Owing to their low toxicity and remarkable stability, perovskites based on antimony and bismuth have garnered significant interest in recent years. However, A_(3)B_(2)X_(9) perovskite materials derived from antimony a...Owing to their low toxicity and remarkable stability, perovskites based on antimony and bismuth have garnered significant interest in recent years. However, A_(3)B_(2)X_(9) perovskite materials derived from antimony and bismuth face several challenges, including excessively wide band gaps, elevated defect densities, and suboptimal film quality, all of which hinder advancements in device efficiency. While extensive studies have been undertaken to investigate the effects of modulating the A-site and X-site elements in lead-free A_(3)B_(2)X_(9) perovskites, there remains a notable scarcity of reports addressing the impact of modifications to the B-site element. In this study, we investigated the alloying of antimony and bismuth within the 2D Cs_(3)B_(2)I_(6)Br_(3) perovskite. By systematically varying the ratios of two elements, we found that the incorporation of both antimony and bismuth at the B-site significantly enhances the quality of the perovskite films. Our findings indicate that a 1 : 1 ratio of antimony to bismuth produces the densest films, the highest photoluminescence intensity, and superior photovoltaic performance. Ultimately,the devices fabricated using this optimal ratio achieved an open-circuit voltage(VOC) of 1.01 V and a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 0.645%.展开更多
Antimony smelting activities damage the soil and vegetation surroundings while generating economic value.However,no standardizedmethods are available to diagnose the extent of soil degradation at antimony smelting sit...Antimony smelting activities damage the soil and vegetation surroundings while generating economic value.However,no standardizedmethods are available to diagnose the extent of soil degradation at antimony smelting sites.This study developed a standardized framework for assessing soil quality by consideringmicrobial-induced resilience and heavymetal contamination at Xikuangshan antimony smelting site.The soil resilience index(SRI)and soil contamination index(SCI)were calculated byMinimum Data Set and geo-accumulation model,respectively.After standardized by a multi-criteria quantitative procedure of modified Nemerow’s pollution index(NPI),the integrated assessment of soil quality index(SQI),which is the minimumof SRINPI and SCINPI,was achieved.The results showed that Sb and As were the prominent metal(loid)pollutants,and significant correlations between SQI and SRI indicated that the poor soil quality was mainly caused by the low level of soil resilience.The primary limiting factors of SRI were Fungi in high andmiddle contaminated areas,and Skermanella in low contaminated area,suggesting that the weak soil resilience was caused by low specific microbial abundances.Microbial regulation and phytoremediation are greatly required to improve the soil quality at antimony smelting sites from the perspectives of pollution control and resilience improvement.This study improves our understanding of ecological effects of antimony smelting sites and provides a theoretical basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining areas.展开更多
Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM)significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils,yet the interaction specifics with antimony(Sb)remain largely unexplored.Antimony is of particular e...Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM)significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils,yet the interaction specifics with antimony(Sb)remain largely unexplored.Antimony is of particular environmental concern due to its toxic properties and harmful effects on ecosystems and human health.Employing a three-step fractionation method with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),this study aimed to isolate and analyze humic acids(HA),PVP-non adsorbed fulvic acids(FAA),and PVP-adsorbed fulvic acids(FAB)from WSOM in soil spiked with Sb and incubated for 18 months.These fractions underwent chemical analysis for carbon(C),nitrogen(N),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb,complemented by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization.The study revealed that HA wasmore aliphatic,with Sb predominantly associating with the fulvic acid(FA)fraction,accounting for 97%of Sb in extracts.Specifically,the FAA subfraction held substantial portions of total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb.Correlations between Sb concentrations and TN,TC,and TOC were significant.Extraction methods showed NaOH and Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) outperformed HCl and deionised water in extracting TC,TN,and TOC,with higher Sb concentrations found in Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) and NaOH extracts.This underscores the role of Fe/Al-SOM complexes in Sb soil availability.The results revealed that FAA subfraction accounted for 76%,64%and 94%of TN,TOC and Sb,respectively.Therefore,this research highlights the FAA fraction’s central role,predominantly comprising non-humic substances like amines,in the availability of C,N,and Sb in Sb-impacted soils.The findings offer insights for environmental management and remediation strategies.展开更多
With the rapid development of industry,the environmental problems caused by heavy metal arsenic and antimony are becoming increasingly serious.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of arsenic and antimony pollut...With the rapid development of industry,the environmental problems caused by heavy metal arsenic and antimony are becoming increasingly serious.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of arsenic and antimony pollution in the water environment.Renewable carbon-based materials,as a kind of adsorbent widely used in wastewater treatment,have been the focus of scholars’research for many years.In this review,the preparation methods,characteristics,and applications of renewable carbon-based materials(biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,and graphene)for the removal of arsenic and antimony are described in detail.Based on adsorption kinetics,isothermal adsorption,temperature,pH,and coexisting ions,we discuss the process of adsorption of arsenic and antimony by renewable carbon-based materials,explore the mechanism of adsorption of anions in water by renewable carbon-basedmaterials,and comparatively analyze the differences in adsorption performance of arsenic and antimony by different renewable carbon-based materials.Compared with biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotube,and graphene renewable materials loaded with iron-manganese oxides have better removal effects on arsenic and antimony wastewater.Extensive research data shows that biochar,as a renewable material,is recommended,followed by activated carbon.Both are recommended because of their excellent adsorption properties and low production costs.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment are discussed,and the directions and development trends of future research are pointed out,which provide references and insights for further promoting the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment.展开更多
Antimony(Sb)contamination in paddy fields can lead to its accumulation in rice grains,posing a threat to food safety.To address this issue,the combined use of zero-valent iron(ZVI)and biochar(BC)were applied to decrea...Antimony(Sb)contamination in paddy fields can lead to its accumulation in rice grains,posing a threat to food safety.To address this issue,the combined use of zero-valent iron(ZVI)and biochar(BC)were applied to decrease the uptake of Sb in Sb-polluted soils,and their effects on Sb uptake from soil to rice grains were investigated.Our results showed that the combination treatment of 0.05%ZVI and 0.095%BC resulted in a significant decrease(42.8%)in Sb accumulation in rice grains that was comparably more efficient than that by 0.05%ZVI(decrease of 15.8%Sb accumulation)or 0.095%BC(decrease of 12.7%Sb accumulation)alone,demonstrating the synergistic effect of ZVI and BC on mitigating Sb uptake by rice plants.ZVI presence resulted in the formation of iron oxides in the soil and on root surfaces,and the S^(2-)/S_(2)^(2-)ascent also increased by 58.7%on day 75 compared with that of the control,facilitating the reduction of Sb(Ⅴ)to less mobile Sb(Ⅲ),thereby decreasing Sb accumulation in rice plants.BC initially increased themobility of Sb owing to its alkaline nature,whereas the electron shuttle properties of BC contributed to a decrease in Sbmobility.The abundance of the arsenite-reducing gene arrA ultimately increased by 203.2% on day 120 compared with the initial phase on day 5,and BC caused a remarkable increase in arrA gene abundance.This study revealed the synergistic mechanisms by combining ZVI and BC to mitigate Sb uptake by rice,which may be useful for the sustainable remediation of contaminated rice paddies.展开更多
Natural organic matter(NOM)containing Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides effectively stabilizes antimony(Sb)and arsenic(As)in soils.However,the specific type of NOM that limits the mobility of Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides and howNOM-Fe/Mn colloi...Natural organic matter(NOM)containing Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides effectively stabilizes antimony(Sb)and arsenic(As)in soils.However,the specific type of NOM that limits the mobility of Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides and howNOM-Fe/Mn colloidal properties can bemodulated for better Sb and As stabilization remains unclear.This study suggests that the degree of stabilization of the colloidal structure formed between NOM and Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides is crucial for Sb and As stabilization.It was found that straw-derived(SD),compared to humic acid(HA)with a high content of carboxyl groups,forms more stable colloidal structures with Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides.HA-Fe/Mn colloids show greater mobility and less deposition than SD-Fe/Mn colloids.In soil remediation simulations,SD-Fe/Mn colloids more effectively stabilized Sb and As.After 35 days,SD-Fe/Mn achieved nearly complete stabilization(100%)of water-soluble and decarbonate-extracted bioavailable fractions at depths of 1-12 cm,with high rates for other fractions as well.Even at depths of 23-34 cm,SD-Fe/Mn outperformed HA-Fe/Mn,showing higher stabilization rates for Sb and As by 12.6%and 20.4%,respectively.Morphological analysis suggests that the stabilization of Sb and As by SD-Fe/Mn primarily involves adsorption onto or incorporation within the Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides.This study offers guidance for optimizing NOM-Fe/Mn for in situ stabilization of Sb and As,enhances the understanding of different types of NOM that affect the behavior of Sb and As soil contamination,and presents new perspectives for developing effective in situ remediation materials.展开更多
We identified the antimony species present in a wide variety of plastic samples by X ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)at the Sb L_(3)-edge.The samples contained different concentrations of antimony(Sb),ranging from PET...We identified the antimony species present in a wide variety of plastic samples by X ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)at the Sb L_(3)-edge.The samples contained different concentrations of antimony(Sb),ranging from PET bottles in which Sb compounds are used as catalysts,with concentrations around 300 mg/kg,to electrical equipment in which the element is used as a flame retardant,with concentrations of several tens of thousands of mg/kg.Although the shape of the spectra at the L_(3)-edge is quite similar for all Sb reference materials,we were able to identify antimony glycolate or acetate in PET bottles,bound organic Sb in c-PET trays and senarmontite in electrical materials as themain Sb components.In samples with high Ca content(e.g.,electrical objects,some c-PET food trays and textiles)the Ca Ka emission line interferes with the Sb La line by introducing a high background which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio in the Sb XAS spectrum,resulting in noisy and distorted spectra.The element-resolved map on a PET bottle sample revealed both Sb and Ca hot spots of around 10-20 microns in size,with no correlation.展开更多
Antimony(Sb)is regarded as a potential candidate for next-generation anode materials for rechargeable batteries because it has a high theoretical specific capacity,excellent conductivity and appropriate reaction poten...Antimony(Sb)is regarded as a potential candidate for next-generation anode materials for rechargeable batteries because it has a high theoretical specific capacity,excellent conductivity and appropriate reaction potential.However,Sb-based anodes suffer from severe volume expansion of>135%during the lithiation-delithiation process.Hence,we construct a novel Sb@C composite encapsulating the Sb nanoparticles into highly conductive three-dimensional porous carbon frameworks via the one-step magnesiothermic reduction(MR).The porous carbon provides buffer spaces to accommodate the volume expansion of Sb.Meanwhile,the three-dimensional(3D)interconnected carbon frameworks shorten the ion/electron transport pathway and inhibit the overgrowth of unstable solid-electrolyte interfaces(SEIs).Consequently,the 3D Sb@C composite displays remarkable electrochemical performance,including a high average Coulombic efficiency(CE)of>99%,high initial capability of 989 mAh·g^(-1),excellent cycling stability for over 1000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A·g^(-1).Furthermore,employing a similar approach,this 3D Sb@C design paradigm holds promise for broader applications across fast-charging and ultralong-life battery systems beyond Li+.This work aims to advance practical applications for Sb-based anodes in next-generation batteries.展开更多
Birefringent materials possess significant optical anisotropy,making them pivotal in modulating light polarization,particularly in laser technology and scientific applications.In this study,five variants of antimony p...Birefringent materials possess significant optical anisotropy,making them pivotal in modulating light polarization,particularly in laser technology and scientific applications.In this study,five variants of antimony potassium fluoronitrates named SbF_(3)·KNO_(3)(1),SbF_(3)·3KNO_(3)(2),SbF_(3)·3KSbF_(4)·KNO_(3)(3),KSb_(2)F_(7)·3KNO_(3)(4),and KSb_(2)F_(7)·2KNO_(3)(5)were obtained.Remarkably,each compound contains distinct Sb-polyhedra configurations.Compounds 1 and 2 consist of singular[SbF_(3)]units,compound 3 harbors a mixture of[SbF_(3)]and[SbF_(4)]units,while compounds 4 and 5 feature single[SbF_(4)]units.Interestingly,the birefringence escalates progressively from 1 to 5,and notably,compound 5 exhibits the most pronounced birefringence among all reported inorganic antimony oxysalts.Detailed structural and property analyses affirm that the structural variance among the five compounds underpins the observed differences in birefringence.Moreover,the synergistic interplay between planarπ-conjugated NO_(3)^(−)groups and Sb^(3+)ions with lone-pair electrons facilitates the emergence of substantial polarization anisotropy.展开更多
Heavy metal(loid)(HM)pollution in agricultural soils has become an environmental concern in antimony(Sb)mining areas.However,priority pollution sources identification and deep understanding of environmental risks of H...Heavy metal(loid)(HM)pollution in agricultural soils has become an environmental concern in antimony(Sb)mining areas.However,priority pollution sources identification and deep understanding of environmental risks of HMs face great challenges due to multiple and complex pollution sources coexist.Herein,an integrated approach was conducted to distinguish pollution sources and assess human health risk(HHR)and ecological risk(ER)in a typical Sb mining watershed in Southern China.This approach combines absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression(APCS-MLR)and positivematrix factorization(PMF)models with ER and HHR assessments.Four pollution sources were distinguished for both models,and APCS-MLR model was more accurate and plausible.Predominant HM concentration source was natural source(39.1%),followed by industrial and agricultural activities(23.0%),unknown sources(21.5%)and Sb mining and smelting activities(16.4%).Although natural source contributed the most to HM concentrations,it did not pose a significant ER.Industrial and agricultural activities predominantly contributed to ER,and attention should be paid to Cd and Sb.Sb mining and smelting activities were primary anthropogenic sources of HHR,particularly Sb and As contaminations.Considering ER and HHR assessments,Sb mining and smelting,and industrial and agricultural activities are critical sources,causing serious ecological and health threats.This study showed the advantages of multiple receptor model application in obtaining reliable source identification and providing better source-oriented risk assessments.HM pollution management,such as regulating mining and smelting and implementing soil remediation in polluted agricultural soils,is strongly recommended for protecting ecosystems and humans.展开更多
Herein,two antimony sulfates,named RbSb(SO_(4))_(2)(1)and CsSb(SO_(4))_(2)(2),have been successfully synthesized with the introduction of Sb^(3+)cation with stereochemically active lone pairs(SCALP)into sulfates by th...Herein,two antimony sulfates,named RbSb(SO_(4))_(2)(1)and CsSb(SO_(4))_(2)(2),have been successfully synthesized with the introduction of Sb^(3+)cation with stereochemically active lone pairs(SCALP)into sulfates by the conventional hydrothermal method.Both two compounds endow short ultraviolet(UV)absorption edges(281 nm and 278 nm,respectively)and large birefringence(0.171@546 nm and 0.174@546 nm,respectively),which means that they are promising short-wave UV optical materials.Interestingly,though both of the two compounds exhibit similar 1D chained structures,and possess the same functional moieties including SbO4 seesaws and SO4 tetrahedral groups,they exhibit significantly opposite macroscopic symmetries,i.e.,compound 1 crystallizes in a centrosymmetric(CS)manner(P2_(1)/n)and compound 2 in a noncentrosymmetric(NCS)manner(P2_(1)2_(1)2_(1)),due to the size of cations[r(Rb+)=1.56 A˚,r(Cs+)=1.67 A˚]affects the orientation of SCALP of the adjacent Sb^(3+).展开更多
As typical metalloid toxic elements widely distributed in environmental media,the geochemical behaviour of antimony(Sb)and arsenic(As)affects environmental safety.We selected the surface waters and sediments at the ri...As typical metalloid toxic elements widely distributed in environmental media,the geochemical behaviour of antimony(Sb)and arsenic(As)affects environmental safety.We selected the surface waters and sediments at the river-lake junction of Dongting Lake as the research objects,analysed the concentration and chemical partitioning of Sb and As,assessed its contamination and ecological risk levels,and discussed its sources and potential influencing factors.The concentrations of dissolved Sb and As in surface waters were low(<5.46μg/L),and the concentrations of Sb and As in surface sediments were 2.49-22.65mg/kg and 11.10-136.34 mg/kg,respectively.Antimony and As in sediments were mainly enriched in the fraction of residues,but the proportion of As in bioavailability was significantly higher than that of Sb.Although the contamination level of Sb was higher than that of As,the risk assessment code(RAC)showed that the ecological risk level of As was higher than that of Sb.Rainwater erosion and mining activities(in the midstream of Zijiang River)were the main contaminated sources of Sb,while As was affect mainly by rainwater erosion.The contamination and ecological risk of Sb in the inlet of the Zijiang River should receive considerable attention,while those of As in the inlet of the Xiangjiang River should also be seriously considered.This study highlights the need for multi-index-based assessments of contamination and ecological risk and the importance of further studies on the environmental behaviour of metalloids in specific hydrological conditions,such as river-lake junctions.展开更多
The pollution caused by the mining and smelting of heavy metals is becoming an increasingly severe environmental problem.In this study,the environmental risks of mine tailings were explored using typical antimony tail...The pollution caused by the mining and smelting of heavy metals is becoming an increasingly severe environmental problem.In this study,the environmental risks of mine tailings were explored using typical antimony tailings(the depth of the sample taken from the ground to the deepest position of 120 cm)from the Zuoxiguo mine in Yunnan Province,Southwest China.The tailings were examined to explore the geological background,distribution characteristics,and release characteristics of heavy metals.Additionally,stabilizer treatments for heavy metals were investigated in consideration of waste treatment.The results showed that the contents of Sb and As(8.93×103 and 425 mg/kg,respectively)in the tailings were considerably higher than the local soil background values,suggesting that these metals pose a considerable threat to the surrounding environment.The geological background values of Cr,Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn were relatively low.The results of static release showed that Sb,As,Cd,and Cr leached from the tailings more easily than Cu,Zn,and Pb under acidic conditions(pH=2.98).Geo-accumulation indices and potential ecological risk indices showed that Sb,As,Cd,and Pb were highly enriched in the tailings,whereas Cu,Cr,and Zn contents were relatively low.The single factor ecological risk index of the mining area showed that Sb and As are high ecological risk factors,whereas Cr,Cu,Zn,Cd,and Pb are not.The results of the orthogonal test results showed that by adding 15.0%(m/m)fly ash and 15.0%(m/m)zeolite powder to the quicklime and curing for 28 d,a significant stabilization effect was observed for Sb,As,and Pb.This study helps determine the priority control components for characteristic heavy metals in antimony tailings,and provides valuable insights regarding the formulation of appropriate mitigation strategies.展开更多
The Yangla Cu skarn deposit is located in the central part of the Jinshajiang Suture Zone,southwest China,with a total reserve of 150 Mt Cu@1.03%.The newly discovered antimony orebodies at the depth of Yangla are stri...The Yangla Cu skarn deposit is located in the central part of the Jinshajiang Suture Zone,southwest China,with a total reserve of 150 Mt Cu@1.03%.The newly discovered antimony orebodies at the depth of Yangla are strictly controlled by the stratum,structure,and lithology,which are lenticular and vein-like within the marble fracture zone,which can provide a window into multistage miner-alization and ore genesis at Yangla.Mineralization can be divided into three types,Cu–Pb–Zn(skarn)pyrite,galena,and sphalerite,Cu(porphyry)chalcopyrite and pyrite,and Sb(hydrothermal)stibnite and pyrite.The mineral assem-blages were stibnite+pyrite+calcite+quartz±minor scheelite in antimony ores.This study presents quantitative measurements of the trace element compositions of pyrite and stibnite from the Yangla antimony ores.Analysis of pyrite with electron probe microanalysis(EPMA)showed enrichment in Co,Ni,Sb,As,and Mo,and deficit in its S and Fe contents when compared to the stoichiometric con-centrations of S and Fe in pyrite.The Sb-related pyrite may belong to sedimentary-reworked genesis and may be modi-fied by hydrothermalfluids,thereby presenting a certain dif-ference(i.e.,crystal morphology,texture,and chemical com-position)compared to the skarn and porphyry Cu-related pyrite in the Yangla Cu skarn deposit.Analysis of stibnite with EPMA and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrom-etry showed enrichment in As,Pb,Sn,Pb,Cu,and Zn,and presented much higher Sb contents and slightly lower S con-tents when compared to the stoichiometric concentrations of Sb and S in stibnite.Statistical analysis of the stibnite trace elements showed correlations for the elemental pairs Cu–Pb,As–Sb,and Sn–Pb,and the coupled substitution equations Sb^(3+)↔Cu^(+)+Pb^(2+),Sb^(3+)↔As^(3+),and Sn^(2+)↔Pb^(2+)may be the major factors governed the incorporating Cu,Pb,As and Sn within the stibnite.Moreover,this study preliminary shows that the antimony mineralization may belong to a car-bonate replacement hydrothermal genesis at Yangla.展开更多
Antimony-based anodes have attracted wide attention in potassium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacities(∼660 mA h g^(-1))and suitable voltage platforms.However,severe capacity fading caused b...Antimony-based anodes have attracted wide attention in potassium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacities(∼660 mA h g^(-1))and suitable voltage platforms.However,severe capacity fading caused by huge volume change and limited ion transportation hinders their practical applications.Recently,strategies for controlling the morphologies of Sb-based materials to improve the electrochemical performances have been proposed.Among these,the two-dimensional Sb(2D-Sb)materials present excellent properties due to shorted ion immigration paths and enhanced ion diffusion.Nevertheless,the synthetic methods are usually tedious,and even the mechanism of these strategies remains elusive,especially how to obtain large-scale 2D-Sb materials.Herein,a novel strategy to synthesize 2D-Sb material using a straightforward solvothermal method without the requirement of a complex nanostructure design is provided.This method leverages the selective adsorption of aldehyde groups in furfural to induce crystal growth,while concurrently reducing and coating a nitrogen-doped carbon layer.Compared to the reported methods,it is simpler,more efficient,and conducive to the production of composite nanosheets with uniform thickness(3–4 nm).The 2D-Sb@NC nanosheet anode delivers an extremely high capacity of 504.5 mA h g^(-1) at current densities of 100 mA g^(-1) and remains stable for more than 200 cycles.Through characterizations and molecular dynamic simulations,how potassium storage kinetics between 2D Sb-based materials and bulk Sb-based materials are explored,and detailed explanations are provided.These findings offer novel insights into the development of durable 2D alloy-based anodes for next-generation potassium-ion batteries.展开更多
Recent research has suggested that increased industrial and technological utilization of antimony and bismuth necessitates greater research to determine the soil and water chemistry and the environmental risks associa...Recent research has suggested that increased industrial and technological utilization of antimony and bismuth necessitates greater research to determine the soil and water chemistry and the environmental risks associated with these elements. The near-total soil profile concentrations of antimony and bismuth were determined for key soil series across southeastern Missouri. The antimony concentrations ranged from 0.65 to 0.08 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, whereas the bismuth soil profile concentrations ranged from 0.92 to 0.03 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>. Most pedons showed antimony concentrations ranging from 20 to 30 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, whereas bismuth concentrations were commonly 10 to 20 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>. For soils having argillic horizons, antimony and bismuth concentrations were greater for the illuvial horizons than the eluvial horizons, whereas Entisols, Inceptisols, and one Vertisol showed rather uniform antimony and bismuth concentrations, features paralleling the soil texture distribution. Both antimony and bismuth showed significant correlations with iron.展开更多
This paper mainly investigated the antimony recovery from antimony-bearing dusts through reduction roasting process after the dust firstly oxidation roasted.CO–CO2 mixture gas was used as reducing agent,and the antim...This paper mainly investigated the antimony recovery from antimony-bearing dusts through reduction roasting process after the dust firstly oxidation roasted.CO–CO2 mixture gas was used as reducing agent,and the antimony-containing phase was reduced into Sb4O6,volatilized into smoke,and finally recovered through the cooling cylinder.The antimony recovery rate increased from 66.00 wt%to 73.81 wt%in temperature range of 650 to 800°C,and decreased with temperature increased further to 900°C due to the reduction of Sb4O6 to the nonvolatile Sb.Similarly,the CO partial pressure also played a double role in this test.Under optimized conditions of roasting temperature of 800°C,CO partial pressure of 7.5 vol%and roasting time of 120 min,98.40 wt%of arsenic removal rate and 80.40 wt%antimony recovery rate could be obtained.In addition,the“As2O3”product could be used for preparing ferric arsenate which realized the harmless treatment of it.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concen- trations of antimony and modifier calcium magnesium phosphate on photosynthetic characteristics of edible amaranth, flowering Chinese cabbag...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concen- trations of antimony and modifier calcium magnesium phosphate on photosynthetic characteristics of edible amaranth, flowering Chinese cabbage, spinach and flowering Chinese cabbage. [Method] By outdoor potting simulation experiment, soil matrixes containing 10.00, 20.00, 50.00, 70.00 and 100.00 mg/kg antimony （Sb3＋） were pre- pared; soil without antimony was used as control （CK）. Each pot was loaded with 0.10 kg/kg vegetable special fertilizer, mixed evenly, and divided into two shares： one share was supplemented with 1.75 g/kg modifier calcium magnesium phosphate and mixed evenly; the other share contained no calcium magnesium phosphate. Af- ter the generation of three true leaves, seedlings with uniform growth were trans- planted into the prepared soil matrixes, eights seedlings per pot. Vegetable seedlings were watered regularly to maintain 70% of field capacity. After 45 d, veg- etable plants were harvested and washed clean with distilled water for measurement of indicators of photosynthetic characteristics. [Result] With the increase of antimony concentration, relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value） and net photosynthetic rate of four vegetable species increased first and then declined, while stomatal conduc- tance of vegetable leaves was linearly reduced. [Conclusion] Appropriately adding modifier calcium magnesium phosphate can effectively improve the photosynthetic characteristics of four vegetable species and reduce the toxic effects of heavy metal antimony on vegetables.展开更多
New solid complex of the antimony trichloride and dioxane was obtained th rough a reaction of the dioxane and the absolute methanol solution of the antimony trichloride.The formula of the complex is[SbCl_(3)·{(CH...New solid complex of the antimony trichloride and dioxane was obtained th rough a reaction of the dioxane and the absolute methanol solution of the antimony trichloride.The formula of the complex is[SbCl_(3)·{(CH_(2))_(4)O_(2)}_(1.5)].The crystal structure of the comple x belongs to cubic system,space group I-43d,a=17.1417(5)?,Z=16.The trivalent antimony ion not only bonds directly to three chlorine anions,but also is co ordinated by three oxygen atoms of th e dioxane molecules.Two oxygen atoms in a dioxane molecule wi ll coordinate to different antimony ions,respectively.展开更多
The feasibility of a new method for separating arsenic from arsenic-antimony-bearing dusts using Cu S was put forward,in which Sb was transformed into Sb2O4 and Sb2S3 that stayed in the roasted calcine while As was vo...The feasibility of a new method for separating arsenic from arsenic-antimony-bearing dusts using Cu S was put forward,in which Sb was transformed into Sb2O4 and Sb2S3 that stayed in the roasted calcine while As was volatilized in the form of As4O6.The factors such as roasting temperature and Cu S addition amount were studied using XRD,EPMA and SEM-EDS.Cu S has an active effect on the separation of arsenic due to the destruction of(Sb,As)2 O3 structures in the original dust and the simultaneous release of As in the form of As4O6.At a roasting temperature of 400°C and Cu S addition amount of 130%,the volatilization rates of arsenic and antimony reach 97.80 wt.%and 8.29 wt.%,respectively.Further,the high As volatile matter can be used to prepare ferric arsenate after it is oxidized,with this treatment rendering the vapor harmlessness.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No. LQ22F040001)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2022M723281)Science and Technology Planning Project of Shaoxing City (Grant No. 2023B41006)。
文摘Owing to their low toxicity and remarkable stability, perovskites based on antimony and bismuth have garnered significant interest in recent years. However, A_(3)B_(2)X_(9) perovskite materials derived from antimony and bismuth face several challenges, including excessively wide band gaps, elevated defect densities, and suboptimal film quality, all of which hinder advancements in device efficiency. While extensive studies have been undertaken to investigate the effects of modulating the A-site and X-site elements in lead-free A_(3)B_(2)X_(9) perovskites, there remains a notable scarcity of reports addressing the impact of modifications to the B-site element. In this study, we investigated the alloying of antimony and bismuth within the 2D Cs_(3)B_(2)I_(6)Br_(3) perovskite. By systematically varying the ratios of two elements, we found that the incorporation of both antimony and bismuth at the B-site significantly enhances the quality of the perovskite films. Our findings indicate that a 1 : 1 ratio of antimony to bismuth produces the densest films, the highest photoluminescence intensity, and superior photovoltaic performance. Ultimately,the devices fabricated using this optimal ratio achieved an open-circuit voltage(VOC) of 1.01 V and a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 0.645%.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2019YFC1803604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42007306 and 42277193).
文摘Antimony smelting activities damage the soil and vegetation surroundings while generating economic value.However,no standardizedmethods are available to diagnose the extent of soil degradation at antimony smelting sites.This study developed a standardized framework for assessing soil quality by consideringmicrobial-induced resilience and heavymetal contamination at Xikuangshan antimony smelting site.The soil resilience index(SRI)and soil contamination index(SCI)were calculated byMinimum Data Set and geo-accumulation model,respectively.After standardized by a multi-criteria quantitative procedure of modified Nemerow’s pollution index(NPI),the integrated assessment of soil quality index(SQI),which is the minimumof SRINPI and SCINPI,was achieved.The results showed that Sb and As were the prominent metal(loid)pollutants,and significant correlations between SQI and SRI indicated that the poor soil quality was mainly caused by the low level of soil resilience.The primary limiting factors of SRI were Fungi in high andmiddle contaminated areas,and Skermanella in low contaminated area,suggesting that the weak soil resilience was caused by low specific microbial abundances.Microbial regulation and phytoremediation are greatly required to improve the soil quality at antimony smelting sites from the perspectives of pollution control and resilience improvement.This study improves our understanding of ecological effects of antimony smelting sites and provides a theoretical basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining areas.
基金financial support provided by the University of New England,Australia for conducting this research。
文摘Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM)significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils,yet the interaction specifics with antimony(Sb)remain largely unexplored.Antimony is of particular environmental concern due to its toxic properties and harmful effects on ecosystems and human health.Employing a three-step fractionation method with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),this study aimed to isolate and analyze humic acids(HA),PVP-non adsorbed fulvic acids(FAA),and PVP-adsorbed fulvic acids(FAB)from WSOM in soil spiked with Sb and incubated for 18 months.These fractions underwent chemical analysis for carbon(C),nitrogen(N),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb,complemented by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization.The study revealed that HA wasmore aliphatic,with Sb predominantly associating with the fulvic acid(FA)fraction,accounting for 97%of Sb in extracts.Specifically,the FAA subfraction held substantial portions of total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb.Correlations between Sb concentrations and TN,TC,and TOC were significant.Extraction methods showed NaOH and Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) outperformed HCl and deionised water in extracting TC,TN,and TOC,with higher Sb concentrations found in Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) and NaOH extracts.This underscores the role of Fe/Al-SOM complexes in Sb soil availability.The results revealed that FAA subfraction accounted for 76%,64%and 94%of TN,TOC and Sb,respectively.Therefore,this research highlights the FAA fraction’s central role,predominantly comprising non-humic substances like amines,in the availability of C,N,and Sb in Sb-impacted soils.The findings offer insights for environmental management and remediation strategies.
基金funded by the following grants,including the Key Research and Development Programof Shaanxi Province(Nos.2023-LL-QY-42,2024NC-ZDCYL-02-05)the Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Research Initiation Grant Program(No.1960323102)+1 种基金the Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Special Program for Cultivation of Frontier Interdisciplinary Fields(No.X20230079)the Open Fund for the Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Nutrition of Ningxia(No.ZHS202401).
文摘With the rapid development of industry,the environmental problems caused by heavy metal arsenic and antimony are becoming increasingly serious.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of arsenic and antimony pollution in the water environment.Renewable carbon-based materials,as a kind of adsorbent widely used in wastewater treatment,have been the focus of scholars’research for many years.In this review,the preparation methods,characteristics,and applications of renewable carbon-based materials(biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,and graphene)for the removal of arsenic and antimony are described in detail.Based on adsorption kinetics,isothermal adsorption,temperature,pH,and coexisting ions,we discuss the process of adsorption of arsenic and antimony by renewable carbon-based materials,explore the mechanism of adsorption of anions in water by renewable carbon-basedmaterials,and comparatively analyze the differences in adsorption performance of arsenic and antimony by different renewable carbon-based materials.Compared with biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotube,and graphene renewable materials loaded with iron-manganese oxides have better removal effects on arsenic and antimony wastewater.Extensive research data shows that biochar,as a renewable material,is recommended,followed by activated carbon.Both are recommended because of their excellent adsorption properties and low production costs.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment are discussed,and the directions and development trends of future research are pointed out,which provide references and insights for further promoting the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42030702,42307014,and 42077354)the Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research(No.2020B1212060048)+7 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M720847)the GDAS’Project of Science and Technology Development(Nos.2023GDASZH-2023010103,and 2020GDASYL-20200104017)the open competition program of top ten critical priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province(No.2022SDZG08)Research Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education(No.21C0788)National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2022YFD1700804)Guangdong Province Key Field R&D Project(No.2023B0202010027)Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2023B03J1286)the research platformwas also supported by Guangdong Science and Technology Infrastructure development(No.2019B121201004).
文摘Antimony(Sb)contamination in paddy fields can lead to its accumulation in rice grains,posing a threat to food safety.To address this issue,the combined use of zero-valent iron(ZVI)and biochar(BC)were applied to decrease the uptake of Sb in Sb-polluted soils,and their effects on Sb uptake from soil to rice grains were investigated.Our results showed that the combination treatment of 0.05%ZVI and 0.095%BC resulted in a significant decrease(42.8%)in Sb accumulation in rice grains that was comparably more efficient than that by 0.05%ZVI(decrease of 15.8%Sb accumulation)or 0.095%BC(decrease of 12.7%Sb accumulation)alone,demonstrating the synergistic effect of ZVI and BC on mitigating Sb uptake by rice plants.ZVI presence resulted in the formation of iron oxides in the soil and on root surfaces,and the S^(2-)/S_(2)^(2-)ascent also increased by 58.7%on day 75 compared with that of the control,facilitating the reduction of Sb(Ⅴ)to less mobile Sb(Ⅲ),thereby decreasing Sb accumulation in rice plants.BC initially increased themobility of Sb owing to its alkaline nature,whereas the electron shuttle properties of BC contributed to a decrease in Sbmobility.The abundance of the arsenite-reducing gene arrA ultimately increased by 203.2% on day 120 compared with the initial phase on day 5,and BC caused a remarkable increase in arrA gene abundance.This study revealed the synergistic mechanisms by combining ZVI and BC to mitigate Sb uptake by rice,which may be useful for the sustainable remediation of contaminated rice paddies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U23A20679)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2023JJ0065)+1 种基金the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52121004)the Key Research and Development Project of the Power Construction Corporation of China(No.DJ-ZDXM-2023-24).
文摘Natural organic matter(NOM)containing Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides effectively stabilizes antimony(Sb)and arsenic(As)in soils.However,the specific type of NOM that limits the mobility of Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides and howNOM-Fe/Mn colloidal properties can bemodulated for better Sb and As stabilization remains unclear.This study suggests that the degree of stabilization of the colloidal structure formed between NOM and Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides is crucial for Sb and As stabilization.It was found that straw-derived(SD),compared to humic acid(HA)with a high content of carboxyl groups,forms more stable colloidal structures with Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides.HA-Fe/Mn colloids show greater mobility and less deposition than SD-Fe/Mn colloids.In soil remediation simulations,SD-Fe/Mn colloids more effectively stabilized Sb and As.After 35 days,SD-Fe/Mn achieved nearly complete stabilization(100%)of water-soluble and decarbonate-extracted bioavailable fractions at depths of 1-12 cm,with high rates for other fractions as well.Even at depths of 23-34 cm,SD-Fe/Mn outperformed HA-Fe/Mn,showing higher stabilization rates for Sb and As by 12.6%and 20.4%,respectively.Morphological analysis suggests that the stabilization of Sb and As by SD-Fe/Mn primarily involves adsorption onto or incorporation within the Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides.This study offers guidance for optimizing NOM-Fe/Mn for in situ stabilization of Sb and As,enhances the understanding of different types of NOM that affect the behavior of Sb and As soil contamination,and presents new perspectives for developing effective in situ remediation materials.
文摘We identified the antimony species present in a wide variety of plastic samples by X ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)at the Sb L_(3)-edge.The samples contained different concentrations of antimony(Sb),ranging from PET bottles in which Sb compounds are used as catalysts,with concentrations around 300 mg/kg,to electrical equipment in which the element is used as a flame retardant,with concentrations of several tens of thousands of mg/kg.Although the shape of the spectra at the L_(3)-edge is quite similar for all Sb reference materials,we were able to identify antimony glycolate or acetate in PET bottles,bound organic Sb in c-PET trays and senarmontite in electrical materials as themain Sb components.In samples with high Ca content(e.g.,electrical objects,some c-PET food trays and textiles)the Ca Ka emission line interferes with the Sb La line by introducing a high background which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio in the Sb XAS spectrum,resulting in noisy and distorted spectra.The element-resolved map on a PET bottle sample revealed both Sb and Ca hot spots of around 10-20 microns in size,with no correlation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22309056)the National Key R&.D Program of China(No.2022YFB2404800)+4 种基金the Basic Research Program of Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Committee(No.JCYJ20210324141613032)the Knowledge Innovation Project of Wuhan City(No.2022010801010303)the City University of Hong Kong Strategic Research Grant(SRG),Hong Kong,China(No.7005505)the City University of Hong Kong Donation Research Grant,Hong Kong,China(No.DON-RMG 9229021)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZB20230552).
文摘Antimony(Sb)is regarded as a potential candidate for next-generation anode materials for rechargeable batteries because it has a high theoretical specific capacity,excellent conductivity and appropriate reaction potential.However,Sb-based anodes suffer from severe volume expansion of>135%during the lithiation-delithiation process.Hence,we construct a novel Sb@C composite encapsulating the Sb nanoparticles into highly conductive three-dimensional porous carbon frameworks via the one-step magnesiothermic reduction(MR).The porous carbon provides buffer spaces to accommodate the volume expansion of Sb.Meanwhile,the three-dimensional(3D)interconnected carbon frameworks shorten the ion/electron transport pathway and inhibit the overgrowth of unstable solid-electrolyte interfaces(SEIs).Consequently,the 3D Sb@C composite displays remarkable electrochemical performance,including a high average Coulombic efficiency(CE)of>99%,high initial capability of 989 mAh·g^(-1),excellent cycling stability for over 1000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A·g^(-1).Furthermore,employing a similar approach,this 3D Sb@C design paradigm holds promise for broader applications across fast-charging and ultralong-life battery systems beyond Li+.This work aims to advance practical applications for Sb-based anodes in next-generation batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22122106,22071158,22375139,22305166).
文摘Birefringent materials possess significant optical anisotropy,making them pivotal in modulating light polarization,particularly in laser technology and scientific applications.In this study,five variants of antimony potassium fluoronitrates named SbF_(3)·KNO_(3)(1),SbF_(3)·3KNO_(3)(2),SbF_(3)·3KSbF_(4)·KNO_(3)(3),KSb_(2)F_(7)·3KNO_(3)(4),and KSb_(2)F_(7)·2KNO_(3)(5)were obtained.Remarkably,each compound contains distinct Sb-polyhedra configurations.Compounds 1 and 2 consist of singular[SbF_(3)]units,compound 3 harbors a mixture of[SbF_(3)]and[SbF_(4)]units,while compounds 4 and 5 feature single[SbF_(4)]units.Interestingly,the birefringence escalates progressively from 1 to 5,and notably,compound 5 exhibits the most pronounced birefringence among all reported inorganic antimony oxysalts.Detailed structural and property analyses affirm that the structural variance among the five compounds underpins the observed differences in birefringence.Moreover,the synergistic interplay between planarπ-conjugated NO_(3)^(−)groups and Sb^(3+)ions with lone-pair electrons facilitates the emergence of substantial polarization anisotropy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42107394)the Major Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71991483)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.BSRF202309).
文摘Heavy metal(loid)(HM)pollution in agricultural soils has become an environmental concern in antimony(Sb)mining areas.However,priority pollution sources identification and deep understanding of environmental risks of HMs face great challenges due to multiple and complex pollution sources coexist.Herein,an integrated approach was conducted to distinguish pollution sources and assess human health risk(HHR)and ecological risk(ER)in a typical Sb mining watershed in Southern China.This approach combines absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression(APCS-MLR)and positivematrix factorization(PMF)models with ER and HHR assessments.Four pollution sources were distinguished for both models,and APCS-MLR model was more accurate and plausible.Predominant HM concentration source was natural source(39.1%),followed by industrial and agricultural activities(23.0%),unknown sources(21.5%)and Sb mining and smelting activities(16.4%).Although natural source contributed the most to HM concentrations,it did not pose a significant ER.Industrial and agricultural activities predominantly contributed to ER,and attention should be paid to Cd and Sb.Sb mining and smelting activities were primary anthropogenic sources of HHR,particularly Sb and As contaminations.Considering ER and HHR assessments,Sb mining and smelting,and industrial and agricultural activities are critical sources,causing serious ecological and health threats.This study showed the advantages of multiple receptor model application in obtaining reliable source identification and providing better source-oriented risk assessments.HM pollution management,such as regulating mining and smelting and implementing soil remediation in polluted agricultural soils,is strongly recommended for protecting ecosystems and humans.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22122106,22071158,21971171)the Fundamental Research Funds from Sichuan University(No.2021SCUNL101).
文摘Herein,two antimony sulfates,named RbSb(SO_(4))_(2)(1)and CsSb(SO_(4))_(2)(2),have been successfully synthesized with the introduction of Sb^(3+)cation with stereochemically active lone pairs(SCALP)into sulfates by the conventional hydrothermal method.Both two compounds endow short ultraviolet(UV)absorption edges(281 nm and 278 nm,respectively)and large birefringence(0.171@546 nm and 0.174@546 nm,respectively),which means that they are promising short-wave UV optical materials.Interestingly,though both of the two compounds exhibit similar 1D chained structures,and possess the same functional moieties including SbO4 seesaws and SO4 tetrahedral groups,they exhibit significantly opposite macroscopic symmetries,i.e.,compound 1 crystallizes in a centrosymmetric(CS)manner(P2_(1)/n)and compound 2 in a noncentrosymmetric(NCS)manner(P2_(1)2_(1)2_(1)),due to the size of cations[r(Rb+)=1.56 A˚,r(Cs+)=1.67 A˚]affects the orientation of SCALP of the adjacent Sb^(3+).
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42030706)。
文摘As typical metalloid toxic elements widely distributed in environmental media,the geochemical behaviour of antimony(Sb)and arsenic(As)affects environmental safety.We selected the surface waters and sediments at the river-lake junction of Dongting Lake as the research objects,analysed the concentration and chemical partitioning of Sb and As,assessed its contamination and ecological risk levels,and discussed its sources and potential influencing factors.The concentrations of dissolved Sb and As in surface waters were low(<5.46μg/L),and the concentrations of Sb and As in surface sediments were 2.49-22.65mg/kg and 11.10-136.34 mg/kg,respectively.Antimony and As in sediments were mainly enriched in the fraction of residues,but the proportion of As in bioavailability was significantly higher than that of Sb.Although the contamination level of Sb was higher than that of As,the risk assessment code(RAC)showed that the ecological risk level of As was higher than that of Sb.Rainwater erosion and mining activities(in the midstream of Zijiang River)were the main contaminated sources of Sb,while As was affect mainly by rainwater erosion.The contamination and ecological risk of Sb in the inlet of the Zijiang River should receive considerable attention,while those of As in the inlet of the Xiangjiang River should also be seriously considered.This study highlights the need for multi-index-based assessments of contamination and ecological risk and the importance of further studies on the environmental behaviour of metalloids in specific hydrological conditions,such as river-lake junctions.
基金supported by the High-Level Talent Training Program in Guizhou Province(GCC[2023]045)the Guizhou Talent Base Project[RCJD2018-21]。
文摘The pollution caused by the mining and smelting of heavy metals is becoming an increasingly severe environmental problem.In this study,the environmental risks of mine tailings were explored using typical antimony tailings(the depth of the sample taken from the ground to the deepest position of 120 cm)from the Zuoxiguo mine in Yunnan Province,Southwest China.The tailings were examined to explore the geological background,distribution characteristics,and release characteristics of heavy metals.Additionally,stabilizer treatments for heavy metals were investigated in consideration of waste treatment.The results showed that the contents of Sb and As(8.93×103 and 425 mg/kg,respectively)in the tailings were considerably higher than the local soil background values,suggesting that these metals pose a considerable threat to the surrounding environment.The geological background values of Cr,Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn were relatively low.The results of static release showed that Sb,As,Cd,and Cr leached from the tailings more easily than Cu,Zn,and Pb under acidic conditions(pH=2.98).Geo-accumulation indices and potential ecological risk indices showed that Sb,As,Cd,and Pb were highly enriched in the tailings,whereas Cu,Cr,and Zn contents were relatively low.The single factor ecological risk index of the mining area showed that Sb and As are high ecological risk factors,whereas Cr,Cu,Zn,Cd,and Pb are not.The results of the orthogonal test results showed that by adding 15.0%(m/m)fly ash and 15.0%(m/m)zeolite powder to the quicklime and curing for 28 d,a significant stabilization effect was observed for Sb,As,and Pb.This study helps determine the priority control components for characteristic heavy metals in antimony tailings,and provides valuable insights regarding the formulation of appropriate mitigation strategies.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41862007)the Key Disciplines Construction of Kunming University of Science and Technology(No.14078384)the Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young&Elite Talents Project(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-093)。
文摘The Yangla Cu skarn deposit is located in the central part of the Jinshajiang Suture Zone,southwest China,with a total reserve of 150 Mt Cu@1.03%.The newly discovered antimony orebodies at the depth of Yangla are strictly controlled by the stratum,structure,and lithology,which are lenticular and vein-like within the marble fracture zone,which can provide a window into multistage miner-alization and ore genesis at Yangla.Mineralization can be divided into three types,Cu–Pb–Zn(skarn)pyrite,galena,and sphalerite,Cu(porphyry)chalcopyrite and pyrite,and Sb(hydrothermal)stibnite and pyrite.The mineral assem-blages were stibnite+pyrite+calcite+quartz±minor scheelite in antimony ores.This study presents quantitative measurements of the trace element compositions of pyrite and stibnite from the Yangla antimony ores.Analysis of pyrite with electron probe microanalysis(EPMA)showed enrichment in Co,Ni,Sb,As,and Mo,and deficit in its S and Fe contents when compared to the stoichiometric con-centrations of S and Fe in pyrite.The Sb-related pyrite may belong to sedimentary-reworked genesis and may be modi-fied by hydrothermalfluids,thereby presenting a certain dif-ference(i.e.,crystal morphology,texture,and chemical com-position)compared to the skarn and porphyry Cu-related pyrite in the Yangla Cu skarn deposit.Analysis of stibnite with EPMA and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrom-etry showed enrichment in As,Pb,Sn,Pb,Cu,and Zn,and presented much higher Sb contents and slightly lower S con-tents when compared to the stoichiometric concentrations of Sb and S in stibnite.Statistical analysis of the stibnite trace elements showed correlations for the elemental pairs Cu–Pb,As–Sb,and Sn–Pb,and the coupled substitution equations Sb^(3+)↔Cu^(+)+Pb^(2+),Sb^(3+)↔As^(3+),and Sn^(2+)↔Pb^(2+)may be the major factors governed the incorporating Cu,Pb,As and Sn within the stibnite.Moreover,this study preliminary shows that the antimony mineralization may belong to a car-bonate replacement hydrothermal genesis at Yangla.
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province(YDZJ202101ZYTS185)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21975250)。
文摘Antimony-based anodes have attracted wide attention in potassium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacities(∼660 mA h g^(-1))and suitable voltage platforms.However,severe capacity fading caused by huge volume change and limited ion transportation hinders their practical applications.Recently,strategies for controlling the morphologies of Sb-based materials to improve the electrochemical performances have been proposed.Among these,the two-dimensional Sb(2D-Sb)materials present excellent properties due to shorted ion immigration paths and enhanced ion diffusion.Nevertheless,the synthetic methods are usually tedious,and even the mechanism of these strategies remains elusive,especially how to obtain large-scale 2D-Sb materials.Herein,a novel strategy to synthesize 2D-Sb material using a straightforward solvothermal method without the requirement of a complex nanostructure design is provided.This method leverages the selective adsorption of aldehyde groups in furfural to induce crystal growth,while concurrently reducing and coating a nitrogen-doped carbon layer.Compared to the reported methods,it is simpler,more efficient,and conducive to the production of composite nanosheets with uniform thickness(3–4 nm).The 2D-Sb@NC nanosheet anode delivers an extremely high capacity of 504.5 mA h g^(-1) at current densities of 100 mA g^(-1) and remains stable for more than 200 cycles.Through characterizations and molecular dynamic simulations,how potassium storage kinetics between 2D Sb-based materials and bulk Sb-based materials are explored,and detailed explanations are provided.These findings offer novel insights into the development of durable 2D alloy-based anodes for next-generation potassium-ion batteries.
文摘Recent research has suggested that increased industrial and technological utilization of antimony and bismuth necessitates greater research to determine the soil and water chemistry and the environmental risks associated with these elements. The near-total soil profile concentrations of antimony and bismuth were determined for key soil series across southeastern Missouri. The antimony concentrations ranged from 0.65 to 0.08 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, whereas the bismuth soil profile concentrations ranged from 0.92 to 0.03 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>. Most pedons showed antimony concentrations ranging from 20 to 30 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, whereas bismuth concentrations were commonly 10 to 20 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>. For soils having argillic horizons, antimony and bismuth concentrations were greater for the illuvial horizons than the eluvial horizons, whereas Entisols, Inceptisols, and one Vertisol showed rather uniform antimony and bismuth concentrations, features paralleling the soil texture distribution. Both antimony and bismuth showed significant correlations with iron.
基金Project(51564034)supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Regional Scholars,China
文摘This paper mainly investigated the antimony recovery from antimony-bearing dusts through reduction roasting process after the dust firstly oxidation roasted.CO–CO2 mixture gas was used as reducing agent,and the antimony-containing phase was reduced into Sb4O6,volatilized into smoke,and finally recovered through the cooling cylinder.The antimony recovery rate increased from 66.00 wt%to 73.81 wt%in temperature range of 650 to 800°C,and decreased with temperature increased further to 900°C due to the reduction of Sb4O6 to the nonvolatile Sb.Similarly,the CO partial pressure also played a double role in this test.Under optimized conditions of roasting temperature of 800°C,CO partial pressure of 7.5 vol%and roasting time of 120 min,98.40 wt%of arsenic removal rate and 80.40 wt%antimony recovery rate could be obtained.In addition,the“As2O3”product could be used for preparing ferric arsenate which realized the harmless treatment of it.
基金Supported by Fund of Director of Hunan Institute of HorticultureProject for Cultivation Post in Citrus Industry System of Hunan Province(2013)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concen- trations of antimony and modifier calcium magnesium phosphate on photosynthetic characteristics of edible amaranth, flowering Chinese cabbage, spinach and flowering Chinese cabbage. [Method] By outdoor potting simulation experiment, soil matrixes containing 10.00, 20.00, 50.00, 70.00 and 100.00 mg/kg antimony （Sb3＋） were pre- pared; soil without antimony was used as control （CK）. Each pot was loaded with 0.10 kg/kg vegetable special fertilizer, mixed evenly, and divided into two shares： one share was supplemented with 1.75 g/kg modifier calcium magnesium phosphate and mixed evenly; the other share contained no calcium magnesium phosphate. Af- ter the generation of three true leaves, seedlings with uniform growth were trans- planted into the prepared soil matrixes, eights seedlings per pot. Vegetable seedlings were watered regularly to maintain 70% of field capacity. After 45 d, veg- etable plants were harvested and washed clean with distilled water for measurement of indicators of photosynthetic characteristics. [Result] With the increase of antimony concentration, relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value） and net photosynthetic rate of four vegetable species increased first and then declined, while stomatal conduc- tance of vegetable leaves was linearly reduced. [Conclusion] Appropriately adding modifier calcium magnesium phosphate can effectively improve the photosynthetic characteristics of four vegetable species and reduce the toxic effects of heavy metal antimony on vegetables.
文摘New solid complex of the antimony trichloride and dioxane was obtained th rough a reaction of the dioxane and the absolute methanol solution of the antimony trichloride.The formula of the complex is[SbCl_(3)·{(CH_(2))_(4)O_(2)}_(1.5)].The crystal structure of the comple x belongs to cubic system,space group I-43d,a=17.1417(5)?,Z=16.The trivalent antimony ion not only bonds directly to three chlorine anions,but also is co ordinated by three oxygen atoms of th e dioxane molecules.Two oxygen atoms in a dioxane molecule wi ll coordinate to different antimony ions,respectively.
基金Project(51564034)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Regional Scholars,ChinaProject(2015HA019)supported by the Scientific and Technological Leading Talent Program in Yunnan Province,China.
文摘The feasibility of a new method for separating arsenic from arsenic-antimony-bearing dusts using Cu S was put forward,in which Sb was transformed into Sb2O4 and Sb2S3 that stayed in the roasted calcine while As was volatilized in the form of As4O6.The factors such as roasting temperature and Cu S addition amount were studied using XRD,EPMA and SEM-EDS.Cu S has an active effect on the separation of arsenic due to the destruction of(Sb,As)2 O3 structures in the original dust and the simultaneous release of As in the form of As4O6.At a roasting temperature of 400°C and Cu S addition amount of 130%,the volatilization rates of arsenic and antimony reach 97.80 wt.%and 8.29 wt.%,respectively.Further,the high As volatile matter can be used to prepare ferric arsenate after it is oxidized,with this treatment rendering the vapor harmlessness.
