The relationship of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA), markers of the antiphospholipid syndrome, with vascular complications of diabetes mellitus is polemic. This cross-sectional study assessed the frequency of IgG, Ig...The relationship of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA), markers of the antiphospholipid syndrome, with vascular complications of diabetes mellitus is polemic. This cross-sectional study assessed the frequency of IgG, IgM, and IgA ACA in type 2 diabetics with and without history of vascular events for the last 5 years, and in healthy controls. ACA were detected by enzyme immunoassay. A total of 73 type 2 diabetics (33 with history of vascular events) and 54 healthy controls were tested. Most diabetics were female (p = 0.003), and older than controls (p 0.09). ACA positivity rates were also similar when diabetics with and without history of vasculopathy were compared (p > 0.47). After adjusting for gender, age, hypertension, and smoking status, a weak but statistically insignificant association between IgM ACA and diabetics with vasculopathy was found (adjusted OR 2.7;95% CI 0.2 - 34.2;p = 0.441). Overall, levels of IgG (r = 0.25;p = 0.005) and IgM (r = 0.23;p = 0.010) ACA were associated with increasing age. In short, the frequency of a positive ACA test in type 2 diabetics (with or without previous macrovasculopathy) was not significant as compared to healthy controls. There was no association of ACA with vascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.展开更多
BACKGROUND Donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)against human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-DQ are increasingly recognized as major contributors to antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)and graft failure in kidney transplantation.Howeve...BACKGROUND Donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)against human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-DQ are increasingly recognized as major contributors to antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)and graft failure in kidney transplantation.However,their clinical impact remains understudied in Morocco.AIM To evaluate the presence and implications of anti-HLA-DQ DSAs in Moroccan kidney transplant recipients.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the immunological profiles and clinical outcomes of kidney transplant recipients screened for anti-HLA antibodies between 2015 and 2020,who developed anti-HLA-DQ DSAs either before or after transplantation.Anti-HLA antibodies were identified using Luminex®single antigen bead technology,and clinical follow-up included graft function assessment,biopsy interpretation,and evaluation of immunosuppression.RESULTS In the pre-transplant group(n=6 with confirmed donor typing),patients with low to moderate median fluorescence intensity(MFI)anti-HLA-DQ DSAs(MFI 561-1581)underwent successful transplantation and maintained stable graft function under optimized immunosuppression.In contrast,in the post-transplant group(n=6 with confirmed donor typing),the emergence of de novo anti-HLA-DQ DSAs was consistently associated with AMR,with MFI values reaching up to 19473,with biopsy-proven AMR in 5 of 6 cases and suspicion of AMR in 1 case.Two representative cases are detailed to illustrate the clinical impact of DQ DSAs:one patient developed high-level anti-DQB1*02 de novo DSA(MFI 12029)with persistent AMR after 5 years,while another developed anti-DQA1*05:01 de novo DSA after an early AMR episode but maintained stable graft function after 5 years(creatinine 1.48 mg/dL).CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the clinical significance of anti-HLA-DQ DSAs in Moroccan kidney transplant recipients.While preformed DSAs with low immunogenicity may permit successful transplantation,de novo DSAs strongly correlate with AMR.Proactive monitoring,including routine DSA screening and HLA-DQ typing,could improve graft outcomes by enabling early intervention and better donor selection.展开更多
Gluten ataxia and other central nervous system disorders could be linked to gluten enteropathy and related autoantibodies.In this narrative review,we focus on the various neuro-logical manifestations in patients with ...Gluten ataxia and other central nervous system disorders could be linked to gluten enteropathy and related autoantibodies.In this narrative review,we focus on the various neuro-logical manifestations in patients with gluten sensitivity/celiac disease,immunological and autoimmune mechanisms of ataxia in connection to gluten sensitivity and the autoantibodies that could be used as a biomarker for diagnosing and following.We focused on the anti-gliadin antibodies,antibodies to different isoforms of tissue transglutaminase(TG)(anti-TG2,3,and 6 antibodies),anti-glycine receptor antibodies,anti-glutamine acid decarboxylase antibodies,anti-deamidated gliadin peptides antibodies,etc.Most studies found a higher prevalence of these antibodies in patients with gluten sensitivity and neurological dysfunction,presented as different neurological disorders.We also discuss the role of a gluten-free diet on the clinical improvement of patients and also on imaging of these disorders.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)often miss the scheduled vaccines and have a higher risk of infection susceptibility,including vaccineprevented diseases.AIM To evaluate the vaccine coverage an...BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)often miss the scheduled vaccines and have a higher risk of infection susceptibility,including vaccineprevented diseases.AIM To evaluate the vaccine coverage and levels of the post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella,and hepatitis B in children with IBD.METHODS Total 98 patients:46 females(47.2%)and 52 males(52.8%)with IBD(Crohn’s disease-75%and ulcerative colitis-25%)with disease onset age-11.0(6.0;14.0)years whom clinical data,vaccination status and levels of the postvaccination antibodies(IgG)for measles,rubella,mumps,hepatitis B,measured with ELISA were prospectively evaluated.The control group consisted of 88 healthy peers from the biobank data.RESULTS Patients with IBD had lower levels of measles,rubella,and hepatitis B,except mumps,compared to controls.Incomplete vaccination/non-protective titer of the antibodies against measles,mumps rubella,and hepatitis B had 33(33.7%)/52.3%,21(21.4%)/50.4%,26(25.8)/25.6%and 26(25.8%)/55.2%,respectively.Patients with incomplete vaccination had a lower age at the diagnosis for all vaccines.The age of the IBD diagnosis≤6 years was the predictor of incomplete vaccination for measles[odds ratio(OR)=4.6,P=0.001],mumps(OR=5.0,P=0.001),rubella(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and hepatitis B(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and corticosteroid treatment for measles(OR=2.2,P=0.074)and mumps(OR=3.0,P=0.047)vaccines.Incomplete vaccination was the predictor of nonprotective titer of antibodies against rubella(OR=6.8,95%CI:2.3-19.9,P=0.0002)/mumps(OR=7.0,95%CI:2.4-20.8;P=0.0002).CONCLUSION Patients with IBD had low vaccine coverage and lower levels of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles,rubella,and hepatitis B.Nearly half of the IBD patients require revaccination.展开更多
The monoclonal antibodies consist of an innovative form of immunotherapy,capable of defeating several diseases,such as cancer.It is an emergent and important theme,that advances evaluation,challenges,and future perspe...The monoclonal antibodies consist of an innovative form of immunotherapy,capable of defeating several diseases,such as cancer.It is an emergent and important theme,that advances evaluation,challenges,and future perspectives with high relevance to identify gaps in recent studies and to consolidate this general theme in only one research.Its action in Chronic and Acute Lymphoid Leukemia has been evaluated in several clinical trials,which were selected between 2022 and 2023,in order to understand better the monoclonal antibodies that were most studied.The biopharmaceutical compounds Ibrutinib,Obinutuzumab,Rituximab,Venetoclax,and Inotuzumab Ozogamicin were the ones that most appeared in the most recent publications,indicating the importance of amplifying the studies.The action mechanisms that are used imply that their combined use has more success in the disease remission,showing a lower recurrence,adverse effects,and toxicity.Besides the adverse effects and overwhelming prices of the treatment,these immunotherapies results are promising,amplifying the survival rates,improving the patient’s life quality,and resulting in a precision medicine,aiming a custom treatment.The future perspectives on this therapy consist of its application in the public health system,with patients being able to be submitted to this treatment without any costs and receive a better life quality.展开更多
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV)is a highly pathogenic tick-borne virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in humans.No licensed vaccines or efficacious antiviral therapies are ...Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV)is a highly pathogenic tick-borne virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in humans.No licensed vaccines or efficacious antiviral therapies are currently available.Here,we identified seven heavy chain antibodies targeting CCHFV Gc,which consist of heavy-chain variable domain(VHH)fused to human IgG1 Fc region(VHHFc).These VHH-Fc antibodies exhibited neutralizing activity against both recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)-vectored CCHFV pseudoviruses and CCHFV transcriptionand entry-competent virus-like particles(tecVLPs).Among these,N025 achieved the most potent pseudovirus neutralization,while N013 showed remarkable efficacy in tecVLP systems,with IC_(50) values of 22.7 ng/mL and 33.0 ng/mL,respectively.AlphaFold3 structural predictions revealed that all characterized VHH-Fc antibodies target epitopes within Domain Ⅱ of the Gc protein,with partial or complete overlap with the fusion loop region.Alanine scanning mutagenesis confirmed the functional significance of these epitopes,with N013 showing the highest binding energy change(ΔΔG=25.36 kcal/mol)and moderate competition with a known fusion loop-targeting antibody.Sequence conservation analysis across representative CCHFV strains from different genetic lineages demonstrated complete conservation of the N013 and N025 epitopes,suggesting potential for broad-spectrum neutralizing activity.Together,our findings provide a novel strategy for developing CCHFV therapeutics and identify promising antibody candidates that could inform future broad-spectrum antiviral development efforts.展开更多
Primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC)is a chronic progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by immunemediated destruction of the small-and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts and the presence of antimitochondrial ...Primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC)is a chronic progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by immunemediated destruction of the small-and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts and the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies(AMA)in the serum.AMA are detected in over 90%of patients with PBC,whereas their prevalence in the general population is extremely low,varying from 0.16%to 1%.Previous studies have shown that the unique characteristics of biliary epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis may result in a highly direct and very specific immune response to mitochondrial autoantigens.Moreover,recent studies have demonstrated that serum from AMA-positive PBC patients is reactive with a number of xenobiotic modified E2 subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,which is not observed in the serum of normal individuals.These findings indicate that chemicals originating from the environment may be associated with a breakdown in the tolerance to mitochondrial autoantigens.While it is currently generally accepted that AMA are the most specific serological markers of PBC,more than 60 au-toantibodies have been investigated in patients with PBC,and some have previously been considered specific to other autoimmune diseases.This review covers the recent progress in research on the pathogenetic and clinical significance of important autoantibodies in PBC.Determining the pathogenic role of those autoantibodies in PBC remains a priority of basic and clinical research.展开更多
The role of antibodies in kidney transplant(KT)has evolved significantly over the past few decades.This role of antibodies in KT is multifaceted,encompassing both the challenges they pose in terms of antibody-mediated...The role of antibodies in kidney transplant(KT)has evolved significantly over the past few decades.This role of antibodies in KT is multifaceted,encompassing both the challenges they pose in terms of antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)and the opportunities for improving transplant outcomes through better detection,prevention,and treatment strategies.As our understanding of the immunological mechanisms continues to evolve,so too will the approaches to managing and harnessing the power of antibodies in KT,ultimately leading to improved patient and graft survival.This narrative review explores the multifaceted roles of antibodies in KT,including their involvement in rejection mechanisms,advancements in desensitization protocols,AMR treatments,and their potential role in monitoring and improving graft survival.展开更多
In this article,we comment on an article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.We specifically focus on the roles of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)and donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)in ped...In this article,we comment on an article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.We specifically focus on the roles of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)and donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)in pediatric liver transpl-antation(LT),as well as the relationship between immune rejection after LT and DSA.Currently,LT remains the standard of care for pediatric patients with end-stage liver disease or severe acute liver failure.However,acute and chronic re-jection continues to be a significant cause of graft dysfunction and loss.HLA mismatch significantly reduces graft survival and increases the risk of acute rejection.Among them,D→R one-way mismatch at three loci was significantly related to graft-versus-host disease incidence after LT.The adverse impact of HLA-DSAs on LT recipients is already established.Therefore,the evaluation of HLA and DSA is crucial in pediatric LT.展开更多
In medical research,there are times when the introduction of a new tool can launch scientific discovery in new directions.While antibody development may be considered mundane,in the field of glucocerebrosidase(GCase)r...In medical research,there are times when the introduction of a new tool can launch scientific discovery in new directions.While antibody development may be considered mundane,in the field of glucocerebrosidase(GCase)research,the dearth of validated antibodies for different applications has impeded progress in studies of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic development.The recent introduction of new,rigorously evaluated antibodies can now propel research into the link between glucocerebrosidase and Parkinson’s disease(PD)as well as aspects of the pathobiology of Gaucher disease(Jong et al.,2024).展开更多
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to (a) insulin-insufficiency (type I DM), or (b) impaired glucose cell-entry (insulin resistance) due to the downregulation of insulin...Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to (a) insulin-insufficiency (type I DM), or (b) impaired glucose cell-entry (insulin resistance) due to the downregulation of insulin cell receptors (type II DM). Type I DM usually presents with florid manifestations contrary to a slowly-progressive type II. Patients and methods: Over the past 10 years, we encountered 9 obese patients with controlled insulin-requiring type II DM for years, at a dose of 62 ± 5 units/day, who developed sudden and severe insulin resistance (IR) that required 210 ± 25 units daily. All patients had very high levels of anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. Despite a lack of previous testing for anti-GAD antibodies, they were treated, with Cyclosporin A (Cy), as an autoimmune disorder superimposed on their type II MD. Initially all patients were treated with 100 mg, of Cy, twice daily aiming at an initial trough level of 100 - 150 ng/ml. Three months later, the dose was reduced to 50 mg twice daily for a total of 2 years. Results: Amelioration of IR was achieved by 1 month with a reduction of daily insulin requirement to 123 ± 16 units that further decreased to 76 ± 11 by the end of the 3rd month. Such improvement persisted for 2 years and >1 year after Cy discontinuation. Moreover, a decline in insulin requirements was associated with a parallel decrease in anti-GAD antibody levels and an increase in C-peptide insulin without kidney disease. Conclusion: Anti-GAD antibodies can induce acute IR in type II DM, and this phenomenon can be treated safely and effectively with Cy.展开更多
BACKGROUND At the end of December 2019,the world faced severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which led to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),associated with respiratory issues.Thi...BACKGROUND At the end of December 2019,the world faced severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which led to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),associated with respiratory issues.This virus has shown significant challenges,especially for senior citizens,patients with other underlying illnesses,or those with a sedentary lifestyle.Serological tests conducted early on have helped identify how the virus is transmitted and how to curb its spread.The study hypothesis was that the rapid serological test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could indicate the immunoreactive profile during the COVID-19 pandemic in a university population.AIM To conduct active surveillance for serological expression of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals within a university setting during the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS This sectional study by convenience sampling was conducted in a large university in Niteroi-RJ,Brazil,from March 2021 to July 2021.The study population consisted of students,faculty,and administrative staff employed by the university.A total of 3433 faculty members,60703 students,and 3812 administrative staff were invited to participate.Data were gathered through rapid serological tests to detect immunoglobulin(Ig)M and IgG against SARS-CoV-2.Theχ²or Fisher's exact test was used to conduct statistical analysis.A 0.20 significance level was adopted for variable selection in a multiple logistic regression model to evaluate associations.RESULTS A total of 1648 individuals were enrolled in the study.The proportion of COVID-19 positivity was 164/1648(9.8%).The adjusted logistic model indicate a positive association between the expression of IgM or IgG and age[odds ratio(OR)=1.16,95%CI:1.02-1.31](P<0.0024),individuals who had been in contact with a COVID-19-positive case(OR=3.49,95%CI:2.34-5.37)(P<0.001),those who had received the COVID-19 vaccine(OR=2.33,95%CI:1.61-3.35)(P<0.001)and social isolation(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.41-0.84)(P<0.004).The likelihood of showing a positive result increased by 16%with every ten-year increment.Conversely,adherence to social distancing measures decreased the likelihood by 41%.CONCLUSION These findings evidenced that the population became more exposed to the virus as individuals discontinued social distancing practices,thereby increasing the risk of infection for themselves.展开更多
HLA-C,HLA-DP and HLA-DQ are thought to be benign due to low expression and few initial negative studies.Historically,most allocation programs used HLA-A,HLA-B and HLA-DR antigens for matching.With the advent and use o...HLA-C,HLA-DP and HLA-DQ are thought to be benign due to low expression and few initial negative studies.Historically,most allocation programs used HLA-A,HLA-B and HLA-DR antigens for matching.With the advent and use of single-bead antigen assays,more was learned about donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)against these antigens.Interest in these antigens and antibodies grew when cases of acute antibody-mediated rejection(AMR),mixed rejections,chronic AMR,and reduced graft survival were reported with DSAs against these antigens.Although the deleterious effects of these DSAs are more pronounced in retransplants,harmful effects have also been observed in first-time recipients.DSAs against each of these antigens can trigger rejection alone.Their combination with DSAs against HLA-A,HLA-B and HLA-DR can cause more damage.It has been shown that strategies that reduce mismatches for these antigen lead to fewer rejections and better graft survival.There is a need for greater consensus on the universal typing of these antigens prior to transplantation for better patient and graft outcomes.This review focuses on the interaction of these antigens with lymphocytes and killer immunoglobulin receptors,arguments for not typing them,detailed analyses of the literature about their harmful effects,potential strategies moving forward,and recommendations for the future.展开更多
Antiphospholipid antibodies(aPLs)are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that include anticardiolipin antibodies,anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies,and lupus anticoagulant.The presence of aPLs is the main characte...Antiphospholipid antibodies(aPLs)are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that include anticardiolipin antibodies,anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies,and lupus anticoagulant.The presence of aPLs is the main characteristic feature of antiphospholipid syndrome(APS),an autoimmune disease with multifactorial etiology.Kidney involvement is a well-recognized complication associated with both primary and secondary APS.Kidney involvement in APS presents with renal artery thrombosis,renal vein thrombosis,allograft loss due to thrombosis after kidney transplantation,and injury to the renal microvasculature,also known as APS nephropathy(APSN).APSN is the characteristic manifestation of kidney involvement in APS and occurs as a result of vaso-occlusive disease in the intrarenal vasculature.Diagnosis and risk stratification of APS are complex and still evolving.This review synthesizes and updates the available evidence in literature regarding risk factors,pathogenesis,and diagnosis of APS and APSN.展开更多
BACKGROUND The Luminex platform,where beads are coated with single human leukocyte antigens(HLA),detects HLA antibodies with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to complement-dependent cytotoxicity(CDC)assay a...BACKGROUND The Luminex platform,where beads are coated with single human leukocyte antigens(HLA),detects HLA antibodies with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to complement-dependent cytotoxicity(CDC)assay and flow crossmatch(FCXM).The clinical significance of donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)detected by this method is still under investigation.AIM To report the impact of low-level pretransplant DSAs detected by the Luminex platform on the rates of acute rejection(AR),allograft function,and long-term graft survival.METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at the Immunology Department of Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation,Karachi,Pakistan between January 2013 and December 2022.During this period 2714 patients were transplanted.Out of these patients 78(2.9%)patients had low-level DSAs detected by the Luminex flow beads method and were negative by CDC and FCXM with their donors.All recipients received ABO-compatible live-related kidney transplants.All patients had a minimum follow-up of 1 year.Graft rejection rates,graft function,and patient and graft survival were analyzed.The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by the full CKD-EPI formula.RESULTS The mean age of all recipients was 29.57±10.11 years and 34.53±9.09 years for the donors.In 48(61.5%)patients,the cause of end-stage kidney disease was unknown.DSA against HLA class I was detected in 36(46.1%)patients,class II in 35(44.8%)patients,and both class I and II in 7(8.9%)patients.AR episodes were encountered in 8(10.3%)cases.Seven(87.5%)had T cell mediated rejection(type IA)and one acute antibody-mediated rejection.Antibody status was re-evaluated at the time of biopsy-proven ARs.Five(62.5%)patients lost their DSAs,while three(37.5%)had persistent DSAs.The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at 1 year was 80.56±27.48 mL/min/1.73 m2 and at the last follow-up 73.41±28.80 mL/min/1.73 m2.The 1-year and 10-year patient and graft survival rates were 99%and 79%and 95%and 75%,respectively.During the follow-up period,10(12.8%)patients died,8 patients had a functioning graft,and 2 patients had failed grafts.Eight patients died due to cardiopulmonary arrest,and two died due to sepsis with failed grafts.CONCLUSION Patients with pretransplant low-level DSAs on Luminex without CDC and FCXM reactivity had good allograft outcomes at 1 year and 10 years as long as they are induced with biological agents and given potent maintenance immunosuppressants.展开更多
BACKGROUND Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)face an elevated risk of severe infection owing to their diseases and the immunosuppressive treatment for disease control.A...BACKGROUND Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)face an elevated risk of severe infection owing to their diseases and the immunosuppressive treatment for disease control.AIM To compare scheduled vaccination coverage and the levels of post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella(MMR)and hepatitis B in pediatric patients with IBD and JIA.METHODS A comparative cohort study included 97 patients with IBD and 170 patients with JIA.Vaccination history was obtained from medical records,while post-vaccination immunity was assessed prospectively by measuring specific IgG antibody titers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(Vector-Best JSC,Russia;IBL International,Germany)during routine visits between January 2022 and April 2023.RESULTS A complete two-dose MMR course had been administered to 66.3%of IBD patients and 55.9%of JIA patients(P=0.121).By contrast,the three-dose hepatitis B schedule was completed in 74.2%of IBD and 100%of JIA patients(P<0.001).Protective level of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles(47.7%vs 57.7%;P=0.168);mumps(75.3%vs 80.0%;P=0.366);rubella(74.4%vs 98.2%;P<0.0001);and hepatitis B(44.8%vs 50.0%;P=0.514)were detected in IBD and JIA patients,respectively.CONCLUSION Patients with IBD and JIA demonstrated different vaccination coverage patterns and levels of anti-vaccine antibodies.Routine baseline serology and timely booster vaccination should be implemented for all pediatric patients receiving chronic immunosuppression.展开更多
AIM： Anti-Saccharomyces anti-nuclear associated cerevisiae antibodies （ASCA）, anti-neutrophil antibodies （NANA） and antibodies to exocrine pancreas （PAB）, are serological tools for discriminating Crohn＇s disea...AIM： Anti-Saccharomyces anti-nuclear associated cerevisiae antibodies （ASCA）, anti-neutrophil antibodies （NANA） and antibodies to exocrine pancreas （PAB）, are serological tools for discriminating Crohn＇s disease （CrD） and ulcerative colitis （UC）. Like CrD, coeliac disease （COD） is an inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） associated with （auto） antibodies. Performing a multicenter study we primarily aimed to determine the performance of ASCA, NANA and PAB tests for IBD diagnosis in children and adults, and secondarily to evaluate the prevalence of these markers in CoD. METHODS： Sera of 109 patients with CrD, 78 with UC, 45 with CoD and 50 healthy blood donors were retrospectively included. ASCA, NANA and PAB were detected by indirect immunofluorescence （IIF）. RESULTS： ASCA＋/NANA- profile displayed a positive predictive value of 94.2% for CrD. Detection of ASCA was correlated with a more severe clinical profile of CrD and treatment of the disease did not influence their serum levels. ASCA positivity was found in 37.9% of active CoD.PAB were found in 36.7% CrD and 13.3% CoD patients and were not correlated with clinical features of CrD, except with an early onset of the disease. Fifteen CrD patients were ASCA negative and PAB positive. CONCLUSION： ASCA and PAB detected by IIF are specific markers for CrD although their presence does not rule out a possible active CoD. The combination of ASCA, NANA and PAB tests improves the sensitivity of immunological markers for CrD. Repeating ASCA, NANA, and PAB testing during the course of CrD has no clinical value.展开更多
Porcine circovirus type 3(PCV3)was initially identified in 2016 in pigs exhibiting unexplained cardiac and multi-organ inflammation in the USA(Palinski et al.2017).PCV3 has subsequently been identified in numerous cou...Porcine circovirus type 3(PCV3)was initially identified in 2016 in pigs exhibiting unexplained cardiac and multi-organ inflammation in the USA(Palinski et al.2017).PCV3 has subsequently been identified in numerous countries,including China,Brazil,Italy,and others,demonstrating widespread viral dissemination(Tan et al.2021).Notably,recent investigations have revealed PCV3 infection across multiple species,including pigs,cattle,dogs,wild boars,chamois,roe deer,and others(Tan et al.2021).This evidence suggests potential viral propagation beyond its primary host(pigs).展开更多
Although African swine fever(ASF) has been prevalent for more than a century, it remains the number one swine disease that seriously endangers the global pig industry, and there is no effective means of prevention and...Although African swine fever(ASF) has been prevalent for more than a century, it remains the number one swine disease that seriously endangers the global pig industry, and there is no effective means of prevention and treatment(Wang et al. 2023). Due to its enormous economic and social impact, it is listed as a notifiable animal disease by the World Organization for Animal Health(Costard et al. 2013). Although ASF has been present in Sub-Saharan Africa since its first discovery in Kenya.展开更多
文摘The relationship of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA), markers of the antiphospholipid syndrome, with vascular complications of diabetes mellitus is polemic. This cross-sectional study assessed the frequency of IgG, IgM, and IgA ACA in type 2 diabetics with and without history of vascular events for the last 5 years, and in healthy controls. ACA were detected by enzyme immunoassay. A total of 73 type 2 diabetics (33 with history of vascular events) and 54 healthy controls were tested. Most diabetics were female (p = 0.003), and older than controls (p 0.09). ACA positivity rates were also similar when diabetics with and without history of vasculopathy were compared (p > 0.47). After adjusting for gender, age, hypertension, and smoking status, a weak but statistically insignificant association between IgM ACA and diabetics with vasculopathy was found (adjusted OR 2.7;95% CI 0.2 - 34.2;p = 0.441). Overall, levels of IgG (r = 0.25;p = 0.005) and IgM (r = 0.23;p = 0.010) ACA were associated with increasing age. In short, the frequency of a positive ACA test in type 2 diabetics (with or without previous macrovasculopathy) was not significant as compared to healthy controls. There was no association of ACA with vascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Research Center(Morocco)“PhD-Associate Scholarship-PASS”Program,No.88UH2C2023.
文摘BACKGROUND Donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)against human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-DQ are increasingly recognized as major contributors to antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)and graft failure in kidney transplantation.However,their clinical impact remains understudied in Morocco.AIM To evaluate the presence and implications of anti-HLA-DQ DSAs in Moroccan kidney transplant recipients.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the immunological profiles and clinical outcomes of kidney transplant recipients screened for anti-HLA antibodies between 2015 and 2020,who developed anti-HLA-DQ DSAs either before or after transplantation.Anti-HLA antibodies were identified using Luminex®single antigen bead technology,and clinical follow-up included graft function assessment,biopsy interpretation,and evaluation of immunosuppression.RESULTS In the pre-transplant group(n=6 with confirmed donor typing),patients with low to moderate median fluorescence intensity(MFI)anti-HLA-DQ DSAs(MFI 561-1581)underwent successful transplantation and maintained stable graft function under optimized immunosuppression.In contrast,in the post-transplant group(n=6 with confirmed donor typing),the emergence of de novo anti-HLA-DQ DSAs was consistently associated with AMR,with MFI values reaching up to 19473,with biopsy-proven AMR in 5 of 6 cases and suspicion of AMR in 1 case.Two representative cases are detailed to illustrate the clinical impact of DQ DSAs:one patient developed high-level anti-DQB1*02 de novo DSA(MFI 12029)with persistent AMR after 5 years,while another developed anti-DQA1*05:01 de novo DSA after an early AMR episode but maintained stable graft function after 5 years(creatinine 1.48 mg/dL).CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the clinical significance of anti-HLA-DQ DSAs in Moroccan kidney transplant recipients.While preformed DSAs with low immunogenicity may permit successful transplantation,de novo DSAs strongly correlate with AMR.Proactive monitoring,including routine DSA screening and HLA-DQ typing,could improve graft outcomes by enabling early intervention and better donor selection.
基金Supported by The European Union-NextGenerationEU,Through The National Recov-ery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria,No.BG-RRP-2.004-0008。
文摘Gluten ataxia and other central nervous system disorders could be linked to gluten enteropathy and related autoantibodies.In this narrative review,we focus on the various neuro-logical manifestations in patients with gluten sensitivity/celiac disease,immunological and autoimmune mechanisms of ataxia in connection to gluten sensitivity and the autoantibodies that could be used as a biomarker for diagnosing and following.We focused on the anti-gliadin antibodies,antibodies to different isoforms of tissue transglutaminase(TG)(anti-TG2,3,and 6 antibodies),anti-glycine receptor antibodies,anti-glutamine acid decarboxylase antibodies,anti-deamidated gliadin peptides antibodies,etc.Most studies found a higher prevalence of these antibodies in patients with gluten sensitivity and neurological dysfunction,presented as different neurological disorders.We also discuss the role of a gluten-free diet on the clinical improvement of patients and also on imaging of these disorders.
文摘BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)often miss the scheduled vaccines and have a higher risk of infection susceptibility,including vaccineprevented diseases.AIM To evaluate the vaccine coverage and levels of the post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella,and hepatitis B in children with IBD.METHODS Total 98 patients:46 females(47.2%)and 52 males(52.8%)with IBD(Crohn’s disease-75%and ulcerative colitis-25%)with disease onset age-11.0(6.0;14.0)years whom clinical data,vaccination status and levels of the postvaccination antibodies(IgG)for measles,rubella,mumps,hepatitis B,measured with ELISA were prospectively evaluated.The control group consisted of 88 healthy peers from the biobank data.RESULTS Patients with IBD had lower levels of measles,rubella,and hepatitis B,except mumps,compared to controls.Incomplete vaccination/non-protective titer of the antibodies against measles,mumps rubella,and hepatitis B had 33(33.7%)/52.3%,21(21.4%)/50.4%,26(25.8)/25.6%and 26(25.8%)/55.2%,respectively.Patients with incomplete vaccination had a lower age at the diagnosis for all vaccines.The age of the IBD diagnosis≤6 years was the predictor of incomplete vaccination for measles[odds ratio(OR)=4.6,P=0.001],mumps(OR=5.0,P=0.001),rubella(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and hepatitis B(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and corticosteroid treatment for measles(OR=2.2,P=0.074)and mumps(OR=3.0,P=0.047)vaccines.Incomplete vaccination was the predictor of nonprotective titer of antibodies against rubella(OR=6.8,95%CI:2.3-19.9,P=0.0002)/mumps(OR=7.0,95%CI:2.4-20.8;P=0.0002).CONCLUSION Patients with IBD had low vaccine coverage and lower levels of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles,rubella,and hepatitis B.Nearly half of the IBD patients require revaccination.
文摘The monoclonal antibodies consist of an innovative form of immunotherapy,capable of defeating several diseases,such as cancer.It is an emergent and important theme,that advances evaluation,challenges,and future perspectives with high relevance to identify gaps in recent studies and to consolidate this general theme in only one research.Its action in Chronic and Acute Lymphoid Leukemia has been evaluated in several clinical trials,which were selected between 2022 and 2023,in order to understand better the monoclonal antibodies that were most studied.The biopharmaceutical compounds Ibrutinib,Obinutuzumab,Rituximab,Venetoclax,and Inotuzumab Ozogamicin were the ones that most appeared in the most recent publications,indicating the importance of amplifying the studies.The action mechanisms that are used imply that their combined use has more success in the disease remission,showing a lower recurrence,adverse effects,and toxicity.Besides the adverse effects and overwhelming prices of the treatment,these immunotherapies results are promising,amplifying the survival rates,improving the patient’s life quality,and resulting in a precision medicine,aiming a custom treatment.The future perspectives on this therapy consist of its application in the public health system,with patients being able to be submitted to this treatment without any costs and receive a better life quality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.82522044).
文摘Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV)is a highly pathogenic tick-borne virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in humans.No licensed vaccines or efficacious antiviral therapies are currently available.Here,we identified seven heavy chain antibodies targeting CCHFV Gc,which consist of heavy-chain variable domain(VHH)fused to human IgG1 Fc region(VHHFc).These VHH-Fc antibodies exhibited neutralizing activity against both recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)-vectored CCHFV pseudoviruses and CCHFV transcriptionand entry-competent virus-like particles(tecVLPs).Among these,N025 achieved the most potent pseudovirus neutralization,while N013 showed remarkable efficacy in tecVLP systems,with IC_(50) values of 22.7 ng/mL and 33.0 ng/mL,respectively.AlphaFold3 structural predictions revealed that all characterized VHH-Fc antibodies target epitopes within Domain Ⅱ of the Gc protein,with partial or complete overlap with the fusion loop region.Alanine scanning mutagenesis confirmed the functional significance of these epitopes,with N013 showing the highest binding energy change(ΔΔG=25.36 kcal/mol)and moderate competition with a known fusion loop-targeting antibody.Sequence conservation analysis across representative CCHFV strains from different genetic lineages demonstrated complete conservation of the N013 and N025 epitopes,suggesting potential for broad-spectrum neutralizing activity.Together,our findings provide a novel strategy for developing CCHFV therapeutics and identify promising antibody candidates that could inform future broad-spectrum antiviral development efforts.
文摘Primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC)is a chronic progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by immunemediated destruction of the small-and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts and the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies(AMA)in the serum.AMA are detected in over 90%of patients with PBC,whereas their prevalence in the general population is extremely low,varying from 0.16%to 1%.Previous studies have shown that the unique characteristics of biliary epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis may result in a highly direct and very specific immune response to mitochondrial autoantigens.Moreover,recent studies have demonstrated that serum from AMA-positive PBC patients is reactive with a number of xenobiotic modified E2 subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,which is not observed in the serum of normal individuals.These findings indicate that chemicals originating from the environment may be associated with a breakdown in the tolerance to mitochondrial autoantigens.While it is currently generally accepted that AMA are the most specific serological markers of PBC,more than 60 au-toantibodies have been investigated in patients with PBC,and some have previously been considered specific to other autoimmune diseases.This review covers the recent progress in research on the pathogenetic and clinical significance of important autoantibodies in PBC.Determining the pathogenic role of those autoantibodies in PBC remains a priority of basic and clinical research.
文摘The role of antibodies in kidney transplant(KT)has evolved significantly over the past few decades.This role of antibodies in KT is multifaceted,encompassing both the challenges they pose in terms of antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)and the opportunities for improving transplant outcomes through better detection,prevention,and treatment strategies.As our understanding of the immunological mechanisms continues to evolve,so too will the approaches to managing and harnessing the power of antibodies in KT,ultimately leading to improved patient and graft survival.This narrative review explores the multifaceted roles of antibodies in KT,including their involvement in rejection mechanisms,advancements in desensitization protocols,AMR treatments,and their potential role in monitoring and improving graft survival.
文摘In this article,we comment on an article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.We specifically focus on the roles of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)and donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)in pediatric liver transpl-antation(LT),as well as the relationship between immune rejection after LT and DSA.Currently,LT remains the standard of care for pediatric patients with end-stage liver disease or severe acute liver failure.However,acute and chronic re-jection continues to be a significant cause of graft dysfunction and loss.HLA mismatch significantly reduces graft survival and increases the risk of acute rejection.Among them,D→R one-way mismatch at three loci was significantly related to graft-versus-host disease incidence after LT.The adverse impact of HLA-DSAs on LT recipients is already established.Therefore,the evaluation of HLA and DSA is crucial in pediatric LT.
文摘In medical research,there are times when the introduction of a new tool can launch scientific discovery in new directions.While antibody development may be considered mundane,in the field of glucocerebrosidase(GCase)research,the dearth of validated antibodies for different applications has impeded progress in studies of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic development.The recent introduction of new,rigorously evaluated antibodies can now propel research into the link between glucocerebrosidase and Parkinson’s disease(PD)as well as aspects of the pathobiology of Gaucher disease(Jong et al.,2024).
文摘Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to (a) insulin-insufficiency (type I DM), or (b) impaired glucose cell-entry (insulin resistance) due to the downregulation of insulin cell receptors (type II DM). Type I DM usually presents with florid manifestations contrary to a slowly-progressive type II. Patients and methods: Over the past 10 years, we encountered 9 obese patients with controlled insulin-requiring type II DM for years, at a dose of 62 ± 5 units/day, who developed sudden and severe insulin resistance (IR) that required 210 ± 25 units daily. All patients had very high levels of anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. Despite a lack of previous testing for anti-GAD antibodies, they were treated, with Cyclosporin A (Cy), as an autoimmune disorder superimposed on their type II MD. Initially all patients were treated with 100 mg, of Cy, twice daily aiming at an initial trough level of 100 - 150 ng/ml. Three months later, the dose was reduced to 50 mg twice daily for a total of 2 years. Results: Amelioration of IR was achieved by 1 month with a reduction of daily insulin requirement to 123 ± 16 units that further decreased to 76 ± 11 by the end of the 3rd month. Such improvement persisted for 2 years and >1 year after Cy discontinuation. Moreover, a decline in insulin requirements was associated with a parallel decrease in anti-GAD antibody levels and an increase in C-peptide insulin without kidney disease. Conclusion: Anti-GAD antibodies can induce acute IR in type II DM, and this phenomenon can be treated safely and effectively with Cy.
文摘BACKGROUND At the end of December 2019,the world faced severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which led to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),associated with respiratory issues.This virus has shown significant challenges,especially for senior citizens,patients with other underlying illnesses,or those with a sedentary lifestyle.Serological tests conducted early on have helped identify how the virus is transmitted and how to curb its spread.The study hypothesis was that the rapid serological test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could indicate the immunoreactive profile during the COVID-19 pandemic in a university population.AIM To conduct active surveillance for serological expression of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals within a university setting during the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS This sectional study by convenience sampling was conducted in a large university in Niteroi-RJ,Brazil,from March 2021 to July 2021.The study population consisted of students,faculty,and administrative staff employed by the university.A total of 3433 faculty members,60703 students,and 3812 administrative staff were invited to participate.Data were gathered through rapid serological tests to detect immunoglobulin(Ig)M and IgG against SARS-CoV-2.Theχ²or Fisher's exact test was used to conduct statistical analysis.A 0.20 significance level was adopted for variable selection in a multiple logistic regression model to evaluate associations.RESULTS A total of 1648 individuals were enrolled in the study.The proportion of COVID-19 positivity was 164/1648(9.8%).The adjusted logistic model indicate a positive association between the expression of IgM or IgG and age[odds ratio(OR)=1.16,95%CI:1.02-1.31](P<0.0024),individuals who had been in contact with a COVID-19-positive case(OR=3.49,95%CI:2.34-5.37)(P<0.001),those who had received the COVID-19 vaccine(OR=2.33,95%CI:1.61-3.35)(P<0.001)and social isolation(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.41-0.84)(P<0.004).The likelihood of showing a positive result increased by 16%with every ten-year increment.Conversely,adherence to social distancing measures decreased the likelihood by 41%.CONCLUSION These findings evidenced that the population became more exposed to the virus as individuals discontinued social distancing practices,thereby increasing the risk of infection for themselves.
文摘HLA-C,HLA-DP and HLA-DQ are thought to be benign due to low expression and few initial negative studies.Historically,most allocation programs used HLA-A,HLA-B and HLA-DR antigens for matching.With the advent and use of single-bead antigen assays,more was learned about donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)against these antigens.Interest in these antigens and antibodies grew when cases of acute antibody-mediated rejection(AMR),mixed rejections,chronic AMR,and reduced graft survival were reported with DSAs against these antigens.Although the deleterious effects of these DSAs are more pronounced in retransplants,harmful effects have also been observed in first-time recipients.DSAs against each of these antigens can trigger rejection alone.Their combination with DSAs against HLA-A,HLA-B and HLA-DR can cause more damage.It has been shown that strategies that reduce mismatches for these antigen lead to fewer rejections and better graft survival.There is a need for greater consensus on the universal typing of these antigens prior to transplantation for better patient and graft outcomes.This review focuses on the interaction of these antigens with lymphocytes and killer immunoglobulin receptors,arguments for not typing them,detailed analyses of the literature about their harmful effects,potential strategies moving forward,and recommendations for the future.
文摘Antiphospholipid antibodies(aPLs)are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that include anticardiolipin antibodies,anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies,and lupus anticoagulant.The presence of aPLs is the main characteristic feature of antiphospholipid syndrome(APS),an autoimmune disease with multifactorial etiology.Kidney involvement is a well-recognized complication associated with both primary and secondary APS.Kidney involvement in APS presents with renal artery thrombosis,renal vein thrombosis,allograft loss due to thrombosis after kidney transplantation,and injury to the renal microvasculature,also known as APS nephropathy(APSN).APSN is the characteristic manifestation of kidney involvement in APS and occurs as a result of vaso-occlusive disease in the intrarenal vasculature.Diagnosis and risk stratification of APS are complex and still evolving.This review synthesizes and updates the available evidence in literature regarding risk factors,pathogenesis,and diagnosis of APS and APSN.
文摘BACKGROUND The Luminex platform,where beads are coated with single human leukocyte antigens(HLA),detects HLA antibodies with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to complement-dependent cytotoxicity(CDC)assay and flow crossmatch(FCXM).The clinical significance of donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)detected by this method is still under investigation.AIM To report the impact of low-level pretransplant DSAs detected by the Luminex platform on the rates of acute rejection(AR),allograft function,and long-term graft survival.METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at the Immunology Department of Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation,Karachi,Pakistan between January 2013 and December 2022.During this period 2714 patients were transplanted.Out of these patients 78(2.9%)patients had low-level DSAs detected by the Luminex flow beads method and were negative by CDC and FCXM with their donors.All recipients received ABO-compatible live-related kidney transplants.All patients had a minimum follow-up of 1 year.Graft rejection rates,graft function,and patient and graft survival were analyzed.The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by the full CKD-EPI formula.RESULTS The mean age of all recipients was 29.57±10.11 years and 34.53±9.09 years for the donors.In 48(61.5%)patients,the cause of end-stage kidney disease was unknown.DSA against HLA class I was detected in 36(46.1%)patients,class II in 35(44.8%)patients,and both class I and II in 7(8.9%)patients.AR episodes were encountered in 8(10.3%)cases.Seven(87.5%)had T cell mediated rejection(type IA)and one acute antibody-mediated rejection.Antibody status was re-evaluated at the time of biopsy-proven ARs.Five(62.5%)patients lost their DSAs,while three(37.5%)had persistent DSAs.The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at 1 year was 80.56±27.48 mL/min/1.73 m2 and at the last follow-up 73.41±28.80 mL/min/1.73 m2.The 1-year and 10-year patient and graft survival rates were 99%and 79%and 95%and 75%,respectively.During the follow-up period,10(12.8%)patients died,8 patients had a functioning graft,and 2 patients had failed grafts.Eight patients died due to cardiopulmonary arrest,and two died due to sepsis with failed grafts.CONCLUSION Patients with pretransplant low-level DSAs on Luminex without CDC and FCXM reactivity had good allograft outcomes at 1 year and 10 years as long as they are induced with biological agents and given potent maintenance immunosuppressants.
文摘BACKGROUND Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)face an elevated risk of severe infection owing to their diseases and the immunosuppressive treatment for disease control.AIM To compare scheduled vaccination coverage and the levels of post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella(MMR)and hepatitis B in pediatric patients with IBD and JIA.METHODS A comparative cohort study included 97 patients with IBD and 170 patients with JIA.Vaccination history was obtained from medical records,while post-vaccination immunity was assessed prospectively by measuring specific IgG antibody titers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(Vector-Best JSC,Russia;IBL International,Germany)during routine visits between January 2022 and April 2023.RESULTS A complete two-dose MMR course had been administered to 66.3%of IBD patients and 55.9%of JIA patients(P=0.121).By contrast,the three-dose hepatitis B schedule was completed in 74.2%of IBD and 100%of JIA patients(P<0.001).Protective level of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles(47.7%vs 57.7%;P=0.168);mumps(75.3%vs 80.0%;P=0.366);rubella(74.4%vs 98.2%;P<0.0001);and hepatitis B(44.8%vs 50.0%;P=0.514)were detected in IBD and JIA patients,respectively.CONCLUSION Patients with IBD and JIA demonstrated different vaccination coverage patterns and levels of anti-vaccine antibodies.Routine baseline serology and timely booster vaccination should be implemented for all pediatric patients receiving chronic immunosuppression.
文摘AIM： Anti-Saccharomyces anti-nuclear associated cerevisiae antibodies （ASCA）, anti-neutrophil antibodies （NANA） and antibodies to exocrine pancreas （PAB）, are serological tools for discriminating Crohn＇s disease （CrD） and ulcerative colitis （UC）. Like CrD, coeliac disease （COD） is an inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） associated with （auto） antibodies. Performing a multicenter study we primarily aimed to determine the performance of ASCA, NANA and PAB tests for IBD diagnosis in children and adults, and secondarily to evaluate the prevalence of these markers in CoD. METHODS： Sera of 109 patients with CrD, 78 with UC, 45 with CoD and 50 healthy blood donors were retrospectively included. ASCA, NANA and PAB were detected by indirect immunofluorescence （IIF）. RESULTS： ASCA＋/NANA- profile displayed a positive predictive value of 94.2% for CrD. Detection of ASCA was correlated with a more severe clinical profile of CrD and treatment of the disease did not influence their serum levels. ASCA positivity was found in 37.9% of active CoD.PAB were found in 36.7% CrD and 13.3% CoD patients and were not correlated with clinical features of CrD, except with an early onset of the disease. Fifteen CrD patients were ASCA negative and PAB positive. CONCLUSION： ASCA and PAB detected by IIF are specific markers for CrD although their presence does not rule out a possible active CoD. The combination of ASCA, NANA and PAB tests improves the sensitivity of immunological markers for CrD. Repeating ASCA, NANA, and PAB testing during the course of CrD has no clinical value.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1800500)the Jiangsu Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent Team Project,China (JSSCTD202224)+1 种基金the 111 Project D18007the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD),China
文摘Porcine circovirus type 3(PCV3)was initially identified in 2016 in pigs exhibiting unexplained cardiac and multi-organ inflammation in the USA(Palinski et al.2017).PCV3 has subsequently been identified in numerous countries,including China,Brazil,Italy,and others,demonstrating widespread viral dissemination(Tan et al.2021).Notably,recent investigations have revealed PCV3 infection across multiple species,including pigs,cattle,dogs,wild boars,chamois,roe deer,and others(Tan et al.2021).This evidence suggests potential viral propagation beyond its primary host(pigs).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1800100)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-35)。
文摘Although African swine fever(ASF) has been prevalent for more than a century, it remains the number one swine disease that seriously endangers the global pig industry, and there is no effective means of prevention and treatment(Wang et al. 2023). Due to its enormous economic and social impact, it is listed as a notifiable animal disease by the World Organization for Animal Health(Costard et al. 2013). Although ASF has been present in Sub-Saharan Africa since its first discovery in Kenya.
