fluid, sperm, ovum, and developing conditions in utero were influenced by the stages of food digestion and the function of some organs.On the other hand, food digestion and function of the organs also depend on each parent's lifestyle and environmental factors. He mentioned 6 principles of healthy lifestyle: exercise, nutrition, sleep and awareness, excretion of body wastes and retention of necessary materials, psychic features, as well as air and climate. Thus, a multicomponent healthy lifestyle should be considered by parents of child-bearing age in an appropriate period before and in early pregnancy as well as elimination of any disorders in parents, to give birth to more healthy offspring.
文摘The art of orthopedics traces its history back to ancient civilizations like those of the Egyptians. The evolution of this branch of medicine is indebted to investigations of many scientists, including Greek, Roman and Persian scholars. The Persian physician Avicenna(980-1037 AD) is one such scientist who investigated different aspects of orthopedics. It is possible to analyze Avicenna's knowledge of orthopedics and his contributions to this branch of medicine by an examination of his epic encyclopedia of medicine, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb(The Canon of Medicine).
文摘We have read the article entitled "Galen’s place in Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine: Respect, confirmation and criticism."(online available: 15 November 2019) [1]. We want to congratulate the authors for this successful review article and make some contributions.The article explains that Avicenna mentioned Galen in his famous medical book—The Cannon of Medicine, in detail.
文摘Ibn Sina(980-1037 AD),known by his full name Abu Ali al-Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina and the Latin name‘Avicenna’,was a Persian scholar who is primarily remembered for his contributions to the science of medicine.He authored Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb(The Canon of Medicine).Sections of his work are devoted to detailed descriptions of a number of infectious illnesses,particularly rabies.Avicenna described rabies in humans and animals and explained its clinical manifestations,route of transmission,and treatment methods.In this article,our goal is to discuss Avicenna’s 11th-century points of view on rabies and compare them with modern medical knowledge.
文摘Objective:To describe the age structure,growth,reproductive characteristics and lengthweight relationship of Cobitis avicennae(C.avicennae)population inhabiting the Gamasiab River,Western Iran.Methods:C.avicennae was collected throughout the spawning season(February to July,2015)in Gamasiab River and its age,growth,and reproductive traits were investigated.Total length was measured to the nearest 1 mm,and total weight and gonad weight to the nearest 0.001 g.The age was determined using operculum.Sex was determined by examination of the gonad tissue.The number of eggs was estimated by gravimetric method.Average egg diameter was examined by measuring 30 eggs for each female with an ocular micrometer microscope.Results:The maximum age was 3 years.The specimens size ranged from 32.63 to 100.00 mm in total length,weighing from 0.22 to 5.17 g in total weight.Length-weight relationship was estimated as W=1E-05TL^(2.85)for females,W=1E-05TL^(2.83)for males and W=7E-06TL^(2.94)for the population.The growth model was isometric for males and sexes combined and negatively allometric for females.The absolute fecundity ranged between 132 and 900 eggs with a mean of 490.55 eggs.Conclusions:The life history traits described for C.avicennae from the Western Iran basin indicated a moderate life span,a moderate body weight,a short duration of spawning season,relatively high heterogeneity in egg size and low egg number.Some life history traits of C.avicennae demonstrated obvious differences compared with its closely related species,indicating that latitude and local environment conditions are important selective forces for this species.
文摘The rich history of anatomy in Persian Medicine is evident and significant(1).In the medieval era,there were a large number of experienced Persian physicians who studied and were experts in the field of human dissection such as Avicenna that we can see his innovations in anatomy,for example,his description of the Willis circle(2).
文摘Since ancient times,China and Iran,two ancient civilizations with profound medical traditions,have engaged in extensive medical interactions through trade and cultural exchange channels,such as the Silk Road.The paper first reviews the emergence of medical exchanges between the two countries during the Han dynasty,then elaborates on the in-depth development of medical exchanges from the Three Kingdoms to the eve of the Tang dynasty.Entering the Song and Yuan dynasties,the medical exchanges between the two countries became more specific,involving the translation and dissemination of medical classics,the exchanges between doctors,and the trade and cultivation of medicinal materials.The paper further examines the new opportunities and challenges presented by traditional medical exchanges between the two countries under the Belt and Road Initiative.It emphasizes the contribution of this cross-civilization medical exchange to the development of the medical systems of both sides and to human health.This article reveals its far-reaching significance by systematically examining the historical context of medical exchanges between the two countries.It provides historical references and inspiration for future in-depth cooperation between the two countries in traditional medicine.
