Since the pioneering work by Panksepp et al,the neurobiological bases of attachment behavior have been closely linked with opioid neurotransmission.Candidate gene studies of adult individuals have shown that variation...Since the pioneering work by Panksepp et al,the neurobiological bases of attachment behavior have been closely linked with opioid neurotransmission.Candidate gene studies of adult individuals have shown that variation in the muopioid receptor gene(OPRM1)influences attachment behavior.Early maternal care and the A/A genotype of the A118G polymorphism interact in modulating levels of fearful attachment.Compared to their counterparts carrying the A/A genotype,individuals expressing the minor 118G allele show lower levels of avoidant attachment and experience more pleasure in social situations.Brain imaging research has strengthened the biological plausibility of candidate gene studies.The avoidance dimension of attachment correlates negatively with muopioid receptor availability in the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex,as well as the frontal cortex,amygdala,and insula.Overall,findings from human studies combined with those from animal models suggest that research on the genetic bases of attachment should include the endogenous opioid system among the investigated variables.展开更多
This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the avoidant attachment style as a complex pattern of relational adaptation.Beginning with Bowlby’s theoretical framework and Ainsworth’s empirical validation,the s...This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the avoidant attachment style as a complex pattern of relational adaptation.Beginning with Bowlby’s theoretical framework and Ainsworth’s empirical validation,the study traces the developmental trajectory of attachment research from infancy to adulthood,highlighting the refinement of typologies into dismissive-avoidant and fearfulavoidant styles.Drawing on psychoanalytic,cognitive-behavioral,and sociocultural perspectives,the analysis deconstructs the etiology of avoidance,showing how defense mechanisms,biased cognitive schemas,and cultural norms reinforce patterns of emotional suppression and relational withdrawal.Through the use of fictional and clinical case illustrations,the paper demonstrates how avoidance manifests in diverse psychological portraits and explores its paradoxical costs-apparent strength and independence achieved at the expense of intimacy,stability,and emotional fulfillment.Finally,the discussion turns to therapeutic strategies for transforming avoidance into earned security,emphasizing self-awareness,cognitive restructuring,corrective emotional experiences,and the cultivation of supportive environments.The study concludes that avoidant attachment,while deeply ingrained,is not immutable,and that integration lies in developing a personality robust enough to balance autonomy with the capacity for secure connection.展开更多
文摘Since the pioneering work by Panksepp et al,the neurobiological bases of attachment behavior have been closely linked with opioid neurotransmission.Candidate gene studies of adult individuals have shown that variation in the muopioid receptor gene(OPRM1)influences attachment behavior.Early maternal care and the A/A genotype of the A118G polymorphism interact in modulating levels of fearful attachment.Compared to their counterparts carrying the A/A genotype,individuals expressing the minor 118G allele show lower levels of avoidant attachment and experience more pleasure in social situations.Brain imaging research has strengthened the biological plausibility of candidate gene studies.The avoidance dimension of attachment correlates negatively with muopioid receptor availability in the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex,as well as the frontal cortex,amygdala,and insula.Overall,findings from human studies combined with those from animal models suggest that research on the genetic bases of attachment should include the endogenous opioid system among the investigated variables.
文摘This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the avoidant attachment style as a complex pattern of relational adaptation.Beginning with Bowlby’s theoretical framework and Ainsworth’s empirical validation,the study traces the developmental trajectory of attachment research from infancy to adulthood,highlighting the refinement of typologies into dismissive-avoidant and fearfulavoidant styles.Drawing on psychoanalytic,cognitive-behavioral,and sociocultural perspectives,the analysis deconstructs the etiology of avoidance,showing how defense mechanisms,biased cognitive schemas,and cultural norms reinforce patterns of emotional suppression and relational withdrawal.Through the use of fictional and clinical case illustrations,the paper demonstrates how avoidance manifests in diverse psychological portraits and explores its paradoxical costs-apparent strength and independence achieved at the expense of intimacy,stability,and emotional fulfillment.Finally,the discussion turns to therapeutic strategies for transforming avoidance into earned security,emphasizing self-awareness,cognitive restructuring,corrective emotional experiences,and the cultivation of supportive environments.The study concludes that avoidant attachment,while deeply ingrained,is not immutable,and that integration lies in developing a personality robust enough to balance autonomy with the capacity for secure connection.
