In a previous, primary treatise of the author the mathematical description of electron trajectories in the excited states of the H-atom could be demonstrated, starting from Bohr’s original model but modifying it thre...In a previous, primary treatise of the author the mathematical description of electron trajectories in the excited states of the H-atom could be demonstrated, starting from Bohr’s original model but modifying it three dimensionally. In a subsequent treatise, Bohr’s theorem of an unalterable angular momentum h/2π, determining the ground state of the H-atom, was revealed as an inducement by the—unalterable—electron spin. Starting from this presumption, a model of the H2-molecule could be created which exhibits well-defined electron trajectories, and which enabled computing the bond length precisely. In the present treatise, Bohr’s theorem is adapted to the atom models of helium and of neon. But while this was feasible exactly in the case of helium, the neon atom turned out to be too complex for a mathematical modelling. Nevertheless, a rough ball-and-stick model can be presented, assuming electron rings instead of electron clouds, which in the outer shell are orientated as a tetrahedron. It entails the principal statement that the neon atom does not represent a static construction with constant electron distances and velocities, but a pulsating dynamic one with permanently changing internal distances. Thus, the helium atom marks the limit for precisely describing an atom, whereby at and under this limit such a precise description is feasible, being also demonstrated in the author’s previous work. This contradicts the conventional quantum mechanical theory which claims that such a—locally and temporally—precise description of any atom or molecule structure is generally not possible, also not for the H2-molecule, and not even for the H-atom.展开更多
The purpose of this contribution was to evaluate a recently published atom model for Helium, characterized by a double rotation of the electrons which exhibit perpendicular rotation axes. Thereby, each rotation is ind...The purpose of this contribution was to evaluate a recently published atom model for Helium, characterized by a double rotation of the electrons which exhibit perpendicular rotation axes. Thereby, each rotation is induced by the spin of one electron?[1]. Hereto, a tangible mechanical model was used which facilitated to derive the mathematical formulae as the basics for two-dimensional projections, and—not least—for a digital animation yielding freeze images from different perspectives. The resulting shape of the electron shell turned out to be not spherical. In particular, the total velocity of the electrons is variable since the relative running direction may change—in contrast to the initial assumption—, even leading to an intermittent standstill, and implying a variable kinetic energy. Thus it can be concluded that this model describes a rotating rotor but not the Helium atom, and that it must be abandoned.展开更多
The original intention of the author’s preoccupation with the quantum-me-chanical behaviour of simple atoms and molecules such as Hydrogen and He-lium was,on the one hand,the elegant simplicity of Niels Bohr’s atom ...The original intention of the author’s preoccupation with the quantum-me-chanical behaviour of simple atoms and molecules such as Hydrogen and He-lium was,on the one hand,the elegant simplicity of Niels Bohr’s atom model for Hydrogen,describing the metastable states of the excited electrons by pla-nar concentric electron orbits,and,on the other hand,the hardly intelligible wave mechanical approach of Heisenberg,Schrödinger and others,describing mainly atoms with multiple electrons by three-dimensional orbitals which were characterized by probabilities of presence.Thereby the question arose whether it would be possible to find alternative atom models with well-defined electron trajectories.Therein,Louis de Broglie’s thesis of the wavy nature of electron motion implicating standing waves would have to be implemented.Nevertheless,as reviewed in the introduction,the orthodox three-dimensional concept influenced the own thinking in such a way that three-dimensional constellations for the electronic excited states were conceived.The break-through was achieved for the electronic ground state in the form of the spin-orbit coupling where the spin acts as a perpetuum mobile,inducing the orbital angular momentum h/2π.Furthermore,the insight was gained that a circu-larly rotating electron intrinsically corresponds to a harmonic oscillator,thus fulfilling the condition of a standing wave.Based on this concept,a double planar model was established for the H2-molecule which could be empirically verified by X-ray data from literature.However,for the two electrons contain-ing Helium a 2D-array seemed impossible since the Pauli-principle seemed to be violated.After a long stepwise succession of 3D-attempts which turned out to be impossible—not least since eccentric forces are not possible in such a system—the here presented 2D-version for Helium was found,composed by two imaginary orthogonal electron orbits.It will enable in a subsequent pub-lication the quantum mechanical interpretation of the thermal-radiative be-haviour of Helium which was reported in the author’s publication nine years ago.展开更多
文摘In a previous, primary treatise of the author the mathematical description of electron trajectories in the excited states of the H-atom could be demonstrated, starting from Bohr’s original model but modifying it three dimensionally. In a subsequent treatise, Bohr’s theorem of an unalterable angular momentum h/2π, determining the ground state of the H-atom, was revealed as an inducement by the—unalterable—electron spin. Starting from this presumption, a model of the H2-molecule could be created which exhibits well-defined electron trajectories, and which enabled computing the bond length precisely. In the present treatise, Bohr’s theorem is adapted to the atom models of helium and of neon. But while this was feasible exactly in the case of helium, the neon atom turned out to be too complex for a mathematical modelling. Nevertheless, a rough ball-and-stick model can be presented, assuming electron rings instead of electron clouds, which in the outer shell are orientated as a tetrahedron. It entails the principal statement that the neon atom does not represent a static construction with constant electron distances and velocities, but a pulsating dynamic one with permanently changing internal distances. Thus, the helium atom marks the limit for precisely describing an atom, whereby at and under this limit such a precise description is feasible, being also demonstrated in the author’s previous work. This contradicts the conventional quantum mechanical theory which claims that such a—locally and temporally—precise description of any atom or molecule structure is generally not possible, also not for the H2-molecule, and not even for the H-atom.
文摘The purpose of this contribution was to evaluate a recently published atom model for Helium, characterized by a double rotation of the electrons which exhibit perpendicular rotation axes. Thereby, each rotation is induced by the spin of one electron?[1]. Hereto, a tangible mechanical model was used which facilitated to derive the mathematical formulae as the basics for two-dimensional projections, and—not least—for a digital animation yielding freeze images from different perspectives. The resulting shape of the electron shell turned out to be not spherical. In particular, the total velocity of the electrons is variable since the relative running direction may change—in contrast to the initial assumption—, even leading to an intermittent standstill, and implying a variable kinetic energy. Thus it can be concluded that this model describes a rotating rotor but not the Helium atom, and that it must be abandoned.
文摘The original intention of the author’s preoccupation with the quantum-me-chanical behaviour of simple atoms and molecules such as Hydrogen and He-lium was,on the one hand,the elegant simplicity of Niels Bohr’s atom model for Hydrogen,describing the metastable states of the excited electrons by pla-nar concentric electron orbits,and,on the other hand,the hardly intelligible wave mechanical approach of Heisenberg,Schrödinger and others,describing mainly atoms with multiple electrons by three-dimensional orbitals which were characterized by probabilities of presence.Thereby the question arose whether it would be possible to find alternative atom models with well-defined electron trajectories.Therein,Louis de Broglie’s thesis of the wavy nature of electron motion implicating standing waves would have to be implemented.Nevertheless,as reviewed in the introduction,the orthodox three-dimensional concept influenced the own thinking in such a way that three-dimensional constellations for the electronic excited states were conceived.The break-through was achieved for the electronic ground state in the form of the spin-orbit coupling where the spin acts as a perpetuum mobile,inducing the orbital angular momentum h/2π.Furthermore,the insight was gained that a circu-larly rotating electron intrinsically corresponds to a harmonic oscillator,thus fulfilling the condition of a standing wave.Based on this concept,a double planar model was established for the H2-molecule which could be empirically verified by X-ray data from literature.However,for the two electrons contain-ing Helium a 2D-array seemed impossible since the Pauli-principle seemed to be violated.After a long stepwise succession of 3D-attempts which turned out to be impossible—not least since eccentric forces are not possible in such a system—the here presented 2D-version for Helium was found,composed by two imaginary orthogonal electron orbits.It will enable in a subsequent pub-lication the quantum mechanical interpretation of the thermal-radiative be-haviour of Helium which was reported in the author’s publication nine years ago.
