There is an urgent need to develop high-areal-capacity silicon(Si)anodes with good cycling stability and rate capability for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,this remains a huge challenge due to...There is an urgent need to develop high-areal-capacity silicon(Si)anodes with good cycling stability and rate capability for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,this remains a huge challenge due to large volume expansion-induced mechanical degradation and electrical connectivity loss in thick electrodes.Here,a three-in-one strategy is proposed to achieve high-areal-capacity silicon anodes by constructing a multi-level interconnected 3D porous and robust conductive network that carbon nanofibers and vertical carbon nanosheets tightly encapsulate on the surface of Si nanoparticles(Si NPs)anchored in porous carbon felts.This network accommodates large volume expansion of Si NPs to significantly improve electrode mechanical stability and creates excellent electrical connectivity to boost charge transport in thick electrodes,revealed through Multiphysics field simulations and in situ electrochemical techniques.Therefore,the designed Si anodes achieve superior long-term stability with a capacity of 8.13 mAh cm^(-2)after 500 cycles and an ultrahigh areal capacity of 45.8 mAh cm^(-2).In particular,Ah-level pouch cells demonstrate an impressive capacity retention of 79.34%after 500 cycles at 1 C.Our study offers novel insights and directions for understanding and optimizing high-areal-capacity silicon-carbon composite anodes.展开更多
Rechargeable zinc-ion micro-batteries(ZIMBs)are promising candidates for powering various microelectronic devices,although they typically exhibit low areal energy of∼0.1 mWh cm^(−2).In this study,we reported the desi...Rechargeable zinc-ion micro-batteries(ZIMBs)are promising candidates for powering various microelectronic devices,although they typically exhibit low areal energy of∼0.1 mWh cm^(−2).In this study,we reported the design and assembly of zinc micro-batteries through an ink extrusion-based printing approach.In the process,a three-axis printer was adopted,allowing for the fabrication of microelectrodes with large areal loading and diverse morphologies.Vanadium oxide anchored with carbon nanotubes was employed as the cathode material,zinc powder was used as the anode material,and a polyacrylamide gel containing ethylene glycol was selected as the electrolyte.The printed micro-batteries demonstrate an areal capacity of 0.51 mAh cm^(−2) and an energy density of 0.37 mWh cm^(−2) at a charge-discharge current of 0.2 mA,outperforming state-of-the-art zinc counterparts.This work provides a simple yet efficient solution to the development of high-energy micro-batteries.展开更多
Ensuring a stable power output from renewable energy sources,such as wind and solar energy,depends on the development of large-scale and long-duration energy storage devices.Zinc–bromine fl ow batteries(ZBFBs)have em...Ensuring a stable power output from renewable energy sources,such as wind and solar energy,depends on the development of large-scale and long-duration energy storage devices.Zinc–bromine fl ow batteries(ZBFBs)have emerged as cost-eff ective and high-energy-density solutions,replacing expensive all-vanadium fl ow batteries.However,uneven Zn deposition during charging results in the formation of problematic Zn dendrites,leading to mass transport polarization and self-discharge.Stable Zn plating and stripping are essential for the successful operation of high-areal-capacity ZBFBs.In this study,we successfully synthesized nitrogen and oxygen co-doped functional carbon felt(NOCF4)electrode through the oxidative polymerization of dopamine,followed by calcination under ambient conditions.The NOCF4 electrode eff ectively facilitates effi cient“shuttle deposition”of Zn during charging,signifi cantly enhancing the areal capacity of the electrode.Remarkably,ZBFBs utilizing NOCF4 as the anode material exhibited stable cycling performance for 40 cycles(approximately 240 h)at an areal capacity of 60 mA h/cm^(2).Even at a high areal capacity of 130 mA h/cm^(2),an impressive energy effi ciency of 76.98%was achieved.These fi ndings provide a promising pathway for the development of high-areal-capacity ZBFBs for advanced energy storage systems.展开更多
Though plenty of research has been conducted to improve the low intrinsic electronic conductivity of NASICON-structured NaTi_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NTP),realizing sodium-ion batteries with high areal/volumetric capacity stil...Though plenty of research has been conducted to improve the low intrinsic electronic conductivity of NASICON-structured NaTi_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NTP),realizing sodium-ion batteries with high areal/volumetric capacity still remains a formidable challenge.Herein,a multiscale design from anode material to electrode structure is proposed to obtain a gadolinium-ion-doped and carbon-coated NTP composite electrode(NTP-Gd-C),in which gadolinium ion doping,oxygen vacancy,optimized structure,N-doped carbon coating,and bridging on the three-dimensional network are simultaneously achieved.In the whole electrode,the excellent hierarchical electronic/ionic conductivity and structural stability are simultaneously improved via the synergistic optimization of NTP-Gd-C.As a result,excellent electrochemical performances of NTP-Gd-C electrode with a high areal/volumetric capacity of 1.0 mAh cm^(−2)/142.8 mAh cm^(−3),high rate capability(58.3 mAh g^(−1) at 200 C),long cycle life(ultralow capacity fading of 0.004%per cycle under 10,000 cycles),and wide-temperature electrochemical performances(97.0 mAh g^(−1) at 2 C under−20℃)are achieved.Moreover,the NTP-Gd-C//Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C full cell also delivers an excellent rate capacity of 42.0 mAh g^(−1) at 200 C and long-term high-capacity retention of 66.2%after 4000 cycles at 20 C.展开更多
Delivering high areal capacitance(CA)at high rates is crucial but challenging for flexible supercapacitors.CA is the product of areal loading mass(MA)and gravimetric capacitance(CW).Finding and understanding the balan...Delivering high areal capacitance(CA)at high rates is crucial but challenging for flexible supercapacitors.CA is the product of areal loading mass(MA)and gravimetric capacitance(CW).Finding and understanding the balance between MA and CW of supercapacitor materials is significant for designing high-CA electrodes.Herein,we have systematically studied the correlation between MA and CW of the nanosheet arrays of NiCo-layered double hydroxide(NiCo-LDH),which were electrodeposited on carbon cloth with different heights to adjust the MA,accompanied by the interlayer distance regulation to improve the CW.The optimal CW performance is achieved at the best charge transfer kinetics for each of MA series.The NiCo-LDH electrode with the suitable MA(2.58 mg cm^(-2))and the relatively high CW(1918 F g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1) and 400 F g^(-1) at 150 A g^(-1))present a high CA of 4948 mF cm^(-2) at 12.9 mA cm^(-2) and a record-high 1032 mF cm^(-2) among LDHs-based flexible electrodes at an ultrahigh current density of 387 mA cm^(-2).The corresponding flexible supercapacitor coupled with activated carbon delivers a high energy density of 0.28 mWh cm^(-2) at an ultrahigh power density of 712 mW cm^(-2),showing great potential applications.展开更多
Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries have been recognized as promising substitutes for current energy-storage technologies owing to their exceptional advantages in very high-energy density and excellent material sustainabi...Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries have been recognized as promising substitutes for current energy-storage technologies owing to their exceptional advantages in very high-energy density and excellent material sustainability.The cathode with high sulfur areal loading is vital for the practical applications of Li–S batteries with very high energy density.However,the high sulfur loading in an electrode results in poor rate and cycling performances of batteries in most cases.Herein,we used diameters of 5.0(D5)and 13.0(D13)mm to probe the effect of electrodes with different sizes on the rate and cycling performances under a high sulfur loading(4.5 mg cm^-2).The cell with D5 sulfur cathode exhibits better rate and cycling performances comparing with a large(D13)cathode.Both the high concentration of lithium polysulfides and corrosion of lithium metal anode impede rapid kinetics of sulfur redox reactions,which results in inferior battery performance of the Li–S cell with large diameter cathode.This work highlights the importance of rational matching of the large sulfur cathode with a high areal sulfur loading,carbon modified separators,organic electrolyte,and Li metal anode in a pouch cell,wherein the sulfur redox kinetics and lithium metal protection should be carefully considered under the flooded lithium polysulfide conditions in a working Li–S battery.展开更多
Functional carbonaceous materials for supercapacitors(SCs)without using acid for post-treatment remain a substantial challenge.In this paper,we present a less harmful strategy for preparing three-dimensional(3D)N,O-co...Functional carbonaceous materials for supercapacitors(SCs)without using acid for post-treatment remain a substantial challenge.In this paper,we present a less harmful strategy for preparing three-dimensional(3D)N,O-codoped egg-box-like carbons(EBCs).The as-prepared EBCs with opened pores provide plentiful channels for ion fast transport,ensure the e ective contact of EBCs electrodes and electrolytes,and enhance the electron conduction.The nitrogen and oxygen atoms doped in EBCs improve the surface wettability of EBC electrodes and provide the pseudocapacitance.Consequently,the EBCs display a prominent areal capacitance of 39.8μF cm-2(340 F g-1)at 0.106 m A cm-2 in 6 M KOH electrolyte.The EBC-based symmetric SC manifests a high areal capacitance to 27.6μF cm-2(236 F g-1)at 0.1075 m A cm-2,a good rate capability of 18.8μF cm-2(160 F g-1)at 215 m A cm-2 and a long-term cycle stability with only 1.9%decay after 50,000 cycles in aqueous electrolyte.Impressively,even in all-solid-state SC,EBC electrode shows a high areal capacitance of 25.0μF cm-2(214 F g-1)and energy density of 0.0233 m Wh cm-2.This work provides an acid-free process to prepare electrode materials from industrial by-products for advanced energy storage devices.展开更多
The research on the rock burst prediction was made on the basis of seismology,rock mechanics and the data from Dongguashan Copper Mine(DCM) ,the deepest metal mine in China.The seismic responses to mining in DCM were ...The research on the rock burst prediction was made on the basis of seismology,rock mechanics and the data from Dongguashan Copper Mine(DCM) ,the deepest metal mine in China.The seismic responses to mining in DCM were investigated through the analyses of the spatio-temporal distribution of hypocenters,apparent stress and displacement of seismic events,and the process of the generation of hazardous seismicity in DCM was studied in the framework of the theory of asperity in the seismic source mechanism.A method of locating areas with hazardous seismicity and a conceptual model of hazardous seismic nucleation in DCM were proposed.A criterion of rockburst prediction was analyzed theoretically in the framework of unstable failure theories,and consequently,the rate of change in the ratio of the seismic stiffness of rock in a seismic nucleation area to that in surrounding area,dS/dt,is defined as an index of the rockburst prediction.The possibility of a rockburst will increase if dS/dt>0,and the possibility of rock burst will decrease if dS/dt<0.The correctness of these methods is demonstrated by analyses of rock failure cases in DCM.展开更多
Viscous fingering is one of the main challenges that could reduce areal sweep efficiency during waterflooding in oil reservoirs. A series of waterflooding experiments were carried out in a Hele-Shaw cell at ambient te...Viscous fingering is one of the main challenges that could reduce areal sweep efficiency during waterflooding in oil reservoirs. A series of waterflooding experiments were carried out in a Hele-Shaw cell at ambient temperature during which areal sweep efficiency was estimated and techniques to ease the fingering problem were examined. The onset and propagation of viscous fingers were monitored as a function of both injection rate and injection/production positions. Image processing techniques were utilized to quantitatively investigate the propagation of fingers. The experimental results show that, under specific conditions, increasing the number of finger branches could improve the areal sweep efficiency, whereas growth of a single narrow finger has a negative impact on oil displacement efficiency. According to the obtained results,increasing the injection rate improves the areal sweep efficiency up to a critical rate at which viscous fingers start to grow.The impact of heterogeneity of the medium on distributing the viscous fingers was also investigated by introducing two different arrangements of fractures in the model. The results show that fractures perpendicular to the direction of flow would distribute the displacing water more uniformly, while fractures in the direction of flow would amplify the unfavorable sweep efficiency.展开更多
The lithium sulfur batteries(LSBs) are considered as one of the promising next generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity of sulfur(1675 m Ah g-1), naturally available, low cost.Ho...The lithium sulfur batteries(LSBs) are considered as one of the promising next generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity of sulfur(1675 m Ah g-1), naturally available, low cost.However, the practical LSBs are impeded by the well-known "shuttle effect" combined with other technical drawbacks. The "shuttle effect" causes rapid capacity decay, severe self-discharging and low active material utilization. The polysulfide(PS) which has lone pair electrons in each sulfur atom is considered as Lewis base and shows strong affinity to various polar, Lewis acid and catenation interactive materials but very weakly interacts with the non-polar conductive carbons. The "shuttle effect" occurs due to the diffusion of high order PS from the cathode to the anode and then low-order PS back to the cathode. The PS is polar and, due to a lone pair of electrons associated with the sulfur atom, is considered a Lewis base. As such, the PS shows a strong affinity with various polar and Lewis acid materials. In addition, a more novel trapping can be performance through a catenation reaction. For LSBs to compete with the state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries(LIBs), the LSB areal capacity need to be ~6 m Ah cm-2(which is proportional to sulfur loading). To achieve this target the PS shuttling needs to mitigate, which can be achieved through using functional materials. This review addresses the aforementioned phenomena by considering the PS phase interacts with the various functional materials and how this impacts areal capacity and cycling stability of LSBs.展开更多
Silicon monoxide(SiO)is an attractive anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries for its ultra-high theoretical capacity of 2680 mAh g−1.The studies to date have been limited to electrodes with a rela-ti...Silicon monoxide(SiO)is an attractive anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries for its ultra-high theoretical capacity of 2680 mAh g−1.The studies to date have been limited to electrodes with a rela-tively low mass loading(<3.5 mg cm^(−2)),which has seriously restricted the areal capacity and its potential in practical devices.Maximizing areal capacity with such high-capacity materials is critical for capitalizing their potential in practi-cal technologies.Herein,we report a monolithic three-dimensional(3D)large-sheet holey gra-phene framework/SiO(LHGF/SiO)composite for high-mass-loading electrode.By specifically using large-sheet holey graphene building blocks,we construct LHGF with super-elasticity and exceptional mechanical robustness,which is essential for accommodating the large volume change of SiO and ensuring the structure integrity even at ultrahigh mass loading.Additionally,the 3D porous graphene network structure in LHGF ensures excellent electron and ion transport.By systematically tailoring microstructure design,we show the LHGF/SiO anode with a mass loading of 44 mg cm^(−2)delivers a high areal capacity of 35.4 mAh cm^(−2)at a current of 8.8 mA cm^(−2)and retains a capacity of 10.6 mAh cm^(−2)at 17.6 mA cm^(−2),greatly exceeding those of the state-of-the-art commercial or research devices.Furthermore,we show an LHGF/SiO anode with an ultra-high mass loading of 94 mg cm^(−2)delivers an unprecedented areal capacity up to 140.8 mAh cm^(−2).The achievement of such high areal capacities marks a critical step toward realizing the full potential of high-capacity alloy-type electrode materials in practical lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Based on a 0.5°×0.5° daily gridded precipitation dataset and observations in mete- orological stations released by the National Meteorological Information Center, the interan- nual variation of areal pr...Based on a 0.5°×0.5° daily gridded precipitation dataset and observations in mete- orological stations released by the National Meteorological Information Center, the interan- nual variation of areal precipitation in the Qilian Mountains during 1961-2012 is investigated using principal component analysis （PCA） and regression analysis, and the relationship be- tween areal precipitation and drought accumulation intensity is also analyzed. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Qilian Mountains can be well re- flected by the gridded dataset. The gridded data-based precipitation in mountainous region is generally larger than that in plain region, and the eastern section of the mountain range usu- ally has more precipitation than the western section. The annual mean areal precipitation in the Qilian Mountains is 724.9×108 m3, and the seasonal means in spring, summer, autumn and winter are 118.9×108 m3, 469.4×108 m3, 122.5×108 m3 and 14.1×108 m3, respectively. Summer is a season with the largest areal precipitation among the four seasons, and the proportion in summer is approximately 64.76%. The areal precipitation in summer, autumn and winter shows increasing trends, but a decreasing trend is seen in spring. Among the four seasons, summer have the largest trend magnitude of 1.7×108 m3-a-1. The correlation be- tween areal precipitation in the mountainous region and dry-wet conditions in the mountains and the surroundings can be well exhibited. There is a negative correlation between drought accumulation intensity and the larger areal precipitation is consistent with the weaker drought intensity for this region.展开更多
Room temperature sodium-sulfur(RT Na-S)batteries are gaining extensive attention as attractive alternatives for large-scale energy storage,due to low cost and high abundancy of sodium and sulfur in nature.However,the ...Room temperature sodium-sulfur(RT Na-S)batteries are gaining extensive attention as attractive alternatives for large-scale energy storage,due to low cost and high abundancy of sodium and sulfur in nature.However,the dilemmas regarding soluble polysulfides(Na_(2)Sn,4<n<8)and the inferior reaction kinetics limit their practical application.To address these issues,we report the activated porous carbon fibers(APCF)with small sulfur molecules(S2-4)confined in ultramicropores,to achieve a reversible single-step reaction in RT Na-S batteries.The mechanism is investigated by the in situ UV/vis spectroscopy,which demonstrates Na2S is the only product during the whole discharge process.Moreover,the hierarchical carbon structure can enhance areal sulfur loading without sacrificing the capacity due to thorough contact between electrolyte and sulfur electrode.As a consequence,the APCF electrode with 38 wt%sulfur(APCF-38S)delivers a high initial reversible specific capacity of 1412 mAh g^(-1) and 10.6mAh cm^(-2)(avg.areal sulfur loading:7.5 mg cm^(-2))at 0.1 C(1C=1675 mA g^(-1)),revealing high degree of sulfur utilization.This study provides a new strategy for the development of high areal capacity RT Na-S batteries.展开更多
Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a lin...Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter.40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER.The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers.The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes,with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore,the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.展开更多
Fast charging and high volumetric capacity are two of the critical demands for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).Although nanostructured materials achieve outstanding rate performance,they suffer from low tap density and sma...Fast charging and high volumetric capacity are two of the critical demands for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).Although nanostructured materials achieve outstanding rate performance,they suffer from low tap density and small volumetric capacity.Therefore,how to realize large volumetric capacity and high tap density simultaneously is very challenging.Here,N/F co-doped TiO_(2)/carbon microspheres(NF- TiO_(2)/C)are synthesized to achieve both of them.Theoretical calculations reveal that N and F co-doping increases the contents of oxygen vacancies and narrows the bandgaps of TiO_(2) and C,improving the electronic conductivity of NF- TiO_(2)/C.Furthermore,NF- TiO_(2)/C exhibits the high binding energy and low diffusion energy barrier of Na+,significantly facilitating Na+storage and Na+diffusion.Therefore,NF- TiO_(2)/C offers a high tap density(1.51 g cm^(-3)),an outstanding rate performance(125.9 mAh g^(-1) at 100 C),a large volumetric capacity(190 mAh cm^(-3) at 100 C),a high areal capacity(4.8 mAh cm^(-2))and an ultra-long cycling performance(80.2%after 10,000 cycles at 10 C)simultaneously.In addition,NF- TiO_(2)/C||Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3) full cells achieve an ultrahigh power density of 25.2 kW kg^(-1).These results indicate the great promise of NF- TiO_(2)/C as a high-volumetric-capacity and high-power-density anode material of SIBs.展开更多
Construction of a thickness‐independent electrode with high active material mass loading is crucial for the development of high energy rechargeable lithium battery.Herein,we fabricate an all‐in‐one integrated SnS2@...Construction of a thickness‐independent electrode with high active material mass loading is crucial for the development of high energy rechargeable lithium battery.Herein,we fabricate an all‐in‐one integrated SnS2@3D multichannel carbon matrix(SnS2@3DMCM)electrode with in‐situ growth of ultrathin SnS2 nanosheets inside the inner walls of three dimensional(3D)multichannels.The interconnected conductive carbon matrix derived from natural wood acts as an integrated porous current collector to avail the electrons transport and accommodate massive SnS2 nanosheets,while plenty of 3D aligned multichannels facilitate fast ions transport with electrode thickness‐independent even under high mass loading.As expected,the integrated SnS2@3DMCM electrode exhibits remarkable electrochemical lithium storage performance,such as exceptional high‐areal‐capacity of 6.4 mAh cm−2,high rate capability of 3 mAh cm−2 under current of 6.8 mAcm−2(10 C),and stable cycling performance of 6.8 mAcm−2 with a high mass loading of 7mg cm−2.The 3D integrated porous electrode constructing conveniently with the natural source paves new avenues towards future high‐performance lithium batteries.展开更多
The primary DD proton spectrum is used for diagnosing the fuel-shell areal density pR of imploded capsules on Shenguang Ⅲ （SG-Ⅲ） prototype laser facility for the first time. A charged particle spectrometer （CPS）...The primary DD proton spectrum is used for diagnosing the fuel-shell areal density pR of imploded capsules on Shenguang Ⅲ （SG-Ⅲ） prototype laser facility for the first time. A charged particle spectrometer （CPS） with a CR39 nuclear track detector is used to measure the DD proton spectrum. The proton spectrum is determined from both the proton track and its size. A typical proton energy peak shift from 3.02 MeV to 2.6 MeV is observed in our experiment, which yields a maximum pR larger than 6 mg/cm2.展开更多
基金supported by the Jiangyin-SUSTech Innovation Fundthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22309078 and 52302261)+3 种基金the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage (ZDSYS20220401141000001)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan Project(No. SGDX20230116091644003)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023B1515120069)the Pico Center at SUSTech Core Research Facilities,which is supported by the Presidential Fund and the Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen Municipality
文摘There is an urgent need to develop high-areal-capacity silicon(Si)anodes with good cycling stability and rate capability for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,this remains a huge challenge due to large volume expansion-induced mechanical degradation and electrical connectivity loss in thick electrodes.Here,a three-in-one strategy is proposed to achieve high-areal-capacity silicon anodes by constructing a multi-level interconnected 3D porous and robust conductive network that carbon nanofibers and vertical carbon nanosheets tightly encapsulate on the surface of Si nanoparticles(Si NPs)anchored in porous carbon felts.This network accommodates large volume expansion of Si NPs to significantly improve electrode mechanical stability and creates excellent electrical connectivity to boost charge transport in thick electrodes,revealed through Multiphysics field simulations and in situ electrochemical techniques.Therefore,the designed Si anodes achieve superior long-term stability with a capacity of 8.13 mAh cm^(-2)after 500 cycles and an ultrahigh areal capacity of 45.8 mAh cm^(-2).In particular,Ah-level pouch cells demonstrate an impressive capacity retention of 79.34%after 500 cycles at 1 C.Our study offers novel insights and directions for understanding and optimizing high-areal-capacity silicon-carbon composite anodes.
基金supported by grants from the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52372213,52172219,51872192,and 52025028)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20180002)the Priority Aca-demic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Rechargeable zinc-ion micro-batteries(ZIMBs)are promising candidates for powering various microelectronic devices,although they typically exhibit low areal energy of∼0.1 mWh cm^(−2).In this study,we reported the design and assembly of zinc micro-batteries through an ink extrusion-based printing approach.In the process,a three-axis printer was adopted,allowing for the fabrication of microelectrodes with large areal loading and diverse morphologies.Vanadium oxide anchored with carbon nanotubes was employed as the cathode material,zinc powder was used as the anode material,and a polyacrylamide gel containing ethylene glycol was selected as the electrolyte.The printed micro-batteries demonstrate an areal capacity of 0.51 mAh cm^(−2) and an energy density of 0.37 mWh cm^(−2) at a charge-discharge current of 0.2 mA,outperforming state-of-the-art zinc counterparts.This work provides a simple yet efficient solution to the development of high-energy micro-batteries.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Higher Education Institution of China(2023AH051318).
文摘Ensuring a stable power output from renewable energy sources,such as wind and solar energy,depends on the development of large-scale and long-duration energy storage devices.Zinc–bromine fl ow batteries(ZBFBs)have emerged as cost-eff ective and high-energy-density solutions,replacing expensive all-vanadium fl ow batteries.However,uneven Zn deposition during charging results in the formation of problematic Zn dendrites,leading to mass transport polarization and self-discharge.Stable Zn plating and stripping are essential for the successful operation of high-areal-capacity ZBFBs.In this study,we successfully synthesized nitrogen and oxygen co-doped functional carbon felt(NOCF4)electrode through the oxidative polymerization of dopamine,followed by calcination under ambient conditions.The NOCF4 electrode eff ectively facilitates effi cient“shuttle deposition”of Zn during charging,signifi cantly enhancing the areal capacity of the electrode.Remarkably,ZBFBs utilizing NOCF4 as the anode material exhibited stable cycling performance for 40 cycles(approximately 240 h)at an areal capacity of 60 mA h/cm^(2).Even at a high areal capacity of 130 mA h/cm^(2),an impressive energy effi ciency of 76.98%was achieved.These fi ndings provide a promising pathway for the development of high-areal-capacity ZBFBs for advanced energy storage systems.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12002294 and 12074327)Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2021RC2099)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2022JJ40435)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M722664).
文摘Though plenty of research has been conducted to improve the low intrinsic electronic conductivity of NASICON-structured NaTi_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NTP),realizing sodium-ion batteries with high areal/volumetric capacity still remains a formidable challenge.Herein,a multiscale design from anode material to electrode structure is proposed to obtain a gadolinium-ion-doped and carbon-coated NTP composite electrode(NTP-Gd-C),in which gadolinium ion doping,oxygen vacancy,optimized structure,N-doped carbon coating,and bridging on the three-dimensional network are simultaneously achieved.In the whole electrode,the excellent hierarchical electronic/ionic conductivity and structural stability are simultaneously improved via the synergistic optimization of NTP-Gd-C.As a result,excellent electrochemical performances of NTP-Gd-C electrode with a high areal/volumetric capacity of 1.0 mAh cm^(−2)/142.8 mAh cm^(−3),high rate capability(58.3 mAh g^(−1) at 200 C),long cycle life(ultralow capacity fading of 0.004%per cycle under 10,000 cycles),and wide-temperature electrochemical performances(97.0 mAh g^(−1) at 2 C under−20℃)are achieved.Moreover,the NTP-Gd-C//Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C full cell also delivers an excellent rate capacity of 42.0 mAh g^(−1) at 200 C and long-term high-capacity retention of 66.2%after 4000 cycles at 20 C.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFA1500900,2018YFA0209103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21832003,52071174,21972061,22369020)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province Major Project(No.BK20212005)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M732352).
文摘Delivering high areal capacitance(CA)at high rates is crucial but challenging for flexible supercapacitors.CA is the product of areal loading mass(MA)and gravimetric capacitance(CW).Finding and understanding the balance between MA and CW of supercapacitor materials is significant for designing high-CA electrodes.Herein,we have systematically studied the correlation between MA and CW of the nanosheet arrays of NiCo-layered double hydroxide(NiCo-LDH),which were electrodeposited on carbon cloth with different heights to adjust the MA,accompanied by the interlayer distance regulation to improve the CW.The optimal CW performance is achieved at the best charge transfer kinetics for each of MA series.The NiCo-LDH electrode with the suitable MA(2.58 mg cm^(-2))and the relatively high CW(1918 F g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1) and 400 F g^(-1) at 150 A g^(-1))present a high CA of 4948 mF cm^(-2) at 12.9 mA cm^(-2) and a record-high 1032 mF cm^(-2) among LDHs-based flexible electrodes at an ultrahigh current density of 387 mA cm^(-2).The corresponding flexible supercapacitor coupled with activated carbon delivers a high energy density of 0.28 mWh cm^(-2) at an ultrahigh power density of 712 mW cm^(-2),showing great potential applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2016YFA0202500 and 2016YFA0200102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21776019,21805162,51772069,and U1801257)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M630165)Beijing Key Research and Development Plan(Z181100004518001)
文摘Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries have been recognized as promising substitutes for current energy-storage technologies owing to their exceptional advantages in very high-energy density and excellent material sustainability.The cathode with high sulfur areal loading is vital for the practical applications of Li–S batteries with very high energy density.However,the high sulfur loading in an electrode results in poor rate and cycling performances of batteries in most cases.Herein,we used diameters of 5.0(D5)and 13.0(D13)mm to probe the effect of electrodes with different sizes on the rate and cycling performances under a high sulfur loading(4.5 mg cm^-2).The cell with D5 sulfur cathode exhibits better rate and cycling performances comparing with a large(D13)cathode.Both the high concentration of lithium polysulfides and corrosion of lithium metal anode impede rapid kinetics of sulfur redox reactions,which results in inferior battery performance of the Li–S cell with large diameter cathode.This work highlights the importance of rational matching of the large sulfur cathode with a high areal sulfur loading,carbon modified separators,organic electrolyte,and Li metal anode in a pouch cell,wherein the sulfur redox kinetics and lithium metal protection should be carefully considered under the flooded lithium polysulfide conditions in a working Li–S battery.
基金the funding support of this work by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1710116,U1508201 and 51872005).
文摘Functional carbonaceous materials for supercapacitors(SCs)without using acid for post-treatment remain a substantial challenge.In this paper,we present a less harmful strategy for preparing three-dimensional(3D)N,O-codoped egg-box-like carbons(EBCs).The as-prepared EBCs with opened pores provide plentiful channels for ion fast transport,ensure the e ective contact of EBCs electrodes and electrolytes,and enhance the electron conduction.The nitrogen and oxygen atoms doped in EBCs improve the surface wettability of EBC electrodes and provide the pseudocapacitance.Consequently,the EBCs display a prominent areal capacitance of 39.8μF cm-2(340 F g-1)at 0.106 m A cm-2 in 6 M KOH electrolyte.The EBC-based symmetric SC manifests a high areal capacitance to 27.6μF cm-2(236 F g-1)at 0.1075 m A cm-2,a good rate capability of 18.8μF cm-2(160 F g-1)at 215 m A cm-2 and a long-term cycle stability with only 1.9%decay after 50,000 cycles in aqueous electrolyte.Impressively,even in all-solid-state SC,EBC electrode shows a high areal capacitance of 25.0μF cm-2(214 F g-1)and energy density of 0.0233 m Wh cm-2.This work provides an acid-free process to prepare electrode materials from industrial by-products for advanced energy storage devices.
基金Project(2010CB732004) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(50490274) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The research on the rock burst prediction was made on the basis of seismology,rock mechanics and the data from Dongguashan Copper Mine(DCM) ,the deepest metal mine in China.The seismic responses to mining in DCM were investigated through the analyses of the spatio-temporal distribution of hypocenters,apparent stress and displacement of seismic events,and the process of the generation of hazardous seismicity in DCM was studied in the framework of the theory of asperity in the seismic source mechanism.A method of locating areas with hazardous seismicity and a conceptual model of hazardous seismic nucleation in DCM were proposed.A criterion of rockburst prediction was analyzed theoretically in the framework of unstable failure theories,and consequently,the rate of change in the ratio of the seismic stiffness of rock in a seismic nucleation area to that in surrounding area,dS/dt,is defined as an index of the rockburst prediction.The possibility of a rockburst will increase if dS/dt>0,and the possibility of rock burst will decrease if dS/dt<0.The correctness of these methods is demonstrated by analyses of rock failure cases in DCM.
基金Shiraz University Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR)Research Center for the support
文摘Viscous fingering is one of the main challenges that could reduce areal sweep efficiency during waterflooding in oil reservoirs. A series of waterflooding experiments were carried out in a Hele-Shaw cell at ambient temperature during which areal sweep efficiency was estimated and techniques to ease the fingering problem were examined. The onset and propagation of viscous fingers were monitored as a function of both injection rate and injection/production positions. Image processing techniques were utilized to quantitatively investigate the propagation of fingers. The experimental results show that, under specific conditions, increasing the number of finger branches could improve the areal sweep efficiency, whereas growth of a single narrow finger has a negative impact on oil displacement efficiency. According to the obtained results,increasing the injection rate improves the areal sweep efficiency up to a critical rate at which viscous fingers start to grow.The impact of heterogeneity of the medium on distributing the viscous fingers was also investigated by introducing two different arrangements of fractures in the model. The results show that fractures perpendicular to the direction of flow would distribute the displacing water more uniformly, while fractures in the direction of flow would amplify the unfavorable sweep efficiency.
文摘The lithium sulfur batteries(LSBs) are considered as one of the promising next generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity of sulfur(1675 m Ah g-1), naturally available, low cost.However, the practical LSBs are impeded by the well-known "shuttle effect" combined with other technical drawbacks. The "shuttle effect" causes rapid capacity decay, severe self-discharging and low active material utilization. The polysulfide(PS) which has lone pair electrons in each sulfur atom is considered as Lewis base and shows strong affinity to various polar, Lewis acid and catenation interactive materials but very weakly interacts with the non-polar conductive carbons. The "shuttle effect" occurs due to the diffusion of high order PS from the cathode to the anode and then low-order PS back to the cathode. The PS is polar and, due to a lone pair of electrons associated with the sulfur atom, is considered a Lewis base. As such, the PS shows a strong affinity with various polar and Lewis acid materials. In addition, a more novel trapping can be performance through a catenation reaction. For LSBs to compete with the state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries(LIBs), the LSB areal capacity need to be ~6 m Ah cm-2(which is proportional to sulfur loading). To achieve this target the PS shuttling needs to mitigate, which can be achieved through using functional materials. This review addresses the aforementioned phenomena by considering the PS phase interacts with the various functional materials and how this impacts areal capacity and cycling stability of LSBs.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52074113,22005091)the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities(No.531107051048)+6 种基金the Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundantion(Grant No.43184)the CITIC Metals Ningbo Energy Co.Ltd.(No.H202191380246)Xidong Duan acknowledges support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51991343,51991340,61804050 and 51872086)the Hunan Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials(No.2018TP1010)Junfei Liang acknowledges support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1910208)the National Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(No.201901D111137)Tao Wang acknowledges support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22005092).
文摘Silicon monoxide(SiO)is an attractive anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries for its ultra-high theoretical capacity of 2680 mAh g−1.The studies to date have been limited to electrodes with a rela-tively low mass loading(<3.5 mg cm^(−2)),which has seriously restricted the areal capacity and its potential in practical devices.Maximizing areal capacity with such high-capacity materials is critical for capitalizing their potential in practi-cal technologies.Herein,we report a monolithic three-dimensional(3D)large-sheet holey gra-phene framework/SiO(LHGF/SiO)composite for high-mass-loading electrode.By specifically using large-sheet holey graphene building blocks,we construct LHGF with super-elasticity and exceptional mechanical robustness,which is essential for accommodating the large volume change of SiO and ensuring the structure integrity even at ultrahigh mass loading.Additionally,the 3D porous graphene network structure in LHGF ensures excellent electron and ion transport.By systematically tailoring microstructure design,we show the LHGF/SiO anode with a mass loading of 44 mg cm^(−2)delivers a high areal capacity of 35.4 mAh cm^(−2)at a current of 8.8 mA cm^(−2)and retains a capacity of 10.6 mAh cm^(−2)at 17.6 mA cm^(−2),greatly exceeding those of the state-of-the-art commercial or research devices.Furthermore,we show an LHGF/SiO anode with an ultra-high mass loading of 94 mg cm^(−2)delivers an unprecedented areal capacity up to 140.8 mAh cm^(−2).The achievement of such high areal capacities marks a critical step toward realizing the full potential of high-capacity alloy-type electrode materials in practical lithium-ion batteries.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41461003National Basic Research Program of China(973Program),No.2013CBA01801
文摘Based on a 0.5°×0.5° daily gridded precipitation dataset and observations in mete- orological stations released by the National Meteorological Information Center, the interan- nual variation of areal precipitation in the Qilian Mountains during 1961-2012 is investigated using principal component analysis （PCA） and regression analysis, and the relationship be- tween areal precipitation and drought accumulation intensity is also analyzed. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Qilian Mountains can be well re- flected by the gridded dataset. The gridded data-based precipitation in mountainous region is generally larger than that in plain region, and the eastern section of the mountain range usu- ally has more precipitation than the western section. The annual mean areal precipitation in the Qilian Mountains is 724.9×108 m3, and the seasonal means in spring, summer, autumn and winter are 118.9×108 m3, 469.4×108 m3, 122.5×108 m3 and 14.1×108 m3, respectively. Summer is a season with the largest areal precipitation among the four seasons, and the proportion in summer is approximately 64.76%. The areal precipitation in summer, autumn and winter shows increasing trends, but a decreasing trend is seen in spring. Among the four seasons, summer have the largest trend magnitude of 1.7×108 m3-a-1. The correlation be- tween areal precipitation in the mountainous region and dry-wet conditions in the mountains and the surroundings can be well exhibited. There is a negative correlation between drought accumulation intensity and the larger areal precipitation is consistent with the weaker drought intensity for this region.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:BK20170036National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51572129,51772154,51811530100+1 种基金the Materials Characterization Facility of Nanjing University of Science and Technology for XRD,SEM,and TEM experiments.This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51572129,51772154,and 51811530100)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20170036).
文摘Room temperature sodium-sulfur(RT Na-S)batteries are gaining extensive attention as attractive alternatives for large-scale energy storage,due to low cost and high abundancy of sodium and sulfur in nature.However,the dilemmas regarding soluble polysulfides(Na_(2)Sn,4<n<8)and the inferior reaction kinetics limit their practical application.To address these issues,we report the activated porous carbon fibers(APCF)with small sulfur molecules(S2-4)confined in ultramicropores,to achieve a reversible single-step reaction in RT Na-S batteries.The mechanism is investigated by the in situ UV/vis spectroscopy,which demonstrates Na2S is the only product during the whole discharge process.Moreover,the hierarchical carbon structure can enhance areal sulfur loading without sacrificing the capacity due to thorough contact between electrolyte and sulfur electrode.As a consequence,the APCF electrode with 38 wt%sulfur(APCF-38S)delivers a high initial reversible specific capacity of 1412 mAh g^(-1) and 10.6mAh cm^(-2)(avg.areal sulfur loading:7.5 mg cm^(-2))at 0.1 C(1C=1675 mA g^(-1)),revealing high degree of sulfur utilization.This study provides a new strategy for the development of high areal capacity RT Na-S batteries.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11435015 and 11505251)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2016YFE0104900)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.28Y740010 and 113462KYSB20160036)
文摘Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter.40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER.The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers.The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes,with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore,the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.
基金financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (21971146 and 22105118)the Nature Science Foundation of Shandong Provinces (ZR2021QB095)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020TQ0183 and 2021M701979)。
文摘Fast charging and high volumetric capacity are two of the critical demands for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).Although nanostructured materials achieve outstanding rate performance,they suffer from low tap density and small volumetric capacity.Therefore,how to realize large volumetric capacity and high tap density simultaneously is very challenging.Here,N/F co-doped TiO_(2)/carbon microspheres(NF- TiO_(2)/C)are synthesized to achieve both of them.Theoretical calculations reveal that N and F co-doping increases the contents of oxygen vacancies and narrows the bandgaps of TiO_(2) and C,improving the electronic conductivity of NF- TiO_(2)/C.Furthermore,NF- TiO_(2)/C exhibits the high binding energy and low diffusion energy barrier of Na+,significantly facilitating Na+storage and Na+diffusion.Therefore,NF- TiO_(2)/C offers a high tap density(1.51 g cm^(-3)),an outstanding rate performance(125.9 mAh g^(-1) at 100 C),a large volumetric capacity(190 mAh cm^(-3) at 100 C),a high areal capacity(4.8 mAh cm^(-2))and an ultra-long cycling performance(80.2%after 10,000 cycles at 10 C)simultaneously.In addition,NF- TiO_(2)/C||Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3) full cells achieve an ultrahigh power density of 25.2 kW kg^(-1).These results indicate the great promise of NF- TiO_(2)/C as a high-volumetric-capacity and high-power-density anode material of SIBs.
基金Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,Grant/Award Number:2019‐01‐07‐00‐07‐E00015National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21875141,51671135,51971146+4 种基金Support of young teachers in Shanghai colleges and universities,Grant/Award Number:ZZslg18039Shanghai Outstanding Academic Leaders PlanProgram of Shanghai Subject Chief Scientist,Grant/Award Number:17XD1403000Shanghai Pujiang Program,Grant/Award Number:18PJ1409000Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources,Grant/Award Number:SKL‐ACPS‐C‐23。
文摘Construction of a thickness‐independent electrode with high active material mass loading is crucial for the development of high energy rechargeable lithium battery.Herein,we fabricate an all‐in‐one integrated SnS2@3D multichannel carbon matrix(SnS2@3DMCM)electrode with in‐situ growth of ultrathin SnS2 nanosheets inside the inner walls of three dimensional(3D)multichannels.The interconnected conductive carbon matrix derived from natural wood acts as an integrated porous current collector to avail the electrons transport and accommodate massive SnS2 nanosheets,while plenty of 3D aligned multichannels facilitate fast ions transport with electrode thickness‐independent even under high mass loading.As expected,the integrated SnS2@3DMCM electrode exhibits remarkable electrochemical lithium storage performance,such as exceptional high‐areal‐capacity of 6.4 mAh cm−2,high rate capability of 3 mAh cm−2 under current of 6.8 mAcm−2(10 C),and stable cycling performance of 6.8 mAcm−2 with a high mass loading of 7mg cm−2.The 3D integrated porous electrode constructing conveniently with the natural source paves new avenues towards future high‐performance lithium batteries.
基金supported by the Foundation of Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory,China(Grant No.9140C680302130C68243)
文摘The primary DD proton spectrum is used for diagnosing the fuel-shell areal density pR of imploded capsules on Shenguang Ⅲ （SG-Ⅲ） prototype laser facility for the first time. A charged particle spectrometer （CPS） with a CR39 nuclear track detector is used to measure the DD proton spectrum. The proton spectrum is determined from both the proton track and its size. A typical proton energy peak shift from 3.02 MeV to 2.6 MeV is observed in our experiment, which yields a maximum pR larger than 6 mg/cm2.
