Seismic-induced landslides critically threaten infrastructure and human safety,especially in sandy slopes where conventional stabilization methods often fail under dynamic loading.This study evaluates circular open-en...Seismic-induced landslides critically threaten infrastructure and human safety,especially in sandy slopes where conventional stabilization methods often fail under dynamic loading.This study evaluates circular open-ended anti-slide pipe piles embedded in a two-layer sandy slope with differing geotechnical properties.Ten physical models,including five freefield and five pile-reinforced slopes,were tested on a shaking table.Key seismic responses—acceleration,soil displacement,and bending moments—were monitored using accelerometers,strain gauges,and Digital Image Correlation(DIC).Complementary numerical simulations using Abaqus with a Mohr–Coulomb model validated experimental results.Soil displacement in free-field models under 0.25g shaking was about 3.5 times greater than in reinforced slopes.Bending moments increased with seismic intensity,peaking at depths around five times the pile diameter.Limitations including simplified two-layer soil representation,idealized seismic inputs,and boundary effects inherent to laboratory models restrict direct field application but enable controlled analysis.By combining physical experiments with numerical modeling,the study provides a robust and validated framework for seismic slope stabilization.This integrated approach enhances understanding of soil–pile interaction under seismic loads and offers targeted insights for developing safer and more reliable geotechnical design strategies in earthquake-prone areas.展开更多
Anti-slide piles are commonly used to stabilise high and steep slopes in earthquake-prone areas in southwestern China.Herein,we investigate the impact of initial damage on the seismic performance of anti-slide piles.F...Anti-slide piles are commonly used to stabilise high and steep slopes in earthquake-prone areas in southwestern China.Herein,we investigate the impact of initial damage on the seismic performance of anti-slide piles.For this purpose,we selected a representative slope adjacent to the Jiuzhaigou Bridge in the Sichuan–Qinghai Railway;we employed a three-dimensional dynamic finite element method combined with the local stiffness reduction approach to simulate three different initial-damage scenarios:intact,slightly damaged and heavily damaged.The dynamic displacement,bending moment and shear stress responses of the piles were comprehensively analysed.Using wavelet packet energy spectrum(WPES)analysis,we introduced two indices:the damage index(DPERV)and its increment(|△DPERV|).The results showed that both the initial damage and seismic energy control the peak dynamic response of the piles.Specifically,high initial damage accelerates stiffness degradation,leading to large horizontal displacements,whereas intact piles sustain high bending moments and shear forces.The distribution of|△DPERV|along a pile reveals three post-earthquake performance stages(i.e.minor,moderate and severe),which agree well with the observed mechanical response characteristics and form the basis for targeted reinforcement strategies.The main innovation of this study is the combined use of initial-damage simulation with WPES analysis,thereby establishing a quantitative diagnostic framework(DPERV and|△DPERV|)for anti-slide piles.This framework determines the non-linear relationship between seismic response and damage evolution and provides a rapid,usable tool for health monitoring and post-earthquake decision-making in landslide-prone mountainous railway areas.展开更多
Despite the continuous advancements of engineering construction in high-intensity areas,many engineering landslides are still manufactured with huge thrust force,and double-row piles are effective to control such larg...Despite the continuous advancements of engineering construction in high-intensity areas,many engineering landslides are still manufactured with huge thrust force,and double-row piles are effective to control such large landslides.In this study,large shaking table test were performed to test and obtain multi-attribute seismic data such as feature image,acceleration,and dynamic soil pressure.Through the feature image processing analysis,the deformation characteristics for the slope reinforced by double-row piles were revealed.By analyzing the acceleration and the dynamic soil pressure time domain,the spatial dynamic response characteristics were revealed.Using Fast Fourier Transform and half-power bandwidth,the damping ratio of acceleration and dynamic soil pressure was obtained.Following that,the Seism Signal was used to calculate the spectral displacement of the accelerations to obtain the regional differences of spectral displacement.The results showed that the overall deformation mechanism of the slope originates from tension failure in the soil mass.The platform at the back of the slope was caused by seismic subsidence,and the peak acceleration ratio was positively correlated with the relative pile heights.The dynamic soil pressure of the front row piles showed an inverted"K"-shaped distribution,but that of the back row piles showed an"S"-shaped distribution.The predominant frequency of acceleration was 2.16 Hz,and the main frequency band was 0.7-6.87 Hz;for dynamic soil pressure,the two parameters became 1.15 Hz and 0.5-6.59 Hz,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic soil pressure was more sensitive to dampening effects than acceleration.Besides,compared to acceleration,dynamic soil pressure exhibited larger loss factors and lower resonance peaks.Finally,back row pile heads were highly sensitive to spectral displacement compared to front row pile heads.These findings may be of reference value for future seismic designs of double-row piles.展开更多
The model test result of earth force in the side of anti-slide pile of anchor bars was introduced.There are three groups of the tests.The loads were on the back side of the slope in two groups.The other one was loaded...The model test result of earth force in the side of anti-slide pile of anchor bars was introduced.There are three groups of the tests.The loads were on the back side of the slope in two groups.The other one was loaded just behind the pile by the jack.In order to get the force of the soil,some earth-pressure boxes were used to get the earth pressure on the side of the piles.展开更多
Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods...Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.展开更多
Due to the loose structure,high porosity and high permeability of soil-rock mixture slope,the slope is unstable and may cause huge economic losses and casualties.The h-type anti-slide pile is regarded as an effective ...Due to the loose structure,high porosity and high permeability of soil-rock mixture slope,the slope is unstable and may cause huge economic losses and casualties.The h-type anti-slide pile is regarded as an effective means to prevent the instability of soilrock mixture slope.In this paper,a centrifuge model test was conducted to investigate the stress distribution of the h-type anti-slide pile and the evolution process of soil arching during the loading.A numerical simulation model was built based on the similar relationship between the centrifuge model and the prototype to investigate the influence factors of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness,and some recommendations were proposed for its application.The results show that the bending moment distribution of the rear pile exhibits Wshaped,while for the front pile,its distribution resembles V-shaped.The soil arching evolution process during loading is gradually dissipated from bottom to top and from far to near.During the loading,the change of bending moment can be divided into three stages,namely,the stabilization stage,the slow growth stage,and the rapid growth stage.In engineering projects,the recommended values of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness are 4.0d,2.0d,and 2.0EI,where d and EI are the diameter and bending stiffness of the h-type anti-slide pile respectively.展开更多
The problem of interval correlation results in interval extension is discussed by the relationship of interval-valued functions and real-valued functions. The methods of reducing interval extension are given. Based on...The problem of interval correlation results in interval extension is discussed by the relationship of interval-valued functions and real-valued functions. The methods of reducing interval extension are given. Based on the ideas of the paper, the formulas of sub-interval perturbed finite element method based on the elements are given. The sub-interval amount is discussed and the approximate computation formula is given. At the same time, the computational precision is discussed and some measures of improving computational efficiency are given. Finally, based on sub-interval perturbed finite element method and anti-slide stability analysis method, the formula for computing the bounds of stability factor is given. It provides a basis for estimating and evaluating reasonably anti-slide stability of structures.展开更多
At present,the thrust of an anti-slide pile can be worked out with some calculation methods. However,the resistance in front of the pile,the distributions of resistance and thrust,and appropriate pile length cannot be...At present,the thrust of an anti-slide pile can be worked out with some calculation methods. However,the resistance in front of the pile,the distributions of resistance and thrust,and appropriate pile length cannot be easily obtained. In this paper,the authors applied the strength-reduction finite element method (FEM) to several design cases of anti-slide piles. Using this method,it is possible to take the pile-soil interactions into consideration,obtain reasonable resistance in front of pile and the distributions of thrust and resistance,and reasonable lengths of anti-slide piles. In particular,the thrust and resistance imposed on embedded anti-slide piles can be calculated and composite anti-slide pile structures such as anchored piles and braced piles can be optimized. It is proved through the calculation examples that this method is more reliable and economical in the design of anti-slide pile.展开更多
This study employs the limit analysis method to evaluate the seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes stabilized with anti-slide piles. The pseudo-static approach is used to simplify the earthquake l...This study employs the limit analysis method to evaluate the seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes stabilized with anti-slide piles. The pseudo-static approach is used to simplify the earthquake load. The yield seismic acceleration factor is obtained from the optimization procedure and the results are verified with the published data. Then, the seismically-unstable slope is reinforced with anti-slide piles, and the seismic stability of the reinforced slope is explored. The results show that the anisotropy and nonhomogeneity of soils have significant effects on the stabilizing force required from the anti-slide piles and the optimal location of the pile is near the toe of the slope.展开更多
To ensure the operational safety of railways in the landslide-prone areas of mountainous regions,a large-scale model test and numerical simulation were conducted to study the bending moment distribution,internal force...To ensure the operational safety of railways in the landslide-prone areas of mountainous regions,a large-scale model test and numerical simulation were conducted to study the bending moment distribution,internal force distribution,deformation development,and crack propagation characteristics of a framed anti-sliding structure(FAS)under landslide thrust up to the point of failure.Results show that the maximum bending moment and its increase rate in the fore pile are greater than those in the rear pile,with the maximum bending moment of the fore pile approximately 1.1 times that of the rear pile.When the FAS fails,the displacement at the top of the fore pile is significantly greater,about 1.27 times that of the rear pile in the experiment.Major cracks develop at locations corresponding to the peak bending moments.Small transverse cracks initially appear on the upper surface at the intersection between the primary beam and rear pile and then spread to the side of the structure.At the failure stage,major cracks are observed at the pil-beam intersections and near the anchor points.Strengthening flexural stiffness at intersections where major cracks occur can improve the overall thrust-deformation coordination of the FAS,thereby maximizing its performance.展开更多
The stability of reservoir bank slopes during the impoundment period has become a critical issue in the construction and operation of large-scale hydropower projects.A predictive and early warning method for reservoir...The stability of reservoir bank slopes during the impoundment period has become a critical issue in the construction and operation of large-scale hydropower projects.A predictive and early warning method for reservoir bank slopes is proposed,based on slip resistance stability evolution analysis.Using a refined three-dimensional numerical calculation model of the bank slope,the creep damage model is employed for simulation and analysis,enabling the derivation of stress field and strain field evolution from bank slope excavation to the long-term impoundment period.Subsequently,for the stress field of the bank slope at any given moment,the safety factors of the sliding blocks are determined by using the multigrid method and vector sum method.Accordingly,the evolutionary law of the sliding safety factor for the bank slope can be derived.By integrating the long-term stability evolution trend of the slope with specific engineering practices,the safety factors for graded warning can be determined.Based on the time correspondence,the graded warning moment and the deformation warning index for slope measurement points can be determined.In this study,the proposed method is applied to the left bank slope of the Jinping I Hydropower Station.The results indicate that from excavation to June 2022,the left bank slope exhibits a strong correlation with excavation elevation and the number of reservoir water cycles.The initial,maximum,and minimum safety factors are 2.01,3.07,and 1.58,respectively.The deep fracture SL44-1 serves as the primary stress-bearing slip surface of the left bank slope,while the safety margin of the fault f42-9 and lamprophyre X is slightly insufficient.Based on the long-term stability evolution trend of the slope and in accordance with relevant standards,the safety factors for graded warning indicators—K_(w1),K_(w2),K_(w3),and K_(w4)—are determined as 1.350,1.325,1.300,and 1.275,respectively.Correspondingly,the estimated warning times are 12/30/2066,12/30/2084,and 12/30/2120.Accordingly,the deformation graded warning indexes for slope measurement points are established.展开更多
基金the support from the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021YQ31)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277135)+5 种基金National Foreign Experts Individual Program(Category Y)(Grant No.Y20240084)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint Fund Key Project(U2006225)Special Fund for Taishan Scholar Projectthe Youth Project of Open Funding from Engineering Research Center of Concrete Technology under Marine Environment,Ministry of Education(Grant No.TMduracon202217)the funding from Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal Disaster and Protection,Hohai University(Grant No.202206)Shandong Provincial Overseas High-Level Talent Workstation,China。
文摘Seismic-induced landslides critically threaten infrastructure and human safety,especially in sandy slopes where conventional stabilization methods often fail under dynamic loading.This study evaluates circular open-ended anti-slide pipe piles embedded in a two-layer sandy slope with differing geotechnical properties.Ten physical models,including five freefield and five pile-reinforced slopes,were tested on a shaking table.Key seismic responses—acceleration,soil displacement,and bending moments—were monitored using accelerometers,strain gauges,and Digital Image Correlation(DIC).Complementary numerical simulations using Abaqus with a Mohr–Coulomb model validated experimental results.Soil displacement in free-field models under 0.25g shaking was about 3.5 times greater than in reinforced slopes.Bending moments increased with seismic intensity,peaking at depths around five times the pile diameter.Limitations including simplified two-layer soil representation,idealized seismic inputs,and boundary effects inherent to laboratory models restrict direct field application but enable controlled analysis.By combining physical experiments with numerical modeling,the study provides a robust and validated framework for seismic slope stabilization.This integrated approach enhances understanding of soil–pile interaction under seismic loads and offers targeted insights for developing safer and more reliable geotechnical design strategies in earthquake-prone areas.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2024YFC3012701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42307269)+1 种基金the Growth of Young Scientific and Technological Talents of Guizhou Educational Commission[Qianjiaoji,Grant No.[2024]348]the Foundation Research Project of Kaili University(No.YTH-TD20253I)。
文摘Anti-slide piles are commonly used to stabilise high and steep slopes in earthquake-prone areas in southwestern China.Herein,we investigate the impact of initial damage on the seismic performance of anti-slide piles.For this purpose,we selected a representative slope adjacent to the Jiuzhaigou Bridge in the Sichuan–Qinghai Railway;we employed a three-dimensional dynamic finite element method combined with the local stiffness reduction approach to simulate three different initial-damage scenarios:intact,slightly damaged and heavily damaged.The dynamic displacement,bending moment and shear stress responses of the piles were comprehensively analysed.Using wavelet packet energy spectrum(WPES)analysis,we introduced two indices:the damage index(DPERV)and its increment(|△DPERV|).The results showed that both the initial damage and seismic energy control the peak dynamic response of the piles.Specifically,high initial damage accelerates stiffness degradation,leading to large horizontal displacements,whereas intact piles sustain high bending moments and shear forces.The distribution of|△DPERV|along a pile reveals three post-earthquake performance stages(i.e.minor,moderate and severe),which agree well with the observed mechanical response characteristics and form the basis for targeted reinforcement strategies.The main innovation of this study is the combined use of initial-damage simulation with WPES analysis,thereby establishing a quantitative diagnostic framework(DPERV and|△DPERV|)for anti-slide piles.This framework determines the non-linear relationship between seismic response and damage evolution and provides a rapid,usable tool for health monitoring and post-earthquake decision-making in landslide-prone mountainous railway areas.
基金the financial support by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC1504901)Gansu Province Youth Science and Technology Fund program,China(Grant No.21JR7RA739)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.21JR7RA738)Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(No.145RJZA068)。
文摘Despite the continuous advancements of engineering construction in high-intensity areas,many engineering landslides are still manufactured with huge thrust force,and double-row piles are effective to control such large landslides.In this study,large shaking table test were performed to test and obtain multi-attribute seismic data such as feature image,acceleration,and dynamic soil pressure.Through the feature image processing analysis,the deformation characteristics for the slope reinforced by double-row piles were revealed.By analyzing the acceleration and the dynamic soil pressure time domain,the spatial dynamic response characteristics were revealed.Using Fast Fourier Transform and half-power bandwidth,the damping ratio of acceleration and dynamic soil pressure was obtained.Following that,the Seism Signal was used to calculate the spectral displacement of the accelerations to obtain the regional differences of spectral displacement.The results showed that the overall deformation mechanism of the slope originates from tension failure in the soil mass.The platform at the back of the slope was caused by seismic subsidence,and the peak acceleration ratio was positively correlated with the relative pile heights.The dynamic soil pressure of the front row piles showed an inverted"K"-shaped distribution,but that of the back row piles showed an"S"-shaped distribution.The predominant frequency of acceleration was 2.16 Hz,and the main frequency band was 0.7-6.87 Hz;for dynamic soil pressure,the two parameters became 1.15 Hz and 0.5-6.59 Hz,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic soil pressure was more sensitive to dampening effects than acceleration.Besides,compared to acceleration,dynamic soil pressure exhibited larger loss factors and lower resonance peaks.Finally,back row pile heads were highly sensitive to spectral displacement compared to front row pile heads.These findings may be of reference value for future seismic designs of double-row piles.
文摘The model test result of earth force in the side of anti-slide pile of anchor bars was introduced.There are three groups of the tests.The loads were on the back side of the slope in two groups.The other one was loaded just behind the pile by the jack.In order to get the force of the soil,some earth-pressure boxes were used to get the earth pressure on the side of the piles.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support pro-vided by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41907232)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(Grant No.42225702)the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41230636).
文摘Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41672273,42177137)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22120180313)+1 种基金the support from China Scholarship Council(CSC)(202106260151)substantially supported by the Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education(Tongji University)。
文摘Due to the loose structure,high porosity and high permeability of soil-rock mixture slope,the slope is unstable and may cause huge economic losses and casualties.The h-type anti-slide pile is regarded as an effective means to prevent the instability of soilrock mixture slope.In this paper,a centrifuge model test was conducted to investigate the stress distribution of the h-type anti-slide pile and the evolution process of soil arching during the loading.A numerical simulation model was built based on the similar relationship between the centrifuge model and the prototype to investigate the influence factors of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness,and some recommendations were proposed for its application.The results show that the bending moment distribution of the rear pile exhibits Wshaped,while for the front pile,its distribution resembles V-shaped.The soil arching evolution process during loading is gradually dissipated from bottom to top and from far to near.During the loading,the change of bending moment can be divided into three stages,namely,the stabilization stage,the slow growth stage,and the rapid growth stage.In engineering projects,the recommended values of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness are 4.0d,2.0d,and 2.0EI,where d and EI are the diameter and bending stiffness of the h-type anti-slide pile respectively.
文摘The problem of interval correlation results in interval extension is discussed by the relationship of interval-valued functions and real-valued functions. The methods of reducing interval extension are given. Based on the ideas of the paper, the formulas of sub-interval perturbed finite element method based on the elements are given. The sub-interval amount is discussed and the approximate computation formula is given. At the same time, the computational precision is discussed and some measures of improving computational efficiency are given. Finally, based on sub-interval perturbed finite element method and anti-slide stability analysis method, the formula for computing the bounds of stability factor is given. It provides a basis for estimating and evaluating reasonably anti-slide stability of structures.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.40872191)NSF of Chongqing(Grant No. CSTC2009BB6178)
文摘At present,the thrust of an anti-slide pile can be worked out with some calculation methods. However,the resistance in front of the pile,the distributions of resistance and thrust,and appropriate pile length cannot be easily obtained. In this paper,the authors applied the strength-reduction finite element method (FEM) to several design cases of anti-slide piles. Using this method,it is possible to take the pile-soil interactions into consideration,obtain reasonable resistance in front of pile and the distributions of thrust and resistance,and reasonable lengths of anti-slide piles. In particular,the thrust and resistance imposed on embedded anti-slide piles can be calculated and composite anti-slide pile structures such as anchored piles and braced piles can be optimized. It is proved through the calculation examples that this method is more reliable and economical in the design of anti-slide pile.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41272288)
文摘This study employs the limit analysis method to evaluate the seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes stabilized with anti-slide piles. The pseudo-static approach is used to simplify the earthquake load. The yield seismic acceleration factor is obtained from the optimization procedure and the results are verified with the published data. Then, the seismically-unstable slope is reinforced with anti-slide piles, and the seismic stability of the reinforced slope is explored. The results show that the anisotropy and nonhomogeneity of soils have significant effects on the stabilizing force required from the anti-slide piles and the optimal location of the pile is near the toe of the slope.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52078427).
文摘To ensure the operational safety of railways in the landslide-prone areas of mountainous regions,a large-scale model test and numerical simulation were conducted to study the bending moment distribution,internal force distribution,deformation development,and crack propagation characteristics of a framed anti-sliding structure(FAS)under landslide thrust up to the point of failure.Results show that the maximum bending moment and its increase rate in the fore pile are greater than those in the rear pile,with the maximum bending moment of the fore pile approximately 1.1 times that of the rear pile.When the FAS fails,the displacement at the top of the fore pile is significantly greater,about 1.27 times that of the rear pile in the experiment.Major cracks develop at locations corresponding to the peak bending moments.Small transverse cracks initially appear on the upper surface at the intersection between the primary beam and rear pile and then spread to the side of the structure.At the failure stage,major cracks are observed at the pil-beam intersections and near the anchor points.Strengthening flexural stiffness at intersections where major cracks occur can improve the overall thrust-deformation coordination of the FAS,thereby maximizing its performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41961134032).
文摘The stability of reservoir bank slopes during the impoundment period has become a critical issue in the construction and operation of large-scale hydropower projects.A predictive and early warning method for reservoir bank slopes is proposed,based on slip resistance stability evolution analysis.Using a refined three-dimensional numerical calculation model of the bank slope,the creep damage model is employed for simulation and analysis,enabling the derivation of stress field and strain field evolution from bank slope excavation to the long-term impoundment period.Subsequently,for the stress field of the bank slope at any given moment,the safety factors of the sliding blocks are determined by using the multigrid method and vector sum method.Accordingly,the evolutionary law of the sliding safety factor for the bank slope can be derived.By integrating the long-term stability evolution trend of the slope with specific engineering practices,the safety factors for graded warning can be determined.Based on the time correspondence,the graded warning moment and the deformation warning index for slope measurement points can be determined.In this study,the proposed method is applied to the left bank slope of the Jinping I Hydropower Station.The results indicate that from excavation to June 2022,the left bank slope exhibits a strong correlation with excavation elevation and the number of reservoir water cycles.The initial,maximum,and minimum safety factors are 2.01,3.07,and 1.58,respectively.The deep fracture SL44-1 serves as the primary stress-bearing slip surface of the left bank slope,while the safety margin of the fault f42-9 and lamprophyre X is slightly insufficient.Based on the long-term stability evolution trend of the slope and in accordance with relevant standards,the safety factors for graded warning indicators—K_(w1),K_(w2),K_(w3),and K_(w4)—are determined as 1.350,1.325,1.300,and 1.275,respectively.Correspondingly,the estimated warning times are 12/30/2066,12/30/2084,and 12/30/2120.Accordingly,the deformation graded warning indexes for slope measurement points are established.
