The Internet of Things(IoT)has been growing over the past few years due to its flexibility and ease of use in real-time applications.The IoT's foremost task is ensuring that there is proper communication among dif...The Internet of Things(IoT)has been growing over the past few years due to its flexibility and ease of use in real-time applications.The IoT's foremost task is ensuring that there is proper communication among different types of applications and devices,and that the application layer protocols fulfill this necessity.However,as the number of applications grows,it is necessary to modify or enhance the application layer protocols according to specific IoT applications,allowing specific issues to be addressed,such as dynamic adaption to network conditions and interoperability.Recently,several IoT application layer protocols have been enhanced and modified according to application requirements.However,no existing survey articles focus on these protocols.In this article,we survey traditional and recent advances in IoT application layer protocols,as well as relevant real-time applications and their adapted application layer protocols for improving performance.As changing the nature of protocols for each application is unrealistic,machine learning offers means of making protocols intelligent and is able to adapt dynamically.In this context,we focus on providing open challenges to drive IoT application layer protocols in such a direction.展开更多
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, I...The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, IoT interacts with many application areas such as smart city, smart building, security, traffic, remote monitoring, health, energy, disaster, agriculture, industry. The IoT network in these scenarios comprises tiny devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. An IoT network is able to keep these fundamental components in transmission under many conditions with lightweight communication protocols taking into account the limited hardware features (memory, processor, energy, etc.) of tiny devices. These lightweight communication protocols affect the network traffic, reliability, bandwidth, and energy consumption of the IoT application. Therefore, determining the most proper communication protocol for application developers emerges as an important engineering problem. This paper presents a straightforward overview of the lightweight communication protocols, technological advancements in application layer for the IoT ecosystem. The survey then analyzes various recent lightweight communication protocols and reviews their strengths and limitations. In addition, the paper explains the experimental comparison of Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry (MQTT), and WebSocket protocols, more convenient for tiny IoT devices. Finally, we discuss future research directions of communication protocols for IoT.展开更多
This paper studies the communication protocol and link establishing mode of the mine managing mobile communication system consisted of minute areas. The communication protocol suitable for the system is proposed and d...This paper studies the communication protocol and link establishing mode of the mine managing mobile communication system consisted of minute areas. The communication protocol suitable for the system is proposed and designed.展开更多
This research paper describes the design and implementation of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standards REF _Ref401069962 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT [1] for Space Data Link Layer Protocol (SDLP). ...This research paper describes the design and implementation of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standards REF _Ref401069962 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT [1] for Space Data Link Layer Protocol (SDLP). The primer focus is the telecommand (TC) part of the standard. The implementation of the standard was in the form of DLL functions using C++ programming language. The second objective of this paper was to use the DLL functions with OMNeT++ simulating environment to create a simulator in order to analyze the mean end-to-end Packet Delay, maximum achievable application layer throughput for a given fixed link capacity and normalized protocol overhead, defined as the total number of bytes transmitted on the link in a given period of time (e.g. per second) divided by the number of bytes of application data received at the application layer model data sink. In addition, the DLL was also integrated with Ground Support Equipment Operating System (GSEOS), a software system for space instruments and small spacecrafts especially suited for low budget missions. The SDLP is designed for rapid test system design and high flexibility for changing telemetry and command requirements. GSEOS can be seamlessly moved from EM/FM development (bench testing) to flight operations. It features the Python programming language as a configuration/scripting tool and can easily be extended to accommodate custom hardware interfaces. This paper also shows the results of the simulations and its analysis.展开更多
In data centers, the transmission control protocol(TCP) incast causes catastrophic goodput degradation to applications with a many-to-one traffic pattern. In this paper, we intend to tame incast at the receiver-side a...In data centers, the transmission control protocol(TCP) incast causes catastrophic goodput degradation to applications with a many-to-one traffic pattern. In this paper, we intend to tame incast at the receiver-side application. Towards this goal, we first develop an analytical model that formulates the incast probability as a function of connection variables and network environment settings. We combine the model with the optimization theory and derive some insights into minimizing the incast probability through tuning connection variables related to applications. Then,enlightened by the analytical results, we propose an adaptive application-layer solution to the TCP incast.The solution equally allocates advertised windows to concurrent connections, and dynamically adapts the number of concurrent connections to the varying conditions. Simulation results show that our solution consistently eludes incast and achieves high goodput in various scenarios including the ones with multiple bottleneck links and background TCP traffic.展开更多
It is an effective method to broadcast the augmentation information of satellite navigation system using GEO technology.However,it becomes difficult to receive GEO signal in some special situation,for example in citie...It is an effective method to broadcast the augmentation information of satellite navigation system using GEO technology.However,it becomes difficult to receive GEO signal in some special situation,for example in cities or canyons,in which the signal will be sheltered by big buildings or mountains.In order to solve this problem,an Internet-based broadcast network has been proposed to utilize the infrastructure of the Internet to broadcast the augmentation information of satellite navigation system,which is based on application-layer multicast protocols.In this paper,a topology and position aware overlay network construction protocol is proposed to build the network for augmentation information of satellite navigation system.Simulation results show that the new algorithm is able to achieve better performance in terms of delay,depth and degree utilization.展开更多
The “Internet of Things” (IoT) refers to a set of intelligent “objects” that can communicate with each other directly or through a network. The IoT is the embodiment of the idea that everything can be connected an...The “Internet of Things” (IoT) refers to a set of intelligent “objects” that can communicate with each other directly or through a network. The IoT is the embodiment of the idea that everything can be connected anywhere and at any time. The concept can be applied to sectors such as e-health, e-government, automotive, geographic information systems, remote sensing, home networking, e-commerce and climate change mitigation. Unlike the Internet, the IoT has its own constraints, notably those linked to heterogeneity. This divergence is linked to different protocols, technologies and algorithms implemented in these connected objects for their interconnection. It should be noted that IoT devices can communicate with each other using different protocols and dedicated M2M (Machine to Machine) communication technologies. The aim of this work is to find solutions for optimising energy consumption during data exchanges between connected objects, with respect to certain constraints by using firstly this exchange for only Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and secondly the combination of the MQTT protocol and the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) protocol to check the quantity of the energy optimized. The MQTT protocol, for example, is one of the most widely used protocols for connected objects. Admittedly, this protocol consumes less energy, but in the situation of a very large number of users, the problem of saturation inevitably arises. In this article, we propose a solution of optimising energy consumption by combining the MQTT protocol with the CoAP protocol which can allow to use the standby mode contrary to the use of MQTT where the broker is always being turning. This solution has not yet been implemented but is being discussed. In this article, we’re going to use the joulemeter which is an application developed by Microsoft to measure and estimate the energy consumption of computers and applications. In our case, we take the example of the “Service Broker for network connections” of the Windows’s 10 Operating System, in my own computer to show the difference between the consumption of energy without the standby mode and with standby mode, because with the MQTT, the Broker’s MQTT is always on. Now, with the combination MQTT and CoAP, it is possible that we have standby mode and to compare these two cases in term of consumption of an energy. And to do it, we must use the joulemeter that we installed in our computer to simulate it. This is achieved by using the CoAP protocol combined with the MQTT protocol. The aim of our work is to reduce energy consumption in order to solve the problem of saturation of the MQTT by linking it to CoAP protocol by using Joulemeter mentioned above.展开更多
Several protocols and schemes have been proposed to reduce energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Net-works (WSNs). In this paper we employ farcoopt, a cross layer design approach with the concept of coop-eration among...Several protocols and schemes have been proposed to reduce energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Net-works (WSNs). In this paper we employ farcoopt, a cross layer design approach with the concept of coop-eration among the nodes with best farthest neighbor scheme to increase the Quality of Service (QoS), reduce energy consumption, increases performance and end-to-end throughput. We present cooperative transmission to connect previously disconnect parts of a network thus overcoming the separation problem of multi-hop network. We show that this approach improves connectivity over 50% compared to multi-hop approaches and reduces the number of nodes necessary to provide full coverage of an area up to 35%. Simulation results show that on increase of data rates i.e. packet the network life time increases in farcoopt as compared to tra-ditional multi hop approach. The result of this analysis is presented in this work.展开更多
基于应用层探测来识别传输层安全性协议(transport layer security,TLS)的上层服务是了解互联网服务配置和安全性的重要手段。当前的应用层扫描器在工作时依赖于默认的网络协议栈,其传输控制协议(transmission control protocol,TCP)协...基于应用层探测来识别传输层安全性协议(transport layer security,TLS)的上层服务是了解互联网服务配置和安全性的重要手段。当前的应用层扫描器在工作时依赖于默认的网络协议栈,其传输控制协议(transmission control protocol,TCP)协议专为通用场景设计,只能以受限的速率获取TLS上层服务信息;而TLS协议部分,由于现代化安全配置的软件库,与部分目标服务器不兼容。针对当前应用层扫描器识别TLS上层服务效率不高且不够全面的问题,本文从协议栈优化的角度,首先提出了一种应用于TCP协议栈的混合状态模型,通过引入无状态工作模式和优化有状态工作模式,以减少协议栈中不必要的状态维护和转换,从而提高应用层探测效率;然后,提出了一种面向TLS协议栈的宽松配置策略,通过最大限度的版本和配置兼容来与更加广泛的服务器建立TLS会话;最后,以用户态协议栈的方式将该模型和配置策略实现为异步应用层扫描器TLSnap,并通过可扩展模块的形式提供自定义接口,以支持多种TLS上层服务的识别任务。实验结果表明,在普通硬件配置下,TLSnap扫描器针对大规模端口的TLS上层服务的识别效率比当前先进方法提高3.5倍以上,且平均识别数量增加9%,有效提高了TLS上层服务识别的效率和全面性。展开更多
给出制定控制器局域网(Controller area network,CAN)总线通信协议应遵循的基本原则。结合电动汽车的控制结构特点,设计混合动力、纯电动、燃料电池等三种类型电动汽车动力总成系统推荐的网络拓扑结构。针对目前电动汽车应用层协议的不...给出制定控制器局域网(Controller area network,CAN)总线通信协议应遵循的基本原则。结合电动汽车的控制结构特点,设计混合动力、纯电动、燃料电池等三种类型电动汽车动力总成系统推荐的网络拓扑结构。针对目前电动汽车应用层协议的不统一现状,在SAE J1939的基础上,制定同时适用于三种类型电动汽车动力总成系统的CAN总线通用协议,并与传统内燃机汽车的通信协议兼容。该通用协议综合考虑了三类电动汽车的拓扑结构以及控制所需参数,并充分利用CAN通信的优势,对电动汽车各节点源地址分配、输出参数以及参数组定义等都做出明确的规定。在总线波特率为500kb/s时,协议的有效性分别在CANoe软件和自主开发的网络在环平台中得到验证,通信性能满足控制的实时性要求。展开更多
基金The authors would like to thank DST(SERB),Government of India for grant No.EEQ/2018/000888The work was also supported by the Archimedes Foundation under the Dora plus Grant 11-15/OO/11476We also acknowledge financial support to UoH-IoE by MHRD(F11/9/2019-U3(A)).
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)has been growing over the past few years due to its flexibility and ease of use in real-time applications.The IoT's foremost task is ensuring that there is proper communication among different types of applications and devices,and that the application layer protocols fulfill this necessity.However,as the number of applications grows,it is necessary to modify or enhance the application layer protocols according to specific IoT applications,allowing specific issues to be addressed,such as dynamic adaption to network conditions and interoperability.Recently,several IoT application layer protocols have been enhanced and modified according to application requirements.However,no existing survey articles focus on these protocols.In this article,we survey traditional and recent advances in IoT application layer protocols,as well as relevant real-time applications and their adapted application layer protocols for improving performance.As changing the nature of protocols for each application is unrealistic,machine learning offers means of making protocols intelligent and is able to adapt dynamically.In this context,we focus on providing open challenges to drive IoT application layer protocols in such a direction.
文摘The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, IoT interacts with many application areas such as smart city, smart building, security, traffic, remote monitoring, health, energy, disaster, agriculture, industry. The IoT network in these scenarios comprises tiny devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. An IoT network is able to keep these fundamental components in transmission under many conditions with lightweight communication protocols taking into account the limited hardware features (memory, processor, energy, etc.) of tiny devices. These lightweight communication protocols affect the network traffic, reliability, bandwidth, and energy consumption of the IoT application. Therefore, determining the most proper communication protocol for application developers emerges as an important engineering problem. This paper presents a straightforward overview of the lightweight communication protocols, technological advancements in application layer for the IoT ecosystem. The survey then analyzes various recent lightweight communication protocols and reviews their strengths and limitations. In addition, the paper explains the experimental comparison of Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry (MQTT), and WebSocket protocols, more convenient for tiny IoT devices. Finally, we discuss future research directions of communication protocols for IoT.
基金The project supported by Coal Science and Doctor Subject Foundation
文摘This paper studies the communication protocol and link establishing mode of the mine managing mobile communication system consisted of minute areas. The communication protocol suitable for the system is proposed and designed.
文摘This research paper describes the design and implementation of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standards REF _Ref401069962 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT [1] for Space Data Link Layer Protocol (SDLP). The primer focus is the telecommand (TC) part of the standard. The implementation of the standard was in the form of DLL functions using C++ programming language. The second objective of this paper was to use the DLL functions with OMNeT++ simulating environment to create a simulator in order to analyze the mean end-to-end Packet Delay, maximum achievable application layer throughput for a given fixed link capacity and normalized protocol overhead, defined as the total number of bytes transmitted on the link in a given period of time (e.g. per second) divided by the number of bytes of application data received at the application layer model data sink. In addition, the DLL was also integrated with Ground Support Equipment Operating System (GSEOS), a software system for space instruments and small spacecrafts especially suited for low budget missions. The SDLP is designed for rapid test system design and high flexibility for changing telemetry and command requirements. GSEOS can be seamlessly moved from EM/FM development (bench testing) to flight operations. It features the Python programming language as a configuration/scripting tool and can easily be extended to accommodate custom hardware interfaces. This paper also shows the results of the simulations and its analysis.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Fundsfor the Central Universities under Grant No.ZYGX2015J009the Sichuan Province Scientific and Technological Support Project under Grants No.2014GZ0017 and No.2016GZ0093
文摘In data centers, the transmission control protocol(TCP) incast causes catastrophic goodput degradation to applications with a many-to-one traffic pattern. In this paper, we intend to tame incast at the receiver-side application. Towards this goal, we first develop an analytical model that formulates the incast probability as a function of connection variables and network environment settings. We combine the model with the optimization theory and derive some insights into minimizing the incast probability through tuning connection variables related to applications. Then,enlightened by the analytical results, we propose an adaptive application-layer solution to the TCP incast.The solution equally allocates advertised windows to concurrent connections, and dynamically adapts the number of concurrent connections to the varying conditions. Simulation results show that our solution consistently eludes incast and achieves high goodput in various scenarios including the ones with multiple bottleneck links and background TCP traffic.
基金supported by National High Technical Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) under Grant No. 2009AA12Z322
文摘It is an effective method to broadcast the augmentation information of satellite navigation system using GEO technology.However,it becomes difficult to receive GEO signal in some special situation,for example in cities or canyons,in which the signal will be sheltered by big buildings or mountains.In order to solve this problem,an Internet-based broadcast network has been proposed to utilize the infrastructure of the Internet to broadcast the augmentation information of satellite navigation system,which is based on application-layer multicast protocols.In this paper,a topology and position aware overlay network construction protocol is proposed to build the network for augmentation information of satellite navigation system.Simulation results show that the new algorithm is able to achieve better performance in terms of delay,depth and degree utilization.
文摘The “Internet of Things” (IoT) refers to a set of intelligent “objects” that can communicate with each other directly or through a network. The IoT is the embodiment of the idea that everything can be connected anywhere and at any time. The concept can be applied to sectors such as e-health, e-government, automotive, geographic information systems, remote sensing, home networking, e-commerce and climate change mitigation. Unlike the Internet, the IoT has its own constraints, notably those linked to heterogeneity. This divergence is linked to different protocols, technologies and algorithms implemented in these connected objects for their interconnection. It should be noted that IoT devices can communicate with each other using different protocols and dedicated M2M (Machine to Machine) communication technologies. The aim of this work is to find solutions for optimising energy consumption during data exchanges between connected objects, with respect to certain constraints by using firstly this exchange for only Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and secondly the combination of the MQTT protocol and the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) protocol to check the quantity of the energy optimized. The MQTT protocol, for example, is one of the most widely used protocols for connected objects. Admittedly, this protocol consumes less energy, but in the situation of a very large number of users, the problem of saturation inevitably arises. In this article, we propose a solution of optimising energy consumption by combining the MQTT protocol with the CoAP protocol which can allow to use the standby mode contrary to the use of MQTT where the broker is always being turning. This solution has not yet been implemented but is being discussed. In this article, we’re going to use the joulemeter which is an application developed by Microsoft to measure and estimate the energy consumption of computers and applications. In our case, we take the example of the “Service Broker for network connections” of the Windows’s 10 Operating System, in my own computer to show the difference between the consumption of energy without the standby mode and with standby mode, because with the MQTT, the Broker’s MQTT is always on. Now, with the combination MQTT and CoAP, it is possible that we have standby mode and to compare these two cases in term of consumption of an energy. And to do it, we must use the joulemeter that we installed in our computer to simulate it. This is achieved by using the CoAP protocol combined with the MQTT protocol. The aim of our work is to reduce energy consumption in order to solve the problem of saturation of the MQTT by linking it to CoAP protocol by using Joulemeter mentioned above.
文摘Several protocols and schemes have been proposed to reduce energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Net-works (WSNs). In this paper we employ farcoopt, a cross layer design approach with the concept of coop-eration among the nodes with best farthest neighbor scheme to increase the Quality of Service (QoS), reduce energy consumption, increases performance and end-to-end throughput. We present cooperative transmission to connect previously disconnect parts of a network thus overcoming the separation problem of multi-hop network. We show that this approach improves connectivity over 50% compared to multi-hop approaches and reduces the number of nodes necessary to provide full coverage of an area up to 35%. Simulation results show that on increase of data rates i.e. packet the network life time increases in farcoopt as compared to tra-ditional multi hop approach. The result of this analysis is presented in this work.
文摘基于应用层探测来识别传输层安全性协议(transport layer security,TLS)的上层服务是了解互联网服务配置和安全性的重要手段。当前的应用层扫描器在工作时依赖于默认的网络协议栈,其传输控制协议(transmission control protocol,TCP)协议专为通用场景设计,只能以受限的速率获取TLS上层服务信息;而TLS协议部分,由于现代化安全配置的软件库,与部分目标服务器不兼容。针对当前应用层扫描器识别TLS上层服务效率不高且不够全面的问题,本文从协议栈优化的角度,首先提出了一种应用于TCP协议栈的混合状态模型,通过引入无状态工作模式和优化有状态工作模式,以减少协议栈中不必要的状态维护和转换,从而提高应用层探测效率;然后,提出了一种面向TLS协议栈的宽松配置策略,通过最大限度的版本和配置兼容来与更加广泛的服务器建立TLS会话;最后,以用户态协议栈的方式将该模型和配置策略实现为异步应用层扫描器TLSnap,并通过可扩展模块的形式提供自定义接口,以支持多种TLS上层服务的识别任务。实验结果表明,在普通硬件配置下,TLSnap扫描器针对大规模端口的TLS上层服务的识别效率比当前先进方法提高3.5倍以上,且平均识别数量增加9%,有效提高了TLS上层服务识别的效率和全面性。
文摘给出制定控制器局域网(Controller area network,CAN)总线通信协议应遵循的基本原则。结合电动汽车的控制结构特点,设计混合动力、纯电动、燃料电池等三种类型电动汽车动力总成系统推荐的网络拓扑结构。针对目前电动汽车应用层协议的不统一现状,在SAE J1939的基础上,制定同时适用于三种类型电动汽车动力总成系统的CAN总线通用协议,并与传统内燃机汽车的通信协议兼容。该通用协议综合考虑了三类电动汽车的拓扑结构以及控制所需参数,并充分利用CAN通信的优势,对电动汽车各节点源地址分配、输出参数以及参数组定义等都做出明确的规定。在总线波特率为500kb/s时,协议的有效性分别在CANoe软件和自主开发的网络在环平台中得到验证,通信性能满足控制的实时性要求。
