Soil amendment with fly ash（FA） and combined supplementation with N_2-fixing cyanobacteria masses as biofertilizer were done in field experiments with rice. Amendments with FA levels, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and ...Soil amendment with fly ash（FA） and combined supplementation with N_2-fixing cyanobacteria masses as biofertilizer were done in field experiments with rice. Amendments with FA levels, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 10.0 kg/m2, caused increase in growth and yield of rice up to 8.0 kg/m2, monitored with several parameters. Pigment contents and enzyme activities of leaves were enhanced by FA, with the maximum level of FA at 10.0 kg/m2. Protein content of rice seeds was the highest in plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m2. Basic soil properties, p H value, percentage of silt, percentage of clay, water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content increased due to the FA amendment. Parallel supplementation of FA amended plots with 1.0 kg/m2 N_2-fixing cyanobacteria mass caused further significant increments of the most soil properties, and rice growth and yield parameters. 1000-grain weight of rice plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m2 along with cyanobacteria supplementation was the maximum. Cyanobacteria supplementation caused increase of important basic properties of soil including the total N-content. Estimations of elemental content in soils and plant parts（root and seed） were done by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Accumulations of K, P, Fe and several plant micronutrients（Mn, Ni, Co, Zn and Cu） and toxic elements（Pb, Cr and Cd） increased in soils and plant parts as a function of the FA gradation, but Na content remained almost unchanged in soils and seeds. Supplementation of cyanobacteria had ameliorating effect on toxic metal contents of soils and plant parts. The FA level 4.0 kg/m2, with 1.0 kg/m2 cyanobacteria mass supplementation, could be taken ideal, since there would be recharging of the soil with essential micronutrients as well as toxic chemicals in comparative lesser proportions, and cyanobacteria mass would cause lessening toxic metal loads with usual N_2-fixation.展开更多
The high premium placed on the organically produced cocoa in the international market coupled with its health and environmental benefits necessitated recent focus on research into the use of agricultural wastes as sou...The high premium placed on the organically produced cocoa in the international market coupled with its health and environmental benefits necessitated recent focus on research into the use of agricultural wastes as source of nutrients in cocoa (T. cacao) production. The study was carried out at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan (Lat. 7°25'N Long. 3°25'E), South-western, Nigeria during the 2010/2011 seedling production season to compare the effects of NPK (20:10:10) fertilizer, Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash (CPHA and OPA) on the seedling growth and dry matter yield of cocoa (T. cacao). Equivalent amount of different rates of two nutrients sources CPHA and OPA were applied one month after planting at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 t/ha respectively, recommended rate of 10 kg·N of the conventional NPK (20:10:10). Fertilizer was used as reference fertilizer. Results indicated that all the fertilizer materials positively and significantly (p > 0.05) increased the growth parameters considered. The influence of the ash materials irrespective of sources on the nutrient uptake, dry matter yield of cocoa seedlings and shoot to root ratio were either higher than or had a comparable results with the reference fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10). CPHA and OPA applied at a rate of 4 t/ha significantly (p > 0.05) increased the plant height and root length of cocoa seedlings respectively relative to control and in—organic fertilizer and could therefore be recommended for the prospective and existing Nigerian cocoa farmers for raising their seedlings in the nursery before transplanting to the field.展开更多
Yield stress development of cement paste is potentially governed by percolation of 3-dimensional links formed by hydration products on the surface of the particles. It rises steadily at a gradual rate before a sudden ...Yield stress development of cement paste is potentially governed by percolation of 3-dimensional links formed by hydration products on the surface of the particles. It rises steadily at a gradual rate before a sudden increase in rate of growth. In this study, a method was proposed to predict the yield stress development based on the diameter of spread（D） of mini slump cone test and gradient from electrical resistivity measurement（Km）. To evaluate the significance of（D） and（Km） in terms of yield stress, they were quantitatively compared to the initial yield stress（τ0） and rate of yield stress growth（K） obtained from a rheometer. A mathematical relationship between the yield stress of cement paste, diameter of spread and electrical resistivity characteristic gradient was developed. The equation developed can be used as an alternative method to estimate yield stress of cement paste.展开更多
The experimental determination of mineral matter in coal is a tedious as well as time consuming process, and requires highly skilled analyst to carry out the chemical analysis of coal and ash. On the other hand, deter...The experimental determination of mineral matter in coal is a tedious as well as time consuming process, and requires highly skilled analyst to carry out the chemical analysis of coal and ash. On the other hand, determination of moisture and ash is relatively easy using moisture oven and muffle furnace and can be determined anywhere with little care. Most of the methods reported till date for the evaluation of mineral matter in coal involves indirect determination of mineral matter using high temperature ash as one parameter. All these methods offer conversion of ash yield into mineral matter with the help of correlations based on certain assumptions. Although, the method for direct determination of mineral matter by chemical analysis is also reported, but is of little use as it requires extensive chemical analysis. In this study mineral matter is determined directly by oxygen plasma asher in coal samples collected from different regions of India. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by existing correlations. It has been observed that all the existing correlations including Parr’s, are found to be unrealistic for high ash Indian coal. An attempt has been made to develop a new correlation for the estimation of mineral matter based on two simple parameter i.e. moisture content and ash yield. Present model was developed after analyzing 75 coal samples. The developed correlation appears to be more simple and better and is represented as Mineral Matter(MM)= 0.74(Moisture) + 1.17(Ash)展开更多
Looking of finding an alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers to increase yields of cassava (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Manihot esculenta</span>...Looking of finding an alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers to increase yields of cassava (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Manihot esculenta</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">), trials were carried out in the Lamto zone in central Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, the effects of compost and ash from cocoa shell and NPK were tested on the agronomic parameters of cassava. The trial was conducted for two years with four varieties of cassava: </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Yacé</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Alleda agba</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Six mois</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Bonoua</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">, grown on elementary plots treated with one of these fertilizers. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with three replicates. Analysis of the results showed that the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Six</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">mois</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> variety gave the longest stems (131,</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:""> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">67 cm) with the cocoa shell compost. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Bonoua</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> variety, on the other hand, gave the largest diameter of the stem base (21.56 mm), a higher number of leaves (77.30) and a large wingspan (136</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">89 cm) with cocoa shell compost. The leaves developed by the plants of this variety were wider (19.30 cm) and longer (17.96 cm) with cocoa shell compost. Also, this </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Bonoua</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> variety treated with shell compost yielded a high number of tuberized roots (5.11), high average weight per plant (5.83 kg/plant) and higher yield (58.29 t/ha). This compost of cocoa shell has also allowed a better conservation of the cultivated soils quality.展开更多
基金supported by the project from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,New Delhi,India (Grant No.21 (0859)/11/EMR-Ⅱ)
文摘Soil amendment with fly ash（FA） and combined supplementation with N_2-fixing cyanobacteria masses as biofertilizer were done in field experiments with rice. Amendments with FA levels, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 10.0 kg/m2, caused increase in growth and yield of rice up to 8.0 kg/m2, monitored with several parameters. Pigment contents and enzyme activities of leaves were enhanced by FA, with the maximum level of FA at 10.0 kg/m2. Protein content of rice seeds was the highest in plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m2. Basic soil properties, p H value, percentage of silt, percentage of clay, water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content increased due to the FA amendment. Parallel supplementation of FA amended plots with 1.0 kg/m2 N_2-fixing cyanobacteria mass caused further significant increments of the most soil properties, and rice growth and yield parameters. 1000-grain weight of rice plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m2 along with cyanobacteria supplementation was the maximum. Cyanobacteria supplementation caused increase of important basic properties of soil including the total N-content. Estimations of elemental content in soils and plant parts（root and seed） were done by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Accumulations of K, P, Fe and several plant micronutrients（Mn, Ni, Co, Zn and Cu） and toxic elements（Pb, Cr and Cd） increased in soils and plant parts as a function of the FA gradation, but Na content remained almost unchanged in soils and seeds. Supplementation of cyanobacteria had ameliorating effect on toxic metal contents of soils and plant parts. The FA level 4.0 kg/m2, with 1.0 kg/m2 cyanobacteria mass supplementation, could be taken ideal, since there would be recharging of the soil with essential micronutrients as well as toxic chemicals in comparative lesser proportions, and cyanobacteria mass would cause lessening toxic metal loads with usual N_2-fixation.
文摘The high premium placed on the organically produced cocoa in the international market coupled with its health and environmental benefits necessitated recent focus on research into the use of agricultural wastes as source of nutrients in cocoa (T. cacao) production. The study was carried out at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan (Lat. 7°25'N Long. 3°25'E), South-western, Nigeria during the 2010/2011 seedling production season to compare the effects of NPK (20:10:10) fertilizer, Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash (CPHA and OPA) on the seedling growth and dry matter yield of cocoa (T. cacao). Equivalent amount of different rates of two nutrients sources CPHA and OPA were applied one month after planting at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 t/ha respectively, recommended rate of 10 kg·N of the conventional NPK (20:10:10). Fertilizer was used as reference fertilizer. Results indicated that all the fertilizer materials positively and significantly (p > 0.05) increased the growth parameters considered. The influence of the ash materials irrespective of sources on the nutrient uptake, dry matter yield of cocoa seedlings and shoot to root ratio were either higher than or had a comparable results with the reference fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10). CPHA and OPA applied at a rate of 4 t/ha significantly (p > 0.05) increased the plant height and root length of cocoa seedlings respectively relative to control and in—organic fertilizer and could therefore be recommended for the prospective and existing Nigerian cocoa farmers for raising their seedlings in the nursery before transplanting to the field.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51478200 and 51778257)
文摘Yield stress development of cement paste is potentially governed by percolation of 3-dimensional links formed by hydration products on the surface of the particles. It rises steadily at a gradual rate before a sudden increase in rate of growth. In this study, a method was proposed to predict the yield stress development based on the diameter of spread（D） of mini slump cone test and gradient from electrical resistivity measurement（Km）. To evaluate the significance of（D） and（Km） in terms of yield stress, they were quantitatively compared to the initial yield stress（τ0） and rate of yield stress growth（K） obtained from a rheometer. A mathematical relationship between the yield stress of cement paste, diameter of spread and electrical resistivity characteristic gradient was developed. The equation developed can be used as an alternative method to estimate yield stress of cement paste.
文摘The experimental determination of mineral matter in coal is a tedious as well as time consuming process, and requires highly skilled analyst to carry out the chemical analysis of coal and ash. On the other hand, determination of moisture and ash is relatively easy using moisture oven and muffle furnace and can be determined anywhere with little care. Most of the methods reported till date for the evaluation of mineral matter in coal involves indirect determination of mineral matter using high temperature ash as one parameter. All these methods offer conversion of ash yield into mineral matter with the help of correlations based on certain assumptions. Although, the method for direct determination of mineral matter by chemical analysis is also reported, but is of little use as it requires extensive chemical analysis. In this study mineral matter is determined directly by oxygen plasma asher in coal samples collected from different regions of India. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by existing correlations. It has been observed that all the existing correlations including Parr’s, are found to be unrealistic for high ash Indian coal. An attempt has been made to develop a new correlation for the estimation of mineral matter based on two simple parameter i.e. moisture content and ash yield. Present model was developed after analyzing 75 coal samples. The developed correlation appears to be more simple and better and is represented as Mineral Matter(MM)= 0.74(Moisture) + 1.17(Ash)
文摘Looking of finding an alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers to increase yields of cassava (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Manihot esculenta</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">), trials were carried out in the Lamto zone in central Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, the effects of compost and ash from cocoa shell and NPK were tested on the agronomic parameters of cassava. The trial was conducted for two years with four varieties of cassava: </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Yacé</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Alleda agba</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Six mois</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Bonoua</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">, grown on elementary plots treated with one of these fertilizers. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with three replicates. Analysis of the results showed that the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Six</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">mois</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> variety gave the longest stems (131,</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:""> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">67 cm) with the cocoa shell compost. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Bonoua</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> variety, on the other hand, gave the largest diameter of the stem base (21.56 mm), a higher number of leaves (77.30) and a large wingspan (136</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">89 cm) with cocoa shell compost. The leaves developed by the plants of this variety were wider (19.30 cm) and longer (17.96 cm) with cocoa shell compost. Also, this </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Bonoua</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> variety treated with shell compost yielded a high number of tuberized roots (5.11), high average weight per plant (5.83 kg/plant) and higher yield (58.29 t/ha). This compost of cocoa shell has also allowed a better conservation of the cultivated soils quality.
