Objectives:This study had two aims.Aim one is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using an aroma-based,self-managed intervention for adults in outpatient treatment for substance use disorder.Aim two is to...Objectives:This study had two aims.Aim one is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using an aroma-based,self-managed intervention for adults in outpatient treatment for substance use disorder.Aim two is to examine the effects of a Citrus bergamia(Bergamot)essential oil intervention on the variables of comfort,ease,and stress.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted(NCT05660434).Adults in treatment for substance use disorder were randomized to either control group(standard care)(n=55)or intervention group(standard care plus Citrus bergamia[Bergamot]essential oil intervention),three times a day for seven days(n=45).All data were analyzed using an intention-to-treat method.Outcomes were measured using valid and reliable measures.Results:One hundred participants were recruited over 11 months.Reasons for non or limited participation included feeling overwhelmed by the demands of treatment and everyday living.Data analysis showed psychological variable improvement with a significant increase in ease reported(P=0.022)and DASS-21 subscales for depression(P=0.007)and anxiety(P=0.013)in the intervention group.Postsatisfaction survey results were positive,with overall enjoyment,perception of the aroma,and intention to continue to use the aroma inhaler post-trial,which was high.Conclusions:Results from this study provide data to support the feasibility and acceptability of using essential oil via inhalation to help this population.Findings from this study will inform a more extensive study designed to examine effects within and between groups using a placebo.展开更多
This integrative review examines the therapeutic applications of aromatherapy in cognitive impairment spectrum disorders,spanning from subjective cognitive decline to dementia.A comprehensive search across twelve data...This integrative review examines the therapeutic applications of aromatherapy in cognitive impairment spectrum disorders,spanning from subjective cognitive decline to dementia.A comprehensive search across twelve databases(PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,Cochrane Library,Scopus,OVID,EBSCOhost,ProQuest,CNKI,WF,VIP,and CBM)identified 28 studies up to March 2024,analyzed through Whittemore and Knafl’s five-stage framework with mixed methods appraisal tool(MMAT)quality appraisal and Template for Intervention Description and Replication-guided data extraction.Three primary intervention modalities emerged:inhalation(most prevalent),massage,and combined approaches,employing diverse essential oils with variations in dosage,administration timing,and environmental contexts.Outcome assessments covered cognitive performance,neuropsychiatric symptoms,functional abilities,quality of life metrics,caregiver impacts,and safety profiles.When demonstrating therapeutic potential,significant heterogeneity in essential oil selection(types and concentrations)and intervention protocols hindered comparative analysis.Future research should focus on understanding the compositions of essential oils to establish appropriate applications and dosage guidelines.In addition,more reliable information on safe inhalation methods is necessary,alongside the exploration of traditional Chinese medicine essential oils to enhance aromatherapy practices.High-quality randomized controlled trials are essential to assess the effectiveness and safety of aromatherapy in this context.展开更多
Aromatherapy in traditional Chinese medicine integrates the principles of traditional Chinese medicine and Western essential oil therapy,utilizing plant essential oils to regulate qi and blood,unblock meridians,and ha...Aromatherapy in traditional Chinese medicine integrates the principles of traditional Chinese medicine and Western essential oil therapy,utilizing plant essential oils to regulate qi and blood,unblock meridians,and harmonize emotions.Rosemary essential oil,a commonly used substance,exhibits anti-inflammatory,analgesic,and mood-enhancing properties.Through methods such as massage and inhalation,essential oil molecules act on the body to restore visceral balance and promote physical and mental well-being.Aromatherapy in traditional Chinese medicine offers a novel perspective for preventive medicine and is widely applied in treating various symptoms.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil compared to progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)on anxiety and vital signs of patients under spinal anesthesia.Materi...Objective:This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil compared to progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)on anxiety and vital signs of patients under spinal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:This clinical trial was conducted on 120 spinal anesthesia candidates who were randomly assigned into three groups of 40 including control,PMR(Jacobsen group),and aromatherapy.The state-trait anxiety inventory was completed on surgery day and 15 min after the end of the intervention by the samples of all three groups,and at the same time as completing the questionnaire,vital signs were also measured and recorded.Results:The mean score of anxiety after intervention was lower than that before the intervention in the aromatherapy group(P<0.001).The mean score of anxiety in the aromatherapy group was significantly lower than that in the Jacobsen group(P<0.001).Moreover,data analysis showed a significant decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure scores of the PMR(P=008)and aromatherapy(P<0.001)groups and a statistically significant increase in the mean heart rate scores in the control group(P=0.002).Conclusion:The use of aromatherapy with lavender is more effective than PMR therapy in reducing the anxiety level of patients undergoing spinal anesthesia.Due to the high level of anxiety and its serious effects on the patient’s hemodynamics,aromatherapy with lavender can be used as an easy and cheap method to reduce anxiety in operation rooms.展开更多
Nowadays, use of alternative and complementary therapies with mainstream medicine has gained the momentum. Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies which use essential oils as the major therapeutic agents to...Nowadays, use of alternative and complementary therapies with mainstream medicine has gained the momentum. Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies which use essential oils as the major therapeutic agents to treat several diseases. The essential or volatile oils are extracted from the flowers, barks, stem, leaves, roots, fruits and other parts of the plant by various methods. It came into existence after the scientists deciphered the antiseptic and skin permeability properties of essential oils. Inhalation, local application and baths are the major methods used in aromatherapy that utilize these oils to penetrate the human skin surface with marked aura. Once the oils are in the system, they remodulate themselves and work in a friendly manner at the site of malfunction or at the affected area. This type of therapy utilizes various permutation and combinations to get relief from numerous ailments like depression, indigestion, headache, insomnia, muscular pain, respiratory problems, skin ailments, swollen joints, urine associated complications etc. The essential oils are found to be more beneficial when other aspects of life and diet are given due consideration. This review explores the information available in the literature regarding therapeutic, medical, cosmetic, psychological, olfactory, massage aromatherapy, safety issues and different plants used in aromatherapy. All the available information was compiled from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Google Scholar, PubM ed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and library search.展开更多
As one of the methods of palliative care,aromatherapy has been applied gradually in clinical nursing work in China in recent years.Through aromatherapy,terminal cancer patients can get not only relieves of physical sy...As one of the methods of palliative care,aromatherapy has been applied gradually in clinical nursing work in China in recent years.Through aromatherapy,terminal cancer patients can get not only relieves of physical symptoms,but also spiritual relaxation and peace,thus have improved quality of life at the end stage.In this paper,we report in detail about how aromatherapy was applied for symptom control in a cancer patient with unknown primary malignancy and multiple metastasis and its effects on the terminal life of this patient.展开更多
Background： Reducing labor pain and anxiety is one of the most important goals of maternity care. Objective： This study aimed to assess the effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on pain and anxiety in the firs...Background： Reducing labor pain and anxiety is one of the most important goals of maternity care. Objective： This study aimed to assess the effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor among nulliparous women. Design, setting, participants and interventions： This was a randomized clinical trial of 110 nulliparous women. The eligible participants were randomly assigned to two groups of aromatherapy and control in an Iranian maternity hospital. The participants received 0.08 mL of Rosa damascena essence in the aro- matherapy group and 0.08 mL of normal saline in the control group, every 30 min. Pain was measured 3 times, once each at three stages of cervical dilation （4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm）. Anxiety was measured twice, once each at two stages of cervical dilation （4-7 and 8-10 cm）. The tools for data collection were the Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, numerical pain rating scale, demographic and obstetric questionnaire, and an observational checklist. Data analyses included the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Main outcome measures： Severity of labor pain and severity of anxiety were used as primary outcome measures. Labor and delivery characteristics （including number of contractions, duration of contractions in second stage, Bishop score, augmentation by oxytocin, Apgar score, and mode of delivery）, demographic characteristics, and fertility information were used as secondary outcome measures. Results： Pain severity in the group receiving aromatherapy with R. damoscena was significantly lower than in the control group after treatment at each pain assessment （cervical dilation of 4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Anxiety levels were also significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment at each time of measurement （cervical dilation of 4-7 and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Aromatherapy with R. damascena reduced the severity of pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor. Aromatherapy with R. damascena is a convenient and effective method for pain and anxiety reduc- tion during the first stage of labor.展开更多
Background: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aroma hand treatment in alleviating fatigue and promoting relaxation of mothers in their early postpartum period. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental st...Background: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aroma hand treatment in alleviating fatigue and promoting relaxation of mothers in their early postpartum period. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a two-group pretest-post-test design which used purposive sampling and non-random assignment of 242 consenting Japanese early postpartum mothers who were patients from a hospital maternity unit in Tokyo, Japan. The intervention involved a 20-minute aroma hand treatment using an effleurage method. The participants selected from 5 essential oils: pure lavender, ylang-ylang, citron, rosewood, and sweet orange. Relaxation promotion and fatigue alleviation as the main outcomes were measured using self-administered valid and reliable questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-sample t-test, two-way factorial ANOVA, and simple main effect test. SPSS ver. 23.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis at a 5% significance level. Results: Of 242 participants (intervention group, n = 122;comparison group, n = 120), 229 participants (intervention group, n = 115;comparison group, n = 114) were analyzed per protocol. The intervention group showed a significant improvement in relaxation (t = 6.43, p < 0.001). A significant difference in the simple main effect test of relaxation (F = 37.58, p < 0.001) was found. However, there was no significant reduction in fatigue. The majority (88.4%) of the participants indicated high satisfaction with the aroma hand treatment, and 90.5% evaluated the length of intervention time as appropriate. Conclusions: The aroma hand treatment effectively promoted relaxation of early postpartum mothers, but was less effective in alleviating their fatigue. Based on their high satisfaction rate, aroma hand treatment using essential oils may be considered effective in promoting relaxation of early postpartum mothers.展开更多
Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of oil from herbs, flowers, and other plants. The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effectiveness of aromatherapy for laboring women. We searched five electronic databas...Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of oil from herbs, flowers, and other plants. The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effectiveness of aromatherapy for laboring women. We searched five electronic databases till November 15th 2013 including those Chinese and English language articles. A total of 4 eligible studies were identified. Aromatherapy was effective in reducing the length of labor, but there were no statistically significant effects in the use of pharmacological analgesia, spontaneous vaginal delivery, caesarean delivery and assisted vaginal birth. Due to the limited number of articles identified, the evidence is not sufficiently convincing that aromatherapy is an effective therapy for laboring women.展开更多
Obesity is a common clinical disease,in order to take a healthy and simple way to treat it,the volatile properties of traditional Chinese medicine play a role in lifting weights.Aromatherapy uses the four qi and five ...Obesity is a common clinical disease,in order to take a healthy and simple way to treat it,the volatile properties of traditional Chinese medicine play a role in lifting weights.Aromatherapy uses the four qi and five flavors of traditional Chinese medicine as a typical representative.In order to explore the mechanism of action of aromatherapy in depth,through the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity,the historical origin of modern times,related organs,pathogenesis,and the research progress of aromatherapy in the treatment of obesity,the classification of aromatherapy,and the related research of aromatic drugs,it is found that aromatherapy has a large number of significant clinical effects in modern times.It can be used to treat obesity independently under the guidance of the basic theory of Chinese medicine,and can also be combined with other Chinese medicines to form prescription drug treatment,and in combination with other ways to treat obesity.However,at present,this method of treating obesity has not received widespread attention,and it still needs to be studied and promoted by scholars.展开更多
Objective:In cardiovascular disease,a patient’s anxiety and depression can increase cardiac rehabilitation duration and recovery.Lavender aromatherapy as a non-pharmacological intervention effective in other contexts...Objective:In cardiovascular disease,a patient’s anxiety and depression can increase cardiac rehabilitation duration and recovery.Lavender aromatherapy as a non-pharmacological intervention effective in other contexts may be an efficient intervention to alleviating anxiety and depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome(ACS).Methods:In this study,110 ACS patients were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups.Inhalation of the lavender fragrance was prescribed for the intervention group and the drop of aromatic almond for the control group for 3 days.Results:The first-day anxiety and depression were significantly different in the two groups at 1 h and 9 h after the intervention.The’morning’s difference before the intervention was not significant,but it was substantial 1 h after the intervention.On the third morning of the intervention,this difference was confirmed.Conclusions:This study confirmed the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in reducing anxiety and depression in ACS patients.This’study’s results enable intensive care nurses to use aromatherapy with lavender oil as a non-pharmacological and cost-effective intervention to reduce their psychological tensions and increase patient satisfaction during hospitalization in the cardiac care units(CCU).展开更多
This paper firstly introduced domestic and foreign supply of products processed by aromatherapy plant. On the basis of predicting market demand of aromatherapy plant,it analyzed current development situation of the pl...This paper firstly introduced domestic and foreign supply of products processed by aromatherapy plant. On the basis of predicting market demand of aromatherapy plant,it analyzed current development situation of the plant in Yunnan Province. It arrived at the conclusion that the industry has broad market prospect. Then,it analyzed competitive advantages and risk factors of aromatherapy plant in Yunnan Province. There are climate,location and price advantages,but due to lack of product standard,it is difficult to guarantee quality,and there are certain market risks. Finally,it put forward recommendations for development of aromatherapy industry:( 1) taking full advantage of preferential policies to set up leading enterprises and realize radiated development;( 2) bringing into play of resource advantages and introducing capitals and technologies;( 3) Fostering market and driving the industrial development.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effect of inhaled aromatherapy on complications in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Methods:We search the PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Embase and China Biomedical Literature Databas...Objective:To evaluate the effect of inhaled aromatherapy on complications in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Methods:We search the PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Embase and China Biomedical Literature Database from their inception to December,2019 to collect randomized controlled trials about the effects of inhaled aromatherapy on hemodialysis complications.Literatures screening,data extraction and risk of bias assessment for the included studies were conducted by two reviewers independently.We summarized all findings with qualitative analysis.Results:A total of 15 studies with 967 participants were included in the systematic review.Inhaled aromatherapy can reduce anxiety,depression,arteriovenous fistula puncture pain,stress and fatigue,and improve the quality of sleep and perceived well-being in hemodialysis patients.Conclusion:Inhaled aromatherapy had certain effects on complications in hemodialysis patients,which can be used as a simple and convenient treatment,but further research was needed to determine standardized implementation procedures and standards.展开更多
Background:Patie nts un dergo ing hemodialysis experie nces some symptoms.Pruritus,an xiety,and sleep quality are three of the most com mon symptoms.Eve n though some pharmacological treatme nts use to cope with these...Background:Patie nts un dergo ing hemodialysis experie nces some symptoms.Pruritus,an xiety,and sleep quality are three of the most com mon symptoms.Eve n though some pharmacological treatme nts use to cope with these symptoms,they are still experie need by the patie nts at a high level.Aim:This study aimed to determine the effect of lavender oil aromatherapy on pruritus,anxiety,and sleep quality of patients undergoing hemodialysis.Method:This randomized con trolled study was carried out betwee n December 2019 and March 2020.Eighty of 895 eligible patients were included in the study.Aromatherapy inhalation and massage together applied to the patients for six weeks.5D-Itch Scale,State Anxiety Inventory(SAI),and Richard Campbell Sleep Questio nn aire(RCSQ)were used for data collecti on.IBM SPSS 25.0 were used for statistical an alysis.Mann-Whit ney U,Wilcox on sig ned-ra nks test,and repeated measures-ANOVA tests were used to compare the difference between the groups and simple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.Results:Most of the patients were male(57.5%)and aged between 41 and 55 years(52.5%).There was significant difference in the mean scores of SAI(Pretest:44.02±5.33,Post-test:35.40±4.52,P=0.003),5D-Itch scale(Pretest:9.80±2.04,Post-test:7.00±2.31,P=0.001),and RCSQ(Pretest:17.11±40.30,Post-test:58.55±33.74,P=0.002)with in time in the in terve ntio n group.There was a statistically significant differenee between the groups regarding the mean scores of SAI(Intervention:35.40±4.52,Control:46.84±4.62,P=0.003),5D-Itch scale(Intervention:7.00±2.31,Control:8.96±2.05,P=0.004),and RCSQ(Intervention:58.55±33.74,Control:19.93±28.36,P=0.001)after the intervention.Conclusion:After six-weeks intervention,lavender aromatherapy was found an effective way to reduce pruritus,anxiety and to improve the sleep quality of patients undergoing hemodialysis.展开更多
Aromatherapy is a sort of natural therapy for body maintenanceusing essential oils and vegetable oils extracted from natural plants. It belongsto the category of homeopathy. Aromatherapy combines the dual functions of...Aromatherapy is a sort of natural therapy for body maintenanceusing essential oils and vegetable oils extracted from natural plants. It belongsto the category of homeopathy. Aromatherapy combines the dual functions ofart and treatment, comprehensively considers the needs of human physiologyand psychology, and is widely used in the field of medical care. Aromatherapyis one of the complementary and alternative treatments extensively studiedat home and abroad. It has a relieving effect on postoperative pain, sleepdisturbance, nausea, vomiting and preoperative anxiety, and is an importantintervention in perioperative care. A large number of research data show thatfor a long time, the application of aromatherapy is an effective alternativeand auxiliary medical means, which can improve people’s comfort and solvemany health problems. There are a lot of controversies about the possiblerisks and safety of aromatherapy, but in general, compared with traditionaldrugs for the treatment of same diseases, aromatherapy is safe and has fewrecords of serious side effects. This review intends to provide an overview ofaromatherapy and its application status in the perioperative period, in orderto provide a reference for improving the comfort and quality of life of patientsin the perioperative period.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of Tanxiang prescription(TXP)ointment for alleviating mild to moderate anxiety.Methods:A single-center pilot trial was conducted.Participants were...Objective:To investigate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of Tanxiang prescription(TXP)ointment for alleviating mild to moderate anxiety.Methods:A single-center pilot trial was conducted.Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group or the control group.The experimental group received TXP treatment and health education,while the control group only received health education.The study evaluated the feasibility based on recruitment,retention,adherence,and adverse events.The primary outcome was assessed using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),while the secondary outcomes were evaluated using the Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI).Assessments were conducted at baseline,week 2,and week 4.Results:In all,58 participants were successfully enrolled,with 56 all having finished the whole research,which illustrates a recruitment rate of 33.7%,a randomization rate of 100%,and a loss rate of 3.57%in this study.No adverse events were observed.Both the experimental(n=29)and control(n=29)groups showed a significant decrease in SAS,SDS,and PSQI scores in comparison to their baseline scores at week 4(P<0.05).In addition,the experimental group showed significantly greater reductions in SAS,SDS,and PSQI scores than those in the control group at week 4(P<0.05).Conclusions:TXP may be a promising treatment option for mild to moderate anxiety,offering a duel benefit of alleviating depression and promoting better sleep without any adverse effects.This study also references the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine aromatherapy for anxiety management.Further pharmacological and clinical studies are needed to observe the impact of TXP on emotional regulation in patients with anxiety.展开更多
Backgroup:Currently,aromatherapy is being increasingly utilized in clinical practice,particularly in managing the side effects associated with radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy.However,it remains to be established wh...Backgroup:Currently,aromatherapy is being increasingly utilized in clinical practice,particularly in managing the side effects associated with radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy.However,it remains to be established whether aromatherapy can effectively alleviate these symptoms.Objective:To investigate the effects of aromatherapy on the physical and mental health of patients with cancer undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Methods:Seven databases were researched from inception until September 29,2023,including PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science,Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang database,China Biology Medicine disc and VIP Chinese Medical Journal Database.Review Manager version 5.3 was utilized for data analysis.The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool RoB2 was employed to evaluate the quality of the literature included in the study.Evidence quality rating was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE) approach through the GRADEpro GDT online tool.Results:Nineteen studies involving 1,541 patients were included.Aromatherapy can alleviate nausea [relative risk(RR)=0.64,95% confidence interval(CI):0.53 to 0.78,P<0.05,I^(2)=46%;standardized mean difference(SMD)=-0.86,95% CI:-1.21 to-0.51,P<0.05,I^(2)=64%] and vomiting(RR=0.54,95% CI:0.42 to 0.69,P<0.05,I^(2)=35%;SMD=-1.28,95% CI:-1.52 to-1.03,P<0.05,I^(2)=92%),improve sleep disorders [mean difference(MD)=-3.39,95% CI:-3.95 to-2.84,P<0.05,I^(2)=0%],relieve pain(SMD=-1.58,95% CI:-1.96 to-1.21,P<0.05,I^(2)=0%),mitigate fatigue(SMD=-1.28,95% CI:-2.44 to-0.11,P<0.05,I^(2)=93%) and enhance quality of life(SMD=0.50,95% CI:0.22 to 0.79,P<0.05,I^(2)=0%) in cancer patients after radiotherapy and chemotherapy,but it may not have a significant effect on anxiety.The risk of bias was high in the included studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool RoB2,and no studies were considered to be of high grade according to the GRADE system.Conclusions:Aromatherapy is an efficacious,safe and economic adjunctive therapy for cancer patients,which can mend the physical symptoms and mental health of cancer patients.However,more high-quality studies are needed to verify it.(PROSPERO registration No.CRD42023390171)展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of Sanhua essential oil inhalation as aromatherapy in patients with breast cancer-related depression.Methods:In total,144 patients with breast cancer-related depression who underwent...Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of Sanhua essential oil inhalation as aromatherapy in patients with breast cancer-related depression.Methods:In total,144 patients with breast cancer-related depression who underwent postoperative chemotherapy were recruited.The participants in the control group(n=52)were offered a placebo(sunflower oil)daily,whereas those in the essential oil group(n=52)were administered Sanhua essential oil.This study evaluated depression improvement,Hamilton Depression Scale score,scores of symptoms in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Pittsburgh Sleepiness Quotient Index score,incidence of nausea and vomiting,and signal changes on functional magnetic resonance imaging.Results:Depression improved by 48.1%and 21.2%in the essential oil and control groups,respectively(P=.010).The Hamilton Depression Scale score(P=.017),scores for symptoms in TCM(P=.002),and the incidence of nausea and vomiting in the acute and delayed phases were lower in the essential oil group than in the control group(nausea in the acute phase,P=.017;nausea in the delayed phase,P=.039;vomiting in the acute phase,P=.008;vomiting in the delayed phase,P=.081).The Pittsburgh Sleepiness Quotient Index score was lower in the essential oil group than in the control group(P=.005).Significant differences existed between the two groups in the left superior parietal gyrus,right precuneus,left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus,and right precentral gyrus according to functional connectivity on functional magnetic resonance imaging.Conclusion:Inhalation of Sanhua essential oil alleviated depression in patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer,improved sleep quality,relieved TCM symptoms,reduced nausea and vomiting,and regulated activities in the brain regions.展开更多
Chinese incense culture represents a distillation of historical practices and artistic traditions surrounding the use of aromatic materials.As incense becomes increasingly integrated into contemporary households,its m...Chinese incense culture represents a distillation of historical practices and artistic traditions surrounding the use of aromatic materials.As incense becomes increasingly integrated into contemporary households,its multifaceted significance warrants scholarly exploration.This paper traces the historical evolution of Chinese incense culture-from ancient rituals to its zenith in the Song Dynasty-and examines its modern-day relevance.We identify cultural preservation,health and wellness applications,socioeconomic impacts,and philosophical enrichment as key domains where incense culture exerts positive effects.Findings underscore its role in enhancing life aesthetics,promoting mental well-being,supporting rural economies,and bridging tradition with modernity.The study advocates for further interdisciplinary research to address challenges in heritage conservation and sustainable innovation.展开更多
基金funded through the West Virginia Nurses AssociationRosenthal-Riter Scholarship fund+1 种基金the West Virginia University School of Nursing RuthRobert Kuhn Nursing Research Foundation。
文摘Objectives:This study had two aims.Aim one is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using an aroma-based,self-managed intervention for adults in outpatient treatment for substance use disorder.Aim two is to examine the effects of a Citrus bergamia(Bergamot)essential oil intervention on the variables of comfort,ease,and stress.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted(NCT05660434).Adults in treatment for substance use disorder were randomized to either control group(standard care)(n=55)or intervention group(standard care plus Citrus bergamia[Bergamot]essential oil intervention),three times a day for seven days(n=45).All data were analyzed using an intention-to-treat method.Outcomes were measured using valid and reliable measures.Results:One hundred participants were recruited over 11 months.Reasons for non or limited participation included feeling overwhelmed by the demands of treatment and everyday living.Data analysis showed psychological variable improvement with a significant increase in ease reported(P=0.022)and DASS-21 subscales for depression(P=0.007)and anxiety(P=0.013)in the intervention group.Postsatisfaction survey results were positive,with overall enjoyment,perception of the aroma,and intention to continue to use the aroma inhaler post-trial,which was high.Conclusions:Results from this study provide data to support the feasibility and acceptability of using essential oil via inhalation to help this population.Findings from this study will inform a more extensive study designed to examine effects within and between groups using a placebo.
文摘This integrative review examines the therapeutic applications of aromatherapy in cognitive impairment spectrum disorders,spanning from subjective cognitive decline to dementia.A comprehensive search across twelve databases(PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,Cochrane Library,Scopus,OVID,EBSCOhost,ProQuest,CNKI,WF,VIP,and CBM)identified 28 studies up to March 2024,analyzed through Whittemore and Knafl’s five-stage framework with mixed methods appraisal tool(MMAT)quality appraisal and Template for Intervention Description and Replication-guided data extraction.Three primary intervention modalities emerged:inhalation(most prevalent),massage,and combined approaches,employing diverse essential oils with variations in dosage,administration timing,and environmental contexts.Outcome assessments covered cognitive performance,neuropsychiatric symptoms,functional abilities,quality of life metrics,caregiver impacts,and safety profiles.When demonstrating therapeutic potential,significant heterogeneity in essential oil selection(types and concentrations)and intervention protocols hindered comparative analysis.Future research should focus on understanding the compositions of essential oils to establish appropriate applications and dosage guidelines.In addition,more reliable information on safe inhalation methods is necessary,alongside the exploration of traditional Chinese medicine essential oils to enhance aromatherapy practices.High-quality randomized controlled trials are essential to assess the effectiveness and safety of aromatherapy in this context.
基金Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine(Project No.202310315065E)。
文摘Aromatherapy in traditional Chinese medicine integrates the principles of traditional Chinese medicine and Western essential oil therapy,utilizing plant essential oils to regulate qi and blood,unblock meridians,and harmonize emotions.Rosemary essential oil,a commonly used substance,exhibits anti-inflammatory,analgesic,and mood-enhancing properties.Through methods such as massage and inhalation,essential oil molecules act on the body to restore visceral balance and promote physical and mental well-being.Aromatherapy in traditional Chinese medicine offers a novel perspective for preventive medicine and is widely applied in treating various symptoms.
基金financially supported by Arak University of Medical Sciences.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil compared to progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)on anxiety and vital signs of patients under spinal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:This clinical trial was conducted on 120 spinal anesthesia candidates who were randomly assigned into three groups of 40 including control,PMR(Jacobsen group),and aromatherapy.The state-trait anxiety inventory was completed on surgery day and 15 min after the end of the intervention by the samples of all three groups,and at the same time as completing the questionnaire,vital signs were also measured and recorded.Results:The mean score of anxiety after intervention was lower than that before the intervention in the aromatherapy group(P<0.001).The mean score of anxiety in the aromatherapy group was significantly lower than that in the Jacobsen group(P<0.001).Moreover,data analysis showed a significant decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure scores of the PMR(P=008)and aromatherapy(P<0.001)groups and a statistically significant increase in the mean heart rate scores in the control group(P=0.002).Conclusion:The use of aromatherapy with lavender is more effective than PMR therapy in reducing the anxiety level of patients undergoing spinal anesthesia.Due to the high level of anxiety and its serious effects on the patient’s hemodynamics,aromatherapy with lavender can be used as an easy and cheap method to reduce anxiety in operation rooms.
基金Funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research,King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah under grant number(G-1436-156-590)
文摘Nowadays, use of alternative and complementary therapies with mainstream medicine has gained the momentum. Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies which use essential oils as the major therapeutic agents to treat several diseases. The essential or volatile oils are extracted from the flowers, barks, stem, leaves, roots, fruits and other parts of the plant by various methods. It came into existence after the scientists deciphered the antiseptic and skin permeability properties of essential oils. Inhalation, local application and baths are the major methods used in aromatherapy that utilize these oils to penetrate the human skin surface with marked aura. Once the oils are in the system, they remodulate themselves and work in a friendly manner at the site of malfunction or at the affected area. This type of therapy utilizes various permutation and combinations to get relief from numerous ailments like depression, indigestion, headache, insomnia, muscular pain, respiratory problems, skin ailments, swollen joints, urine associated complications etc. The essential oils are found to be more beneficial when other aspects of life and diet are given due consideration. This review explores the information available in the literature regarding therapeutic, medical, cosmetic, psychological, olfactory, massage aromatherapy, safety issues and different plants used in aromatherapy. All the available information was compiled from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Google Scholar, PubM ed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and library search.
基金supported by the Educational Reform Project of Peking Union Medical College(2015zlgc0120)~~
文摘As one of the methods of palliative care,aromatherapy has been applied gradually in clinical nursing work in China in recent years.Through aromatherapy,terminal cancer patients can get not only relieves of physical symptoms,but also spiritual relaxation and peace,thus have improved quality of life at the end stage.In this paper,we report in detail about how aromatherapy was applied for symptom control in a cancer patient with unknown primary malignancy and multiple metastasis and its effects on the terminal life of this patient.
文摘Background： Reducing labor pain and anxiety is one of the most important goals of maternity care. Objective： This study aimed to assess the effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor among nulliparous women. Design, setting, participants and interventions： This was a randomized clinical trial of 110 nulliparous women. The eligible participants were randomly assigned to two groups of aromatherapy and control in an Iranian maternity hospital. The participants received 0.08 mL of Rosa damascena essence in the aro- matherapy group and 0.08 mL of normal saline in the control group, every 30 min. Pain was measured 3 times, once each at three stages of cervical dilation （4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm）. Anxiety was measured twice, once each at two stages of cervical dilation （4-7 and 8-10 cm）. The tools for data collection were the Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, numerical pain rating scale, demographic and obstetric questionnaire, and an observational checklist. Data analyses included the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Main outcome measures： Severity of labor pain and severity of anxiety were used as primary outcome measures. Labor and delivery characteristics （including number of contractions, duration of contractions in second stage, Bishop score, augmentation by oxytocin, Apgar score, and mode of delivery）, demographic characteristics, and fertility information were used as secondary outcome measures. Results： Pain severity in the group receiving aromatherapy with R. damoscena was significantly lower than in the control group after treatment at each pain assessment （cervical dilation of 4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Anxiety levels were also significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment at each time of measurement （cervical dilation of 4-7 and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Aromatherapy with R. damascena reduced the severity of pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor. Aromatherapy with R. damascena is a convenient and effective method for pain and anxiety reduc- tion during the first stage of labor.
文摘Background: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aroma hand treatment in alleviating fatigue and promoting relaxation of mothers in their early postpartum period. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a two-group pretest-post-test design which used purposive sampling and non-random assignment of 242 consenting Japanese early postpartum mothers who were patients from a hospital maternity unit in Tokyo, Japan. The intervention involved a 20-minute aroma hand treatment using an effleurage method. The participants selected from 5 essential oils: pure lavender, ylang-ylang, citron, rosewood, and sweet orange. Relaxation promotion and fatigue alleviation as the main outcomes were measured using self-administered valid and reliable questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-sample t-test, two-way factorial ANOVA, and simple main effect test. SPSS ver. 23.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis at a 5% significance level. Results: Of 242 participants (intervention group, n = 122;comparison group, n = 120), 229 participants (intervention group, n = 115;comparison group, n = 114) were analyzed per protocol. The intervention group showed a significant improvement in relaxation (t = 6.43, p < 0.001). A significant difference in the simple main effect test of relaxation (F = 37.58, p < 0.001) was found. However, there was no significant reduction in fatigue. The majority (88.4%) of the participants indicated high satisfaction with the aroma hand treatment, and 90.5% evaluated the length of intervention time as appropriate. Conclusions: The aroma hand treatment effectively promoted relaxation of early postpartum mothers, but was less effective in alleviating their fatigue. Based on their high satisfaction rate, aroma hand treatment using essential oils may be considered effective in promoting relaxation of early postpartum mothers.
文摘Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of oil from herbs, flowers, and other plants. The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effectiveness of aromatherapy for laboring women. We searched five electronic databases till November 15th 2013 including those Chinese and English language articles. A total of 4 eligible studies were identified. Aromatherapy was effective in reducing the length of labor, but there were no statistically significant effects in the use of pharmacological analgesia, spontaneous vaginal delivery, caesarean delivery and assisted vaginal birth. Due to the limited number of articles identified, the evidence is not sufficiently convincing that aromatherapy is an effective therapy for laboring women.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82174525)National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(202110199019,202010199094)+1 种基金Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in Jilin Province(S202110199117X,S202010199089)2020 Higher Education Research Project of Jilin Higher Education Association(JGJX2020D165)。
文摘Obesity is a common clinical disease,in order to take a healthy and simple way to treat it,the volatile properties of traditional Chinese medicine play a role in lifting weights.Aromatherapy uses the four qi and five flavors of traditional Chinese medicine as a typical representative.In order to explore the mechanism of action of aromatherapy in depth,through the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity,the historical origin of modern times,related organs,pathogenesis,and the research progress of aromatherapy in the treatment of obesity,the classification of aromatherapy,and the related research of aromatic drugs,it is found that aromatherapy has a large number of significant clinical effects in modern times.It can be used to treat obesity independently under the guidance of the basic theory of Chinese medicine,and can also be combined with other Chinese medicines to form prescription drug treatment,and in combination with other ways to treat obesity.However,at present,this method of treating obesity has not received widespread attention,and it still needs to be studied and promoted by scholars.
文摘Objective:In cardiovascular disease,a patient’s anxiety and depression can increase cardiac rehabilitation duration and recovery.Lavender aromatherapy as a non-pharmacological intervention effective in other contexts may be an efficient intervention to alleviating anxiety and depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome(ACS).Methods:In this study,110 ACS patients were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups.Inhalation of the lavender fragrance was prescribed for the intervention group and the drop of aromatic almond for the control group for 3 days.Results:The first-day anxiety and depression were significantly different in the two groups at 1 h and 9 h after the intervention.The’morning’s difference before the intervention was not significant,but it was substantial 1 h after the intervention.On the third morning of the intervention,this difference was confirmed.Conclusions:This study confirmed the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in reducing anxiety and depression in ACS patients.This’study’s results enable intensive care nurses to use aromatherapy with lavender oil as a non-pharmacological and cost-effective intervention to reduce their psychological tensions and increase patient satisfaction during hospitalization in the cardiac care units(CCU).
文摘This paper firstly introduced domestic and foreign supply of products processed by aromatherapy plant. On the basis of predicting market demand of aromatherapy plant,it analyzed current development situation of the plant in Yunnan Province. It arrived at the conclusion that the industry has broad market prospect. Then,it analyzed competitive advantages and risk factors of aromatherapy plant in Yunnan Province. There are climate,location and price advantages,but due to lack of product standard,it is difficult to guarantee quality,and there are certain market risks. Finally,it put forward recommendations for development of aromatherapy industry:( 1) taking full advantage of preferential policies to set up leading enterprises and realize radiated development;( 2) bringing into play of resource advantages and introducing capitals and technologies;( 3) Fostering market and driving the industrial development.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effect of inhaled aromatherapy on complications in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Methods:We search the PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Embase and China Biomedical Literature Database from their inception to December,2019 to collect randomized controlled trials about the effects of inhaled aromatherapy on hemodialysis complications.Literatures screening,data extraction and risk of bias assessment for the included studies were conducted by two reviewers independently.We summarized all findings with qualitative analysis.Results:A total of 15 studies with 967 participants were included in the systematic review.Inhaled aromatherapy can reduce anxiety,depression,arteriovenous fistula puncture pain,stress and fatigue,and improve the quality of sleep and perceived well-being in hemodialysis patients.Conclusion:Inhaled aromatherapy had certain effects on complications in hemodialysis patients,which can be used as a simple and convenient treatment,but further research was needed to determine standardized implementation procedures and standards.
文摘Background:Patie nts un dergo ing hemodialysis experie nces some symptoms.Pruritus,an xiety,and sleep quality are three of the most com mon symptoms.Eve n though some pharmacological treatme nts use to cope with these symptoms,they are still experie need by the patie nts at a high level.Aim:This study aimed to determine the effect of lavender oil aromatherapy on pruritus,anxiety,and sleep quality of patients undergoing hemodialysis.Method:This randomized con trolled study was carried out betwee n December 2019 and March 2020.Eighty of 895 eligible patients were included in the study.Aromatherapy inhalation and massage together applied to the patients for six weeks.5D-Itch Scale,State Anxiety Inventory(SAI),and Richard Campbell Sleep Questio nn aire(RCSQ)were used for data collecti on.IBM SPSS 25.0 were used for statistical an alysis.Mann-Whit ney U,Wilcox on sig ned-ra nks test,and repeated measures-ANOVA tests were used to compare the difference between the groups and simple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.Results:Most of the patients were male(57.5%)and aged between 41 and 55 years(52.5%).There was significant difference in the mean scores of SAI(Pretest:44.02±5.33,Post-test:35.40±4.52,P=0.003),5D-Itch scale(Pretest:9.80±2.04,Post-test:7.00±2.31,P=0.001),and RCSQ(Pretest:17.11±40.30,Post-test:58.55±33.74,P=0.002)with in time in the in terve ntio n group.There was a statistically significant differenee between the groups regarding the mean scores of SAI(Intervention:35.40±4.52,Control:46.84±4.62,P=0.003),5D-Itch scale(Intervention:7.00±2.31,Control:8.96±2.05,P=0.004),and RCSQ(Intervention:58.55±33.74,Control:19.93±28.36,P=0.001)after the intervention.Conclusion:After six-weeks intervention,lavender aromatherapy was found an effective way to reduce pruritus,anxiety and to improve the sleep quality of patients undergoing hemodialysis.
基金supported by Health Research Project for Cadres of Sichuan Province(No.2020–214).
文摘Aromatherapy is a sort of natural therapy for body maintenanceusing essential oils and vegetable oils extracted from natural plants. It belongsto the category of homeopathy. Aromatherapy combines the dual functions ofart and treatment, comprehensively considers the needs of human physiologyand psychology, and is widely used in the field of medical care. Aromatherapyis one of the complementary and alternative treatments extensively studiedat home and abroad. It has a relieving effect on postoperative pain, sleepdisturbance, nausea, vomiting and preoperative anxiety, and is an importantintervention in perioperative care. A large number of research data show thatfor a long time, the application of aromatherapy is an effective alternativeand auxiliary medical means, which can improve people’s comfort and solvemany health problems. There are a lot of controversies about the possiblerisks and safety of aromatherapy, but in general, compared with traditionaldrugs for the treatment of same diseases, aromatherapy is safe and has fewrecords of serious side effects. This review intends to provide an overview ofaromatherapy and its application status in the perioperative period, in orderto provide a reference for improving the comfort and quality of life of patientsin the perioperative period.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under Grant No.LTGY23H270002。
文摘Objective:To investigate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of Tanxiang prescription(TXP)ointment for alleviating mild to moderate anxiety.Methods:A single-center pilot trial was conducted.Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group or the control group.The experimental group received TXP treatment and health education,while the control group only received health education.The study evaluated the feasibility based on recruitment,retention,adherence,and adverse events.The primary outcome was assessed using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),while the secondary outcomes were evaluated using the Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI).Assessments were conducted at baseline,week 2,and week 4.Results:In all,58 participants were successfully enrolled,with 56 all having finished the whole research,which illustrates a recruitment rate of 33.7%,a randomization rate of 100%,and a loss rate of 3.57%in this study.No adverse events were observed.Both the experimental(n=29)and control(n=29)groups showed a significant decrease in SAS,SDS,and PSQI scores in comparison to their baseline scores at week 4(P<0.05).In addition,the experimental group showed significantly greater reductions in SAS,SDS,and PSQI scores than those in the control group at week 4(P<0.05).Conclusions:TXP may be a promising treatment option for mild to moderate anxiety,offering a duel benefit of alleviating depression and promoting better sleep without any adverse effects.This study also references the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine aromatherapy for anxiety management.Further pharmacological and clinical studies are needed to observe the impact of TXP on emotional regulation in patients with anxiety.
基金Supported by National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (Project No.202210344031)。
文摘Backgroup:Currently,aromatherapy is being increasingly utilized in clinical practice,particularly in managing the side effects associated with radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy.However,it remains to be established whether aromatherapy can effectively alleviate these symptoms.Objective:To investigate the effects of aromatherapy on the physical and mental health of patients with cancer undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Methods:Seven databases were researched from inception until September 29,2023,including PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science,Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang database,China Biology Medicine disc and VIP Chinese Medical Journal Database.Review Manager version 5.3 was utilized for data analysis.The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool RoB2 was employed to evaluate the quality of the literature included in the study.Evidence quality rating was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE) approach through the GRADEpro GDT online tool.Results:Nineteen studies involving 1,541 patients were included.Aromatherapy can alleviate nausea [relative risk(RR)=0.64,95% confidence interval(CI):0.53 to 0.78,P<0.05,I^(2)=46%;standardized mean difference(SMD)=-0.86,95% CI:-1.21 to-0.51,P<0.05,I^(2)=64%] and vomiting(RR=0.54,95% CI:0.42 to 0.69,P<0.05,I^(2)=35%;SMD=-1.28,95% CI:-1.52 to-1.03,P<0.05,I^(2)=92%),improve sleep disorders [mean difference(MD)=-3.39,95% CI:-3.95 to-2.84,P<0.05,I^(2)=0%],relieve pain(SMD=-1.58,95% CI:-1.96 to-1.21,P<0.05,I^(2)=0%),mitigate fatigue(SMD=-1.28,95% CI:-2.44 to-0.11,P<0.05,I^(2)=93%) and enhance quality of life(SMD=0.50,95% CI:0.22 to 0.79,P<0.05,I^(2)=0%) in cancer patients after radiotherapy and chemotherapy,but it may not have a significant effect on anxiety.The risk of bias was high in the included studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool RoB2,and no studies were considered to be of high grade according to the GRADE system.Conclusions:Aromatherapy is an efficacious,safe and economic adjunctive therapy for cancer patients,which can mend the physical symptoms and mental health of cancer patients.However,more high-quality studies are needed to verify it.(PROSPERO registration No.CRD42023390171)
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Project(82104952)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Medical Innovation Research Special Fund(21Y11923600,23Y11921600)+2 种基金Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Clinical Research Special Fund(202140172)Yueyang Hospital Translational Medicine Research Institute Level Fund(2024yyzh05)Yueyang Hospital Young Talent Training Project(RY411.07.02.04).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of Sanhua essential oil inhalation as aromatherapy in patients with breast cancer-related depression.Methods:In total,144 patients with breast cancer-related depression who underwent postoperative chemotherapy were recruited.The participants in the control group(n=52)were offered a placebo(sunflower oil)daily,whereas those in the essential oil group(n=52)were administered Sanhua essential oil.This study evaluated depression improvement,Hamilton Depression Scale score,scores of symptoms in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Pittsburgh Sleepiness Quotient Index score,incidence of nausea and vomiting,and signal changes on functional magnetic resonance imaging.Results:Depression improved by 48.1%and 21.2%in the essential oil and control groups,respectively(P=.010).The Hamilton Depression Scale score(P=.017),scores for symptoms in TCM(P=.002),and the incidence of nausea and vomiting in the acute and delayed phases were lower in the essential oil group than in the control group(nausea in the acute phase,P=.017;nausea in the delayed phase,P=.039;vomiting in the acute phase,P=.008;vomiting in the delayed phase,P=.081).The Pittsburgh Sleepiness Quotient Index score was lower in the essential oil group than in the control group(P=.005).Significant differences existed between the two groups in the left superior parietal gyrus,right precuneus,left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus,and right precentral gyrus according to functional connectivity on functional magnetic resonance imaging.Conclusion:Inhalation of Sanhua essential oil alleviated depression in patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer,improved sleep quality,relieved TCM symptoms,reduced nausea and vomiting,and regulated activities in the brain regions.
文摘Chinese incense culture represents a distillation of historical practices and artistic traditions surrounding the use of aromatic materials.As incense becomes increasingly integrated into contemporary households,its multifaceted significance warrants scholarly exploration.This paper traces the historical evolution of Chinese incense culture-from ancient rituals to its zenith in the Song Dynasty-and examines its modern-day relevance.We identify cultural preservation,health and wellness applications,socioeconomic impacts,and philosophical enrichment as key domains where incense culture exerts positive effects.Findings underscore its role in enhancing life aesthetics,promoting mental well-being,supporting rural economies,and bridging tradition with modernity.The study advocates for further interdisciplinary research to address challenges in heritage conservation and sustainable innovation.
