In order to help athletes optimize their performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries,it is important to develop science-based strategies for optimally designing training pr...In order to help athletes optimize their performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries,it is important to develop science-based strategies for optimally designing training programs.The purpose of the present study is to develop a novel method by the combined use of optimal control theory and a training-performance model for designing optimal training programs,with the hope of helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The training-performance model used in the proposed optimal control framework is a conceptual extension of the Banister impulse-response model that describes the dynamics of performance,training load(served as the control variable),fitness(the overall positive effects on performance),and fatigue(the overall negative effects on performance).The objective functional of the proposed optimal control framework is to maximize the fitness and minimize the fatigue on the competition day with the goal of maximizing the performance on the competition day while minimizing the cumulative training load during the training course.The Forward-Backward Sweep Method is used to solve the proposed optimal control framework to obtain the optimal solutions of performance,training load,fitness,and fatigue.The simulation results show that the performance on the competition day is higher while the cumulative training load during the training course is lower with using optimal control theory than those without,successfully showing the feasibility and benefits of using the proposed optimal control framework to design optimal training programs for helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The present feasibility study lays the foundation of the combined use of optimal control theory and training-performance models to design personalized optimal training programs in real applications in athletic training and sports science for helping athletes achieve the best performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries.展开更多
There is a need for the prevention of upper extremity injuries that affect a large number of competitive baseball players.Currently available evidence alludes to three possible ways to prevent these injuries:1) regula...There is a need for the prevention of upper extremity injuries that affect a large number of competitive baseball players.Currently available evidence alludes to three possible ways to prevent these injuries:1) regulation of unsafe participation factors,2) implementation of exercise intervention to modify suboptimal physical characteristics,and 3) instructional intervention to correct improper pitching techniques.Of these three strategies,instruction of proper pitching technique is under-explored as a method of injury prevention.Therefore,the purpose of this review was to explore the utility of pitching technique instruction in prevention of pitching-related upper extremity injuries by presenting evidence linking pitching technique and pitching-related upper extremity injuries,as well as identifying considerations and potential barriers in pursuing this approach to prevent injuries.Various kinematic parameters measured using laboratory-based motion capture system have been linked to excessive joint loading,and thus pitching-related upper extremity injuries.As we gain more knowledge about the influence of pitching kinematics on joint loading and injury risk,it is important to start exploring ways to modify pitching technique through instruction and feedback while considering the specific skill components to address,mode of instruction,target population,duration of program,and ways to effectively collaborate with coaches and parents.展开更多
Background:Athletes have been shown to exhibit better balance compared to non-athletes(NON).However,few studies have investigated how the surface on which athletes train affects the strategies adopted to maintain bala...Background:Athletes have been shown to exhibit better balance compared to non-athletes(NON).However,few studies have investigated how the surface on which athletes train affects the strategies adopted to maintain balance.Two distinct athlete groups who experience different types of sport-specific balance training are stable surface athletes(SSA) such as basketball players and those who train on unstable surfaces(USA) such as surfers.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training surface on dynamic balance in athletes compared to NON.Methods:Eight NON,eight SSA,and eight USA performed five 20-s trials in each of five experimental conditions including a static condition and four dynamic conditions in which the support surface translated in the anteroposterior(AP) or mediolateral(ML) planes using positive or negative feedback paradigms.Approximate entropy(Ap En) and root mean square distance(RMS) of the center of pressure(Co P) were calculated for the AP and ML directions.Four 3 × 5(group × condition) repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine significant effects of group and condition on variables of interest.Results:USA exhibited smaller Ap En values than SSA in the AP signals while no significant differences were observed in the ML Co P signals.Generally,the negative feedback conditions were associated with significantly greater RMS values than the positive feedback conditions.Conclusion:USA exhibit unique postural strategies compared to SSA.These unique strategies seemingly exhibit a direction-specific attribute and may be associated with divergent motor control strategies.展开更多
This scoping review aims(1)to map the literature dealing with neurophysiological and biomechanical aspects of back problems in athletes in order to identify valid risk-factors for their prevention,plus(2)to identify g...This scoping review aims(1)to map the literature dealing with neurophysiological and biomechanical aspects of back problems in athletes in order to identify valid risk-factors for their prevention,plus(2)to identify gaps in the existing research and propose suggestions for future studies.A literature search conducted with Scopus,Web of Science,MEDLINE and Cochrane Library was completed by Elsevier,SpringerLink and Google Scholar.The main neurophysiological risk factors identified leading to back problems in athletes are neuromuscular imbalance,increased muscle fatigability,muscle dysfunction and impaired motor control,whilst biomechanical risk factors include maladaptive spinal,spinopelvic and lower limb kinematics,side-to-side imbalances in axial strength and hip rotation range of motion,spinal overloading and deficits in movement pattern.However,most studies focused on back pain in the lumbar region,whereas less attention has been paid to thoracic and cervical spine problems.The range of sports where this topic has been studied is relatively small.There is a lack of research in sports in which the core muscles are highly involved in specific movements such as lifting weights or trunk rotations.A limited number of studies include female athletes and master athletes of both genders.In addition to chronic back pain patients,it is equally important to conduct research on healthy athletes with a predisposition to spine problems.Investigators should focus their empirical work on identifying modifiable risk factors,predict which athletes are at risk for back problems,and develop personalized sport-specific assessment tools and targeted prevention strategies for them.展开更多
基金funded by the National Science and Technology Council,grant number NSTC 113-2221-E-002-136-.
文摘In order to help athletes optimize their performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries,it is important to develop science-based strategies for optimally designing training programs.The purpose of the present study is to develop a novel method by the combined use of optimal control theory and a training-performance model for designing optimal training programs,with the hope of helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The training-performance model used in the proposed optimal control framework is a conceptual extension of the Banister impulse-response model that describes the dynamics of performance,training load(served as the control variable),fitness(the overall positive effects on performance),and fatigue(the overall negative effects on performance).The objective functional of the proposed optimal control framework is to maximize the fitness and minimize the fatigue on the competition day with the goal of maximizing the performance on the competition day while minimizing the cumulative training load during the training course.The Forward-Backward Sweep Method is used to solve the proposed optimal control framework to obtain the optimal solutions of performance,training load,fitness,and fatigue.The simulation results show that the performance on the competition day is higher while the cumulative training load during the training course is lower with using optimal control theory than those without,successfully showing the feasibility and benefits of using the proposed optimal control framework to design optimal training programs for helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The present feasibility study lays the foundation of the combined use of optimal control theory and training-performance models to design personalized optimal training programs in real applications in athletic training and sports science for helping athletes achieve the best performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries.
文摘There is a need for the prevention of upper extremity injuries that affect a large number of competitive baseball players.Currently available evidence alludes to three possible ways to prevent these injuries:1) regulation of unsafe participation factors,2) implementation of exercise intervention to modify suboptimal physical characteristics,and 3) instructional intervention to correct improper pitching techniques.Of these three strategies,instruction of proper pitching technique is under-explored as a method of injury prevention.Therefore,the purpose of this review was to explore the utility of pitching technique instruction in prevention of pitching-related upper extremity injuries by presenting evidence linking pitching technique and pitching-related upper extremity injuries,as well as identifying considerations and potential barriers in pursuing this approach to prevent injuries.Various kinematic parameters measured using laboratory-based motion capture system have been linked to excessive joint loading,and thus pitching-related upper extremity injuries.As we gain more knowledge about the influence of pitching kinematics on joint loading and injury risk,it is important to start exploring ways to modify pitching technique through instruction and feedback while considering the specific skill components to address,mode of instruction,target population,duration of program,and ways to effectively collaborate with coaches and parents.
文摘Background:Athletes have been shown to exhibit better balance compared to non-athletes(NON).However,few studies have investigated how the surface on which athletes train affects the strategies adopted to maintain balance.Two distinct athlete groups who experience different types of sport-specific balance training are stable surface athletes(SSA) such as basketball players and those who train on unstable surfaces(USA) such as surfers.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training surface on dynamic balance in athletes compared to NON.Methods:Eight NON,eight SSA,and eight USA performed five 20-s trials in each of five experimental conditions including a static condition and four dynamic conditions in which the support surface translated in the anteroposterior(AP) or mediolateral(ML) planes using positive or negative feedback paradigms.Approximate entropy(Ap En) and root mean square distance(RMS) of the center of pressure(Co P) were calculated for the AP and ML directions.Four 3 × 5(group × condition) repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine significant effects of group and condition on variables of interest.Results:USA exhibited smaller Ap En values than SSA in the AP signals while no significant differences were observed in the ML Co P signals.Generally,the negative feedback conditions were associated with significantly greater RMS values than the positive feedback conditions.Conclusion:USA exhibit unique postural strategies compared to SSA.These unique strategies seemingly exhibit a direction-specific attribute and may be associated with divergent motor control strategies.
基金supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education,Science,Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (No.1/0089/20 and 1/0725/23)the Slovak Research and Development Agency (No.APVV-15-0704)+1 种基金the Cross-border Co-operation Programme INTERREG V-A SK-CZ/2018/06 (No.NFP 304011P714)INTERREG V-A SK-CZ/2020/12 (No.NFP304010AYX7)co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund.
文摘This scoping review aims(1)to map the literature dealing with neurophysiological and biomechanical aspects of back problems in athletes in order to identify valid risk-factors for their prevention,plus(2)to identify gaps in the existing research and propose suggestions for future studies.A literature search conducted with Scopus,Web of Science,MEDLINE and Cochrane Library was completed by Elsevier,SpringerLink and Google Scholar.The main neurophysiological risk factors identified leading to back problems in athletes are neuromuscular imbalance,increased muscle fatigability,muscle dysfunction and impaired motor control,whilst biomechanical risk factors include maladaptive spinal,spinopelvic and lower limb kinematics,side-to-side imbalances in axial strength and hip rotation range of motion,spinal overloading and deficits in movement pattern.However,most studies focused on back pain in the lumbar region,whereas less attention has been paid to thoracic and cervical spine problems.The range of sports where this topic has been studied is relatively small.There is a lack of research in sports in which the core muscles are highly involved in specific movements such as lifting weights or trunk rotations.A limited number of studies include female athletes and master athletes of both genders.In addition to chronic back pain patients,it is equally important to conduct research on healthy athletes with a predisposition to spine problems.Investigators should focus their empirical work on identifying modifiable risk factors,predict which athletes are at risk for back problems,and develop personalized sport-specific assessment tools and targeted prevention strategies for them.
