We put forward an enlightening view on repulsive force between antimatter:Antimatter repels each other,and the repulsive force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of...We put forward an enlightening view on repulsive force between antimatter:Antimatter repels each other,and the repulsive force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them;There is no gravitational or anti-gravitational interaction between antimatter and positive matter.As their applications,we explain the Big Bang process in a new light.展开更多
Flat, straight sheets of paper, standing vertically on edge cannot support any load placed upon their top edge, but once formed into fractal tube conic sections, they have been measured to support up to 97.52 (± ...Flat, straight sheets of paper, standing vertically on edge cannot support any load placed upon their top edge, but once formed into fractal tube conic sections, they have been measured to support up to 97.52 (± 2.27) kilograms (215 (± 5) pounds) of weight with strength-per-weight ratio up to 10,336 (± 240). So, strength has been discovered to be an emergent characteristic arising solely from addition of intelligent order. It is proposed to impose such intelligent order upon, preferably, at least 6 laser beams by focusing each of them to form cones of light, arranging the cones to form a wall of a larger fractal cone, and converging all of them to a common focal point inside a vacuum chamber to give them sufficient strength near this focal point to attract, hold, and move neutral antimatter, preferably anti-lithium. This opens the new field of structural engineering of light and re-defines the concept of strength. Means of cancelling out radiation pressure by reflection of laser beams back to the common focal point are proposed to enable laser confinement of particles having low polarizability, such as anti-hydrogen. Counter-circulation of light by reflection at grazing incidence is proposed as a means of returning escaping antimatter back to the common focal point containment area. Means are proposed to inject a stream of matter into the contained antimatter to create a matter-antimatter reactor and propulsion engine. Since anti-lithium is not available, yet, means are proposed to test these structures by confining ordinary lithium, instead, and by hitting it with anti-protons and/or positrons. Means are proposed to modulate the matter-antimatter reaction with information to create modulated gravitational waves for communication. The proposed structures would enable efficient, stable, safe confinement of antimatter, which would allow better study of antimatter, and make possible renewable, clean, safe, matter-antimatter reactor generators and propulsion engines, antimatter-assisted fusion reactors, and modulated gravitational wave generators.展开更多
Antimatter has been generated in large quantities by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Titan laser. The Titan laser is an ultra-intense laser system on the order of approximately 1020W/cm2 with pulse duration...Antimatter has been generated in large quantities by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Titan laser. The Titan laser is an ultra-intense laser system on the order of approximately 1020W/cm2 with pulse durations of roughly 1ps. With the Titan laser incident on a high atomic number target, such as gold, antimatter on the scale of 2 × 1010 positrons are generated. Roughly 90% of the generated positrons are ejected anisotropic and aft to the respective target. The mechanisms for the laser-derived positron antimatter generation involve electron interaction with the nuclei based on bremsstrahlung photons that yield electron-positron pairs as a consequence of the Bethe-Heitler process, which predominates the Trident process. Given the constraints of the current and near future technology space, a pulsed space propulsion configuration is advocated for antimatter derived space propulsion, similar in concept to pulsed radioisotope propulsion. Antimatter is generated through an ultra-intense laser on the scale of a Titan laser incident on a gold target and annihilated in a closed chamber, representative of a combustion chamber. Upon reaching a temperature threshold, the closed chamber opens, producing a pulse of thrust. The implication of the pulsed space propulsion antimatter architecture is that the energy source for the antimatter propulsion system can be decoupled from the actual spacecraft. In contrast to conventional chemical propulsion systems, which require storage of its respective propulsive chemical potential energy, the proposed antimatter propulsion architecture may have the energy source at a disparate location from the spacecraft. The ultra-intense laser could convey its laser energy over a distance to the actual spacecraft equipped with the positron antimatter pulsed space propulsion system. Hydrogen is considered as the propulsive fluid, in light of its low molecular weight. Fundamental analysis is applied to preliminarily define the performance of the positron antimatter derived pulsed space propulsion system. The fundamental performance analysis of the antimatter pulsed space propulsion system successfully reveals the architecture is viable for further evaluation.展开更多
The fundamental performance analysis of an advanced concept ramjet propulsion system using antimatter is presented. Antimatter is generated by ultra-intense laser pulses incident on a gold target. The scientific found...The fundamental performance analysis of an advanced concept ramjet propulsion system using antimatter is presented. Antimatter is generated by ultra-intense laser pulses incident on a gold target. The scientific foundation for the generation of antimatter by an ultra-intense laser was established in the early 1970’s and later demonstrated at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 2008 to 2009. Antimatter on the scale of 2 × 1010 positrons were generated through a ~1 ps pulse from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Titan laser that has an intensity of ~1020 W/cm2. The predominant mechanism is the Bethe-Heitler process, which involves high-energy bremsstrahlung photons as a result of electron-nuclei interaction. Propulsion involving lasers through chemical rather than non-chemical interaction has been previously advocated by Phipps. The major utilities of the ultra-intense laser derived antimatter ramjet are the capability to generate antimatter without a complex storage system and the ability to decouple the antimatter ramjet propulsion system from the energy source. For instance the ultra-intense laser and energy source could be terrestrial, while the ramjet could be mounted to a UAV as a propulsion system. With the extrapolation of current technologies, a sufficient number of pulses by ultra-intense lasers are eventually anticipated for the generation of antimatter to heat the propulsive flow of a ramjet. Fundamental performance analysis is provided based on an ideal ramjet derivation that is modified to address the proposed antimatter ramjet architecture.展开更多
The probability of creating Antimatter Multiverses is the same as the probability of creating Matter Multiverses since the Laws of Physics do not differentiate between matter and antimatter. The interaction of Matter ...The probability of creating Antimatter Multiverses is the same as the probability of creating Matter Multiverses since the Laws of Physics do not differentiate between matter and antimatter. The interaction of Matter and Antimatter Multiverses would destroy all the lower dimensions of both Multiverses allowing only the higher dimensions of the bigger Multiverse to survive. Energy within the void builds both types of Multiverses. Entropy within the void ends the building process to send all the mass back into the original levels of the void as Energy that is continuously being exchanged between the void and the two kinds of Multiverses.展开更多
The matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, corresponding to the virtual nonexistence of antimatter in the universe, is one of the greatest mysteries of cosmology. According to the prevailing cosmological model, the univ...The matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, corresponding to the virtual nonexistence of antimatter in the universe, is one of the greatest mysteries of cosmology. According to the prevailing cosmological model, the universe was created in the so-called “Big Bang” from pure energy and it is generally considered that the Big Bang and its aftermath produced equal numbers of particles and antiparticles, although the universe today appears to consist almost entirely of matter rather than antimatter. This constitutes the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem: where have all the antiparticles gone? Within the framework of the Generation Model (GM) of particle physics, it is demonstrated that the asymmetry problem may be understood in terms of the composite leptons and quarks of the GM. It is concluded that there is essentially no matter-antimatter asymmetry in the present universe and that the observed hydrogen-antihydrogen asymmetry may be understood in terms of statistical fluctuations associated with the complex many-body processes involved in the formation of either a hydrogen atom or an antihydrogen atom.展开更多
The opening and many years of research of magnetic spinor particles (real magnetic charges) in atoms and substance have enabled the author to formulate the conception of the Physical Triad, according which the real Wo...The opening and many years of research of magnetic spinor particles (real magnetic charges) in atoms and substance have enabled the author to formulate the conception of the Physical Triad, according which the real World consists of three fundamental phases: Matter, Antimatter and Energo-phase (Energo-medium). Particles of Matter are called spinors and particles of Antimatter are called antispinors. Energo-medium is a gasiform phase of high density that fills by himself all the infinite space of the real World. It consists of spinless and massless particles-energions. Spinor fields can be both flows energions (fields of Matter), so and anti-flow energions (fields of Antimatter). Atomic-shaped structures consisting of electric and magnetic spinor particles represent a Physical Mass (atoms, nucleons, etc.). The main characteristic of all varieties of Mass is its ability radiate gravitational field, which is a vortex electromagnetic field. All spinor particles are massless so as individually generate a gravitational field they can’t. All primary forces in the real World are implemented by means of Energo-medium, i.e. contact pressure its particles—energions. The spinor fields, including the gravitational field, myself the real of the power significance, have not. They are only intermediaries, inducing in Energo-medium its active (power) education, which is called “Dark Energy”. “Dark Energy” can be both positive, so and negative. Namely, a positive “Dark Energy”, which is associated with the technical activity of man, is responsible for stable climatic changes on Earth. Greenhouse gases are not the main “culprit” of climatic changes on our planet. However, these gases are the simplest indicator of the overall level of irreversible physical processes that stimulate the growth of the positive “Dark Energy” and are responsible for the negative thermal scenario on Earth.展开更多
Basing on the energy conservation, an analysis method on the gravity of antimatter is proposed by investigating the change of potential energy during high energy photon transfers to electron and positron in earth grav...Basing on the energy conservation, an analysis method on the gravity of antimatter is proposed by investigating the change of potential energy during high energy photon transfers to electron and positron in earth gravity field. Potential energy equations are deducted and proved that the force between matter and antimatter is attractive, and then the force between antimatter and antimatter is proved to be attractive too. So the gravity is attractive without considering matter or antimatter.展开更多
An exciting prospect is the use of antimatter as a fuel source due to its ability to convert mass energy to kinetic energy. Upon annihilation of antimatter with matter, tremendous amounts of energy are carried away by...An exciting prospect is the use of antimatter as a fuel source due to its ability to convert mass energy to kinetic energy. Upon annihilation of antimatter with matter, tremendous amounts of energy are carried away by charged and neutral particles. By redirecting the charged particles through an exhaust using a non-uniform magnetic field, an impulse can be generated capable of supplying thrust to an engine. Using the Geant 4 simulation toolkit developed by CERN, we simulate this process using a beam core engine design. By analyzing charged pions that result from antiproton-proton annihilation, we optimize the engine parameters and derive a specific impulse for antiproton fuel as used in the beam core configuration. A specific impulse of (2.49 ± 0.08) × 106 s was determined. This value is significantly higher than specific impulses of current chemical rocket fuels which range from 240 - 400 s.展开更多
Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is built on the original Dirac equation, an equation that exhibits perfect symmetry in that it is symmetric under charge conjugation (C), space (P) and time (T) reversal and any combinati...Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is built on the original Dirac equation, an equation that exhibits perfect symmetry in that it is symmetric under charge conjugation (C), space (P) and time (T) reversal and any combination of these discrete symmetries. We demonstrate herein that while the proposed Lorentz invariant Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations (CSTD-equations) obey C, PT and CPT-symmetries, these equations readily violate P, T, CP and CT-symmetries. Realising this violation, namely the T and CT-violation, we take this opportunity to suggest that the Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations may help in solving the long standing riddle and mystery of the preponderance of matter over antimatter. We come to the tentative conclusion that if these CSTD-equations are to explain the preponderance of matter over antimatter;then, photons are to be thought of as described by the spherically curved version of this set of equations, while ordinary matter is to be explained by the parabolically and hyperbolically curved spacetime versions of this same set of equations.展开更多
The article shows that the special theory of relativity (STR) created in the last century was based on postulates due to the lack of the required experimental information and turned out to be incorrect, as its princip...The article shows that the special theory of relativity (STR) created in the last century was based on postulates due to the lack of the required experimental information and turned out to be incorrect, as its principle of light speed non-exceedance was refuted by studies of special processes in linear electric circuits in the 21st century. And thus, it made obsolete the unsuccessful OPERA and ICARUS experiments carried out at the Large Hadron Collider. Therefore, an alternative version of the STR has been proposed. Its relativistic formulas imply the existence of numerous mutually invisible parallel universes and antiverses. It is explained how they can be seen. There is anti-matter, as well as anti-space and anti-time in antiverses in the same quantities as matter, space and time in universes.展开更多
In a previous paper, we proposed that u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>u</sub>~</sup> exotic mesons, comprised of even number of quarks and antiquarks, form a QCD gas that fills space and ...In a previous paper, we proposed that u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>u</sub>~</sup> exotic mesons, comprised of even number of quarks and antiquarks, form a QCD gas that fills space and further proposed a method to determine the QCD gas effective mass based on a pseudo-first order β decay reaction kinetics. In a second paper, we proposed a method to determine if the QCD gas density on black hole ergospheres grows in time and hence their ergoregions act as matter reactors that break matter and antimatter symmetry by trapping antimatter particles. In this paper, we suggest that quark and antiquark pair exchange reactions between particles and the QCD gas may accelerate or decelerate particles and that the quarks and antiquarks numbers are strictly conserved in these pair exchange reactions. We further suggest that antimatter plays a principal role in the universe and is inseparable from both matter, via Dirac’ spinors, and space, via the quarks and antiquarks pair exchange reactions with the QCD gas;however with a singular exception, black hole ergospheres separate and black hole ergoregions trap antimatter particles.展开更多
The gravitational signature of antimatter has received growing interest during the past few decades. Much of the theoretical work in ordinary tensor gravity rules out any difference in the gravitational interaction of...The gravitational signature of antimatter has received growing interest during the past few decades. Much of the theoretical work in ordinary tensor gravity rules out any difference in the gravitational interaction of matter and antimatter. Fundamental principles and theoretical models describing the nature of matter and antimatter are reviewed. The implication of a probable repulsive field between matter and antimatter and its far reaching consequences on certain cosmic issues, such as the early phase of the Big Bang, the Hawking radiation, virtual particle production and annihilations, are discussed. Experiments designed to probe the gravitational signature of antimatter are reviewed, and a new space-borne experiment to probe the nature of matter-antimatter interactions is proposed.展开更多
Some consequences, due to the existence of a pair of decoupled Schrödinger-like but relativistic quantum mechanics wave equations, are explored. It is shown that one equation directly describes the quantum st...Some consequences, due to the existence of a pair of decoupled Schrödinger-like but relativistic quantum mechanics wave equations, are explored. It is shown that one equation directly describes the quantum states of a single spin-0 particle, and the other one indirectly describes the quantum states of the corresponding antiparticle. In correspondence with the matter-antimatter symmetry, for a Coulomb potential, a charge conjugation operation transforms the second equation in the first one. However, if a particle could interact with itself (gravitationally or electrically) due to the spread of its wavefunction, the C-symmetry could be broken;therefore, matter and antimatter could be distinguished. Under these assumptions, it is deducted the impossibility of the existence of particles and antiparticles with a mass larger than the Plank mass (m<sub>P</sub>), or with the absolute value of the charge larger than the Plank charge (q<sub>P</sub>). It is proposed the existence of primordial antimatter electrical sinks. It is also suggested that all macroscopic matter objects with a mass m > m<sub>P</sub>, and all macroscopic antimatter bodies with a charge |q| > q<sub>P</sub> should not be quantum but classical objects. It is argued that these findings could explain the absence of antimatter with a complicated structure and partially explain the excess of charged matter in the known Universe.展开更多
In this article, we present a brief review of the discoveries of kinds of antimatter particles, including positron （^-e）, antiproton （^-p）, antideuteron （^-d） and antihelium-3 （3^-He）. Special emphasis is put ...In this article, we present a brief review of the discoveries of kinds of antimatter particles, including positron （^-e）, antiproton （^-p）, antideuteron （^-d） and antihelium-3 （3^-He）. Special emphasis is put on the discovery of the antihypertriton（∧^3^-H） and antihelium-4 nucleus （4^-He, or ^-α） which were reported by the RHIC-STAR experiment very recently. In addition, brief discussions about the effort to search for antinuclei in cosmic rays and study of the longtime confinement of the simplest antimatter atom, antihydrogen are also given. Moreover, the production mechanism of anti-light nuclei is introduced.展开更多
At the point of death,a human being only has had the experience of nonexistence before birth and the experience of having lived his/her life after they were born.In the final analysis from the perspective of strict em...At the point of death,a human being only has had the experience of nonexistence before birth and the experience of having lived his/her life after they were born.In the final analysis from the perspective of strict empiricism,the individual only has two options:the nonexistence before birth or the eventual reliving of one’s life.The return of one’s life is supported by the paradigm of a multiverse and an antimatter universe.This is atheism’s logical certainty.展开更多
Based on bipolar dynamic logic and bipolar quantum linear algebra, a causal theory of YinYang bipolar atom is intro-duced in a completely background independent geometry that transcends spacetime. The causal theory le...Based on bipolar dynamic logic and bipolar quantum linear algebra, a causal theory of YinYang bipolar atom is intro-duced in a completely background independent geometry that transcends spacetime. The causal theory leads to an equilibrium-based super symmetrical quantum cosmology of negative-positive energies. It is contended that the new theory has opened an Eastern road toward quantum gravity with bipolar logical unifications of particle and wave, matter and antimatter, relativity and quantum entanglement. Information recovery after a black hole is discussed. It is shown that not only can the new theory be applied in physical worlds but also in logical, mental, social and biological worlds. Falsifiability of the theory is discussed.展开更多
The most complicated problems to solve in science are multidisciplinary problems, which include the problem of explaining of physical reality and physical essenceofimaginary numbers discovered more than five hundred y...The most complicated problems to solve in science are multidisciplinary problems, which include the problem of explaining of physical reality and physical essenceofimaginary numbers discovered more than five hundred years ago. However, the authors of the special relativity theory created more than a hundred years ago, were trying to unprovenly claim that they have solved this problem and that the imaginary numbers are not physically real with a principle of non-exceeding the speed of light. And physical experiments MINOS at the Tevatron collider and OPERA at the Large Hadron Collider were even seem to confirm such an assertion, since they could not refute the principle of non-exceeding the speed of light. However, since mathematics is the universal language of all exact sciences, the principle of the physical reality of imaginary numbers was still proven, but proven otherwise—with the theoretical and experimental studies of the vibrational processes in linear electric circuits that can be repeated and verified in any radioelectronic and electrical laboratory. And that is why they are definitely reliable and conclusive. Using the very general scientific principle of the physical reality of imaginary numbers allowed to correct the relativistic formula of special relativity theory and on this basis to cre-ate a theory of hidden Multiverse containing more than two mutually invisible parallel universes. The nature of their invisibility is explained. It is proven that the existence of these unseen parallel universes explains the phenomenon of dark matter and dark energy. Using data obtained by the spacecrafts WMAP and Planck led to the discovery of quaternion structure of the hidden Multiverse and show that our hidden Multiverse is not the only one in nature.展开更多
This paper gives an overview of a new theory called the “I-Theory”, in the context of several accepted theories in physics and cosmology. This paper reviews the salient features of the “I-Theory”, which introduces...This paper gives an overview of a new theory called the “I-Theory”, in the context of several accepted theories in physics and cosmology. This paper reviews the salient features of the “I-Theory”, which introduces new particles like I, S∞ and A1 particles and provides a fuller understanding about Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Matter/Anti Matter and the four fundamental forces. “I-Theory” introduces a new concept of the “quality” of energy with White, Black and Red matter formed with regard to the frequency level of the energy vibration. The authors discuss the main features and controversies of the Standard Model, General Relativity, Big Bang, and Supersymmetry and attempt to answer some of the unsolved questions. It is proposed that the “I-Theory” can successfully encompass all major theories and thereby becomes the theory of the whole, the Unifying Theory.展开更多
Our third spatial dimension (3-D) is currently in the process of building the fourth spatial dimension. Dark Energy is being used to create higher dimensions of space from the first to the nth, and it is also responsi...Our third spatial dimension (3-D) is currently in the process of building the fourth spatial dimension. Dark Energy is being used to create higher dimensions of space from the first to the nth, and it is also responsible for the formation and the rotation of the fourth dimension from the point singularities of the vacuum space of the third dimension. To start the creation up to the nth dimension, <i>n</i>! zero dimensional singularities arise simultaneously from the <i>n</i> = 0 level of the void. Once the creation of an n dimensional ellipsoidal matter Universe has been completed, the outward Dark Energy force ends, and then the inward force of gravity takes over to crush the n dimensional Universe into the center of the nth dimensional singularity of the void. The system is now in a non-equilibrium state because the entropy of the system has attained its lowest possible value. To bring the system back to equilibrium there will arise out of the nth dimensional void an antimatter Universe which will reverse the process to deposit all the Dark Energy back into the original levels of the void so that the net change in entropy of the system becomes zero. Dark Matter is the matter that exists in the fourth spatial dimension as 4-D matter spewed there through the Black Hole singularities of our third dimension. Ellipsoidal matter and antimatter Multiverses rotating in opposite directions are a natural byproduct of this new theory of Physics which also solves certain particle Physics problems of the Standard Model.展开更多
文摘We put forward an enlightening view on repulsive force between antimatter:Antimatter repels each other,and the repulsive force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them;There is no gravitational or anti-gravitational interaction between antimatter and positive matter.As their applications,we explain the Big Bang process in a new light.
文摘Flat, straight sheets of paper, standing vertically on edge cannot support any load placed upon their top edge, but once formed into fractal tube conic sections, they have been measured to support up to 97.52 (± 2.27) kilograms (215 (± 5) pounds) of weight with strength-per-weight ratio up to 10,336 (± 240). So, strength has been discovered to be an emergent characteristic arising solely from addition of intelligent order. It is proposed to impose such intelligent order upon, preferably, at least 6 laser beams by focusing each of them to form cones of light, arranging the cones to form a wall of a larger fractal cone, and converging all of them to a common focal point inside a vacuum chamber to give them sufficient strength near this focal point to attract, hold, and move neutral antimatter, preferably anti-lithium. This opens the new field of structural engineering of light and re-defines the concept of strength. Means of cancelling out radiation pressure by reflection of laser beams back to the common focal point are proposed to enable laser confinement of particles having low polarizability, such as anti-hydrogen. Counter-circulation of light by reflection at grazing incidence is proposed as a means of returning escaping antimatter back to the common focal point containment area. Means are proposed to inject a stream of matter into the contained antimatter to create a matter-antimatter reactor and propulsion engine. Since anti-lithium is not available, yet, means are proposed to test these structures by confining ordinary lithium, instead, and by hitting it with anti-protons and/or positrons. Means are proposed to modulate the matter-antimatter reaction with information to create modulated gravitational waves for communication. The proposed structures would enable efficient, stable, safe confinement of antimatter, which would allow better study of antimatter, and make possible renewable, clean, safe, matter-antimatter reactor generators and propulsion engines, antimatter-assisted fusion reactors, and modulated gravitational wave generators.
文摘Antimatter has been generated in large quantities by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Titan laser. The Titan laser is an ultra-intense laser system on the order of approximately 1020W/cm2 with pulse durations of roughly 1ps. With the Titan laser incident on a high atomic number target, such as gold, antimatter on the scale of 2 × 1010 positrons are generated. Roughly 90% of the generated positrons are ejected anisotropic and aft to the respective target. The mechanisms for the laser-derived positron antimatter generation involve electron interaction with the nuclei based on bremsstrahlung photons that yield electron-positron pairs as a consequence of the Bethe-Heitler process, which predominates the Trident process. Given the constraints of the current and near future technology space, a pulsed space propulsion configuration is advocated for antimatter derived space propulsion, similar in concept to pulsed radioisotope propulsion. Antimatter is generated through an ultra-intense laser on the scale of a Titan laser incident on a gold target and annihilated in a closed chamber, representative of a combustion chamber. Upon reaching a temperature threshold, the closed chamber opens, producing a pulse of thrust. The implication of the pulsed space propulsion antimatter architecture is that the energy source for the antimatter propulsion system can be decoupled from the actual spacecraft. In contrast to conventional chemical propulsion systems, which require storage of its respective propulsive chemical potential energy, the proposed antimatter propulsion architecture may have the energy source at a disparate location from the spacecraft. The ultra-intense laser could convey its laser energy over a distance to the actual spacecraft equipped with the positron antimatter pulsed space propulsion system. Hydrogen is considered as the propulsive fluid, in light of its low molecular weight. Fundamental analysis is applied to preliminarily define the performance of the positron antimatter derived pulsed space propulsion system. The fundamental performance analysis of the antimatter pulsed space propulsion system successfully reveals the architecture is viable for further evaluation.
文摘The fundamental performance analysis of an advanced concept ramjet propulsion system using antimatter is presented. Antimatter is generated by ultra-intense laser pulses incident on a gold target. The scientific foundation for the generation of antimatter by an ultra-intense laser was established in the early 1970’s and later demonstrated at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 2008 to 2009. Antimatter on the scale of 2 × 1010 positrons were generated through a ~1 ps pulse from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Titan laser that has an intensity of ~1020 W/cm2. The predominant mechanism is the Bethe-Heitler process, which involves high-energy bremsstrahlung photons as a result of electron-nuclei interaction. Propulsion involving lasers through chemical rather than non-chemical interaction has been previously advocated by Phipps. The major utilities of the ultra-intense laser derived antimatter ramjet are the capability to generate antimatter without a complex storage system and the ability to decouple the antimatter ramjet propulsion system from the energy source. For instance the ultra-intense laser and energy source could be terrestrial, while the ramjet could be mounted to a UAV as a propulsion system. With the extrapolation of current technologies, a sufficient number of pulses by ultra-intense lasers are eventually anticipated for the generation of antimatter to heat the propulsive flow of a ramjet. Fundamental performance analysis is provided based on an ideal ramjet derivation that is modified to address the proposed antimatter ramjet architecture.
文摘The probability of creating Antimatter Multiverses is the same as the probability of creating Matter Multiverses since the Laws of Physics do not differentiate between matter and antimatter. The interaction of Matter and Antimatter Multiverses would destroy all the lower dimensions of both Multiverses allowing only the higher dimensions of the bigger Multiverse to survive. Energy within the void builds both types of Multiverses. Entropy within the void ends the building process to send all the mass back into the original levels of the void as Energy that is continuously being exchanged between the void and the two kinds of Multiverses.
文摘The matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, corresponding to the virtual nonexistence of antimatter in the universe, is one of the greatest mysteries of cosmology. According to the prevailing cosmological model, the universe was created in the so-called “Big Bang” from pure energy and it is generally considered that the Big Bang and its aftermath produced equal numbers of particles and antiparticles, although the universe today appears to consist almost entirely of matter rather than antimatter. This constitutes the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem: where have all the antiparticles gone? Within the framework of the Generation Model (GM) of particle physics, it is demonstrated that the asymmetry problem may be understood in terms of the composite leptons and quarks of the GM. It is concluded that there is essentially no matter-antimatter asymmetry in the present universe and that the observed hydrogen-antihydrogen asymmetry may be understood in terms of statistical fluctuations associated with the complex many-body processes involved in the formation of either a hydrogen atom or an antihydrogen atom.
文摘The opening and many years of research of magnetic spinor particles (real magnetic charges) in atoms and substance have enabled the author to formulate the conception of the Physical Triad, according which the real World consists of three fundamental phases: Matter, Antimatter and Energo-phase (Energo-medium). Particles of Matter are called spinors and particles of Antimatter are called antispinors. Energo-medium is a gasiform phase of high density that fills by himself all the infinite space of the real World. It consists of spinless and massless particles-energions. Spinor fields can be both flows energions (fields of Matter), so and anti-flow energions (fields of Antimatter). Atomic-shaped structures consisting of electric and magnetic spinor particles represent a Physical Mass (atoms, nucleons, etc.). The main characteristic of all varieties of Mass is its ability radiate gravitational field, which is a vortex electromagnetic field. All spinor particles are massless so as individually generate a gravitational field they can’t. All primary forces in the real World are implemented by means of Energo-medium, i.e. contact pressure its particles—energions. The spinor fields, including the gravitational field, myself the real of the power significance, have not. They are only intermediaries, inducing in Energo-medium its active (power) education, which is called “Dark Energy”. “Dark Energy” can be both positive, so and negative. Namely, a positive “Dark Energy”, which is associated with the technical activity of man, is responsible for stable climatic changes on Earth. Greenhouse gases are not the main “culprit” of climatic changes on our planet. However, these gases are the simplest indicator of the overall level of irreversible physical processes that stimulate the growth of the positive “Dark Energy” and are responsible for the negative thermal scenario on Earth.
文摘Basing on the energy conservation, an analysis method on the gravity of antimatter is proposed by investigating the change of potential energy during high energy photon transfers to electron and positron in earth gravity field. Potential energy equations are deducted and proved that the force between matter and antimatter is attractive, and then the force between antimatter and antimatter is proved to be attractive too. So the gravity is attractive without considering matter or antimatter.
文摘An exciting prospect is the use of antimatter as a fuel source due to its ability to convert mass energy to kinetic energy. Upon annihilation of antimatter with matter, tremendous amounts of energy are carried away by charged and neutral particles. By redirecting the charged particles through an exhaust using a non-uniform magnetic field, an impulse can be generated capable of supplying thrust to an engine. Using the Geant 4 simulation toolkit developed by CERN, we simulate this process using a beam core engine design. By analyzing charged pions that result from antiproton-proton annihilation, we optimize the engine parameters and derive a specific impulse for antiproton fuel as used in the beam core configuration. A specific impulse of (2.49 ± 0.08) × 106 s was determined. This value is significantly higher than specific impulses of current chemical rocket fuels which range from 240 - 400 s.
文摘Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is built on the original Dirac equation, an equation that exhibits perfect symmetry in that it is symmetric under charge conjugation (C), space (P) and time (T) reversal and any combination of these discrete symmetries. We demonstrate herein that while the proposed Lorentz invariant Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations (CSTD-equations) obey C, PT and CPT-symmetries, these equations readily violate P, T, CP and CT-symmetries. Realising this violation, namely the T and CT-violation, we take this opportunity to suggest that the Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations may help in solving the long standing riddle and mystery of the preponderance of matter over antimatter. We come to the tentative conclusion that if these CSTD-equations are to explain the preponderance of matter over antimatter;then, photons are to be thought of as described by the spherically curved version of this set of equations, while ordinary matter is to be explained by the parabolically and hyperbolically curved spacetime versions of this same set of equations.
文摘The article shows that the special theory of relativity (STR) created in the last century was based on postulates due to the lack of the required experimental information and turned out to be incorrect, as its principle of light speed non-exceedance was refuted by studies of special processes in linear electric circuits in the 21st century. And thus, it made obsolete the unsuccessful OPERA and ICARUS experiments carried out at the Large Hadron Collider. Therefore, an alternative version of the STR has been proposed. Its relativistic formulas imply the existence of numerous mutually invisible parallel universes and antiverses. It is explained how they can be seen. There is anti-matter, as well as anti-space and anti-time in antiverses in the same quantities as matter, space and time in universes.
文摘In a previous paper, we proposed that u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>u</sub>~</sup> exotic mesons, comprised of even number of quarks and antiquarks, form a QCD gas that fills space and further proposed a method to determine the QCD gas effective mass based on a pseudo-first order β decay reaction kinetics. In a second paper, we proposed a method to determine if the QCD gas density on black hole ergospheres grows in time and hence their ergoregions act as matter reactors that break matter and antimatter symmetry by trapping antimatter particles. In this paper, we suggest that quark and antiquark pair exchange reactions between particles and the QCD gas may accelerate or decelerate particles and that the quarks and antiquarks numbers are strictly conserved in these pair exchange reactions. We further suggest that antimatter plays a principal role in the universe and is inseparable from both matter, via Dirac’ spinors, and space, via the quarks and antiquarks pair exchange reactions with the QCD gas;however with a singular exception, black hole ergospheres separate and black hole ergoregions trap antimatter particles.
文摘The gravitational signature of antimatter has received growing interest during the past few decades. Much of the theoretical work in ordinary tensor gravity rules out any difference in the gravitational interaction of matter and antimatter. Fundamental principles and theoretical models describing the nature of matter and antimatter are reviewed. The implication of a probable repulsive field between matter and antimatter and its far reaching consequences on certain cosmic issues, such as the early phase of the Big Bang, the Hawking radiation, virtual particle production and annihilations, are discussed. Experiments designed to probe the gravitational signature of antimatter are reviewed, and a new space-borne experiment to probe the nature of matter-antimatter interactions is proposed.
文摘Some consequences, due to the existence of a pair of decoupled Schrödinger-like but relativistic quantum mechanics wave equations, are explored. It is shown that one equation directly describes the quantum states of a single spin-0 particle, and the other one indirectly describes the quantum states of the corresponding antiparticle. In correspondence with the matter-antimatter symmetry, for a Coulomb potential, a charge conjugation operation transforms the second equation in the first one. However, if a particle could interact with itself (gravitationally or electrically) due to the spread of its wavefunction, the C-symmetry could be broken;therefore, matter and antimatter could be distinguished. Under these assumptions, it is deducted the impossibility of the existence of particles and antiparticles with a mass larger than the Plank mass (m<sub>P</sub>), or with the absolute value of the charge larger than the Plank charge (q<sub>P</sub>). It is proposed the existence of primordial antimatter electrical sinks. It is also suggested that all macroscopic matter objects with a mass m > m<sub>P</sub>, and all macroscopic antimatter bodies with a charge |q| > q<sub>P</sub> should not be quantum but classical objects. It is argued that these findings could explain the absence of antimatter with a complicated structure and partially explain the excess of charged matter in the known Universe.
基金Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 11035009, 11220101005, 10875160, 10805067, 10975174, 11275250, and 10905085）, the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No. KJCX2-EW-N01, and Dr. J. H. Chen was partially supported by the Shanghai Rising Star Project under Grant No. 11QA1408000.
文摘In this article, we present a brief review of the discoveries of kinds of antimatter particles, including positron （^-e）, antiproton （^-p）, antideuteron （^-d） and antihelium-3 （3^-He）. Special emphasis is put on the discovery of the antihypertriton（∧^3^-H） and antihelium-4 nucleus （4^-He, or ^-α） which were reported by the RHIC-STAR experiment very recently. In addition, brief discussions about the effort to search for antinuclei in cosmic rays and study of the longtime confinement of the simplest antimatter atom, antihydrogen are also given. Moreover, the production mechanism of anti-light nuclei is introduced.
文摘At the point of death,a human being only has had the experience of nonexistence before birth and the experience of having lived his/her life after they were born.In the final analysis from the perspective of strict empiricism,the individual only has two options:the nonexistence before birth or the eventual reliving of one’s life.The return of one’s life is supported by the paradigm of a multiverse and an antimatter universe.This is atheism’s logical certainty.
文摘Based on bipolar dynamic logic and bipolar quantum linear algebra, a causal theory of YinYang bipolar atom is intro-duced in a completely background independent geometry that transcends spacetime. The causal theory leads to an equilibrium-based super symmetrical quantum cosmology of negative-positive energies. It is contended that the new theory has opened an Eastern road toward quantum gravity with bipolar logical unifications of particle and wave, matter and antimatter, relativity and quantum entanglement. Information recovery after a black hole is discussed. It is shown that not only can the new theory be applied in physical worlds but also in logical, mental, social and biological worlds. Falsifiability of the theory is discussed.
文摘The most complicated problems to solve in science are multidisciplinary problems, which include the problem of explaining of physical reality and physical essenceofimaginary numbers discovered more than five hundred years ago. However, the authors of the special relativity theory created more than a hundred years ago, were trying to unprovenly claim that they have solved this problem and that the imaginary numbers are not physically real with a principle of non-exceeding the speed of light. And physical experiments MINOS at the Tevatron collider and OPERA at the Large Hadron Collider were even seem to confirm such an assertion, since they could not refute the principle of non-exceeding the speed of light. However, since mathematics is the universal language of all exact sciences, the principle of the physical reality of imaginary numbers was still proven, but proven otherwise—with the theoretical and experimental studies of the vibrational processes in linear electric circuits that can be repeated and verified in any radioelectronic and electrical laboratory. And that is why they are definitely reliable and conclusive. Using the very general scientific principle of the physical reality of imaginary numbers allowed to correct the relativistic formula of special relativity theory and on this basis to cre-ate a theory of hidden Multiverse containing more than two mutually invisible parallel universes. The nature of their invisibility is explained. It is proven that the existence of these unseen parallel universes explains the phenomenon of dark matter and dark energy. Using data obtained by the spacecrafts WMAP and Planck led to the discovery of quaternion structure of the hidden Multiverse and show that our hidden Multiverse is not the only one in nature.
文摘This paper gives an overview of a new theory called the “I-Theory”, in the context of several accepted theories in physics and cosmology. This paper reviews the salient features of the “I-Theory”, which introduces new particles like I, S∞ and A1 particles and provides a fuller understanding about Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Matter/Anti Matter and the four fundamental forces. “I-Theory” introduces a new concept of the “quality” of energy with White, Black and Red matter formed with regard to the frequency level of the energy vibration. The authors discuss the main features and controversies of the Standard Model, General Relativity, Big Bang, and Supersymmetry and attempt to answer some of the unsolved questions. It is proposed that the “I-Theory” can successfully encompass all major theories and thereby becomes the theory of the whole, the Unifying Theory.
文摘Our third spatial dimension (3-D) is currently in the process of building the fourth spatial dimension. Dark Energy is being used to create higher dimensions of space from the first to the nth, and it is also responsible for the formation and the rotation of the fourth dimension from the point singularities of the vacuum space of the third dimension. To start the creation up to the nth dimension, <i>n</i>! zero dimensional singularities arise simultaneously from the <i>n</i> = 0 level of the void. Once the creation of an n dimensional ellipsoidal matter Universe has been completed, the outward Dark Energy force ends, and then the inward force of gravity takes over to crush the n dimensional Universe into the center of the nth dimensional singularity of the void. The system is now in a non-equilibrium state because the entropy of the system has attained its lowest possible value. To bring the system back to equilibrium there will arise out of the nth dimensional void an antimatter Universe which will reverse the process to deposit all the Dark Energy back into the original levels of the void so that the net change in entropy of the system becomes zero. Dark Matter is the matter that exists in the fourth spatial dimension as 4-D matter spewed there through the Black Hole singularities of our third dimension. Ellipsoidal matter and antimatter Multiverses rotating in opposite directions are a natural byproduct of this new theory of Physics which also solves certain particle Physics problems of the Standard Model.
