Changes in CO2 and temperature are correlated, but it is difficult to observe which is the cause and which is the effect. The release of CO2 dissolved in the ocean into the atmosphere depends on the atmospheric temper...Changes in CO2 and temperature are correlated, but it is difficult to observe which is the cause and which is the effect. The release of CO2 dissolved in the ocean into the atmosphere depends on the atmospheric temperature. However, examining the relationship between changes in CO2 caused by other phenomena and temperature is difficult. Studies of soil respiration (Rs) since the late 20th century have shown that CO2 emissions from soil respiration (Rs) are overwhelmingly greater than CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. This is also noted in the IPCC carbon budget assessment. In this paper, the dependences of Rs on temperature, time, latitude, precipitation, seasons, etc., were investigated using the latest NASA database. The changes in temperature and Rs correlated well. There is also a good correlation between Rs and CO2 generation. Therefore, an increase in temperature results in an increase in CO2. On the other hand, there is no evidence other than model calculations that an increase in anthropogenic CO2 is mainly linked to a rise in temperature. The idea that global warming is caused by anthropogenic CO2 production is still a hypothesis. For these reasons, the relationship between global warming and anthropogenic CO2 should be reconsidered based on physical evidence without preconceptions. .展开更多
A basin-wide ocean general circulation model （OGCM） of the Pacific Ocean is employed to estimate the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 using two different simulation approaches. The simulation （named BIO） ma...A basin-wide ocean general circulation model （OGCM） of the Pacific Ocean is employed to estimate the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 using two different simulation approaches. The simulation （named BIO） makes use of a carbon model with biological processes and full thermodynamic equations to calculate surface water partial pressure of CO2, whereas the other simulation （named PTB） makes use of a perturbation approach to calculate surface water partial pressure of anthropogenic CO2. The results from the two simulations agree well with the estimates based on observation data in most important aspects of the vertical distribution as well as the total inventory of anthropogenic carbon. The storage of anthropogenic carbon from BIO is closer to the observation-based estimate than that from PTB. The Revelle factor in 1994 obtained in BIO is generally larger than that obtained in PTB in the whole Pacific, except for the subtropical South Pacific. This, to large extent, leads to the difference in the surface anthropogenic CO2 concentration between the two runs. The relative difference in the annual uptake between the two runs is almost constant during the integration processes after 1850. This is probably not caused by dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC）, but rather by a factor independent of time. In both runs, the rate of change in anthropogenic CO2 fluxes with time is consistent with the rate of change in the growth rate of atmospheric partial pressure of CO2.展开更多
A global ocean general circulation model （L30T63） is employed to study the uptake and distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean. A subgrid-scale mixing scheme called GM90 is used in the model. There are two mai...A global ocean general circulation model （L30T63） is employed to study the uptake and distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean. A subgrid-scale mixing scheme called GM90 is used in the model. There are two main GM90 parameters including isopycnal diffusivity and skew （thickness） diffusivity. Sensitivities of the ocean circulation and the redistribution of dissolved anthropogenic CO2 to these two parameters are examined. Two runs estimate the global oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake to be 1.64 and 1.73 Pg C yr^-1 for the 1990s, and that the global ocean contained 86.8 and 92.7 Pg C of anthropogenic CO2 at the end of 1994, respectively. Both the total inventory and uptake from our model are smaller than the data-based estimates. In this presentation, the vertical distributions of anthropogenic CO2 at three meridional sections are discussed and compared with the available data-based estimates. The inventory in the individual basins is also calculated. Use of large isopycnal diffusivity can generally improve the simulated results, including the exchange flux, the vertical distribution patterns, inventory, storage, etc. In terms of comparison of the vertical distributions and column inventory, we find that the total inventory in the Pacific Ocean obtained from our model is in good agreement with the data-based estimate, but a large difference exists in the Atlantic Ocean, particularly in the South Atlantic. The main reasons are weak vertical mixing and that our model generates small exchange fluxes of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean. Improvement in the simulation of the vertical transport and sea ice in the Southern Ocean is important in future work.展开更多
In order to understand the water mass exchange between the South China Sea and the West PhilippineSea, and to study the dissolved carbonate system in the seas surrounding Taiwan Island, we participated in five WOCEcru...In order to understand the water mass exchange between the South China Sea and the West PhilippineSea, and to study the dissolved carbonate system in the seas surrounding Taiwan Island, we participated in five WOCEcruises (Cruises 257, 262, 266, 287 and 316) aboard R/V Ocean Researcher 1. The areas studied were the South ChinaSea, the West Philippine Sea and the Bashi Channel. Temperature, salinity, pH, alkalinity and total CO2 were measured.Our data indicate that because of the interference of the submarine topography and the Kuroshio axis, there existsa 'front' south of the Lanyu Islet. East of it, the water mass belongs to the West Philippine Sea, on the west in themixed water of the South China Sea and the West Philippine Sea.The South China Sea deep water should have the characteristics similar to the water at about 2 200 m in the WestPhilippine Sea. The calculated results from the residence time, the inorganic carbon dissolution rate and the organic carbon decomposition rate show that the differences between these two water masses should be between 0. 008～0. 023 inpH, 5. 2～15. 0 μmol/kg in apparent oxygen utilization, 3. 6～10. 2 μmol/kg in alkalinity and 6. 4～18. 4 μmol/kg intotal CO2, respectively. The measured results show that there are no distinguishable differences between these two watermasses, implying a short deep water residence time of approximately 40 a.The anthropogenic CO2 penetrates to roughly 500 m, slightly shallower than found in the West Philippine Sea. Theentire South China Sea contains (0. 38±0. 1 ) × 1015 g excess CO2.展开更多
A global ocean general circulation model, called LASG/IAP Climate system ocean model （LICOM）, is employed to study the influence of climate change on the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the global ocean. ...A global ocean general circulation model, called LASG/IAP Climate system ocean model （LICOM）, is employed to study the influence of climate change on the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the global ocean. Two simulations were made： the control run （RUN1） with the climatological daily mean forcing data, and the climate change run （RUN2） with the interannually varying daily mean forcing data from the NCEP （National Centers for Environmental Prediction） of the US. The results show that the simulated distributions and storages of anthropogenic dissolved inorganic carbon （anDIC） from both runs are consistent with the data-based results. Compared with the data-based results, the simulations generate higher anDIC concentrations in the upper layer and lower storage amount of anDIC between the subsurface and 1000-m depth, especially in RUN1. A comparison of the two runs shows that the interannually varying forcing can enhance the transport of main water masses, so the rate of interior transport of anDIC is increased. The higher transfer rate of anDIC in RUN2 decreases its high concentration in the upper layer and increases its storage amount below the subsurface, which leads to closer distributions of anDIC in RUN2 to the data-based results than in RUN1. The higher transfer rate in RUN2 also induces larger exchange flux than in RUN1. It is estimated that the global oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake was 1.83 and 2.16 Pg C yr-1 in the two runs in 1995, respectively, and as of 1994, the global ocean contained 99 Pg C in RUN1 and 107 Pg C in RUN2 of anDIC, indicating that the model under the interannually varying forcing could take up 8.1% more anthropogenic carbon than the model under the climatological forcing. These values are within the range of other estimates based on observation and model simulation, while the estimates in RUN1 are near the low bound of other works. It is estimated that the variability of root mean square of the global air-sea anthropogenic carbon flux from the simulated monthly mean results of RUN2 with its seasonal cycle and long-term trend removed is 0.1 Pg C yr-1. The most distinct anomalies appear to be in the tropical Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean.展开更多
文摘Changes in CO2 and temperature are correlated, but it is difficult to observe which is the cause and which is the effect. The release of CO2 dissolved in the ocean into the atmosphere depends on the atmospheric temperature. However, examining the relationship between changes in CO2 caused by other phenomena and temperature is difficult. Studies of soil respiration (Rs) since the late 20th century have shown that CO2 emissions from soil respiration (Rs) are overwhelmingly greater than CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. This is also noted in the IPCC carbon budget assessment. In this paper, the dependences of Rs on temperature, time, latitude, precipitation, seasons, etc., were investigated using the latest NASA database. The changes in temperature and Rs correlated well. There is also a good correlation between Rs and CO2 generation. Therefore, an increase in temperature results in an increase in CO2. On the other hand, there is no evidence other than model calculations that an increase in anthropogenic CO2 is mainly linked to a rise in temperature. The idea that global warming is caused by anthropogenic CO2 production is still a hypothesis. For these reasons, the relationship between global warming and anthropogenic CO2 should be reconsidered based on physical evidence without preconceptions. .
基金supported by the Research and Development Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry(Meteorology)(Grant No.2008416022)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(GrantNo.40730106)+2 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China("973program",Grant No.2010CB951802)the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research ProjectState Oceanic Administration of the People's Republic of China(Grant No.200905012-4)
文摘A basin-wide ocean general circulation model （OGCM） of the Pacific Ocean is employed to estimate the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 using two different simulation approaches. The simulation （named BIO） makes use of a carbon model with biological processes and full thermodynamic equations to calculate surface water partial pressure of CO2, whereas the other simulation （named PTB） makes use of a perturbation approach to calculate surface water partial pressure of anthropogenic CO2. The results from the two simulations agree well with the estimates based on observation data in most important aspects of the vertical distribution as well as the total inventory of anthropogenic carbon. The storage of anthropogenic carbon from BIO is closer to the observation-based estimate than that from PTB. The Revelle factor in 1994 obtained in BIO is generally larger than that obtained in PTB in the whole Pacific, except for the subtropical South Pacific. This, to large extent, leads to the difference in the surface anthropogenic CO2 concentration between the two runs. The relative difference in the annual uptake between the two runs is almost constant during the integration processes after 1850. This is probably not caused by dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC）, but rather by a factor independent of time. In both runs, the rate of change in anthropogenic CO2 fluxes with time is consistent with the rate of change in the growth rate of atmospheric partial pressure of CO2.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX-2-YW-218)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40730106)the Key Frontier Project of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP07114).
文摘A global ocean general circulation model （L30T63） is employed to study the uptake and distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean. A subgrid-scale mixing scheme called GM90 is used in the model. There are two main GM90 parameters including isopycnal diffusivity and skew （thickness） diffusivity. Sensitivities of the ocean circulation and the redistribution of dissolved anthropogenic CO2 to these two parameters are examined. Two runs estimate the global oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake to be 1.64 and 1.73 Pg C yr^-1 for the 1990s, and that the global ocean contained 86.8 and 92.7 Pg C of anthropogenic CO2 at the end of 1994, respectively. Both the total inventory and uptake from our model are smaller than the data-based estimates. In this presentation, the vertical distributions of anthropogenic CO2 at three meridional sections are discussed and compared with the available data-based estimates. The inventory in the individual basins is also calculated. Use of large isopycnal diffusivity can generally improve the simulated results, including the exchange flux, the vertical distribution patterns, inventory, storage, etc. In terms of comparison of the vertical distributions and column inventory, we find that the total inventory in the Pacific Ocean obtained from our model is in good agreement with the data-based estimate, but a large difference exists in the Atlantic Ocean, particularly in the South Atlantic. The main reasons are weak vertical mixing and that our model generates small exchange fluxes of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean. Improvement in the simulation of the vertical transport and sea ice in the Southern Ocean is important in future work.
文摘In order to understand the water mass exchange between the South China Sea and the West PhilippineSea, and to study the dissolved carbonate system in the seas surrounding Taiwan Island, we participated in five WOCEcruises (Cruises 257, 262, 266, 287 and 316) aboard R/V Ocean Researcher 1. The areas studied were the South ChinaSea, the West Philippine Sea and the Bashi Channel. Temperature, salinity, pH, alkalinity and total CO2 were measured.Our data indicate that because of the interference of the submarine topography and the Kuroshio axis, there existsa 'front' south of the Lanyu Islet. East of it, the water mass belongs to the West Philippine Sea, on the west in themixed water of the South China Sea and the West Philippine Sea.The South China Sea deep water should have the characteristics similar to the water at about 2 200 m in the WestPhilippine Sea. The calculated results from the residence time, the inorganic carbon dissolution rate and the organic carbon decomposition rate show that the differences between these two water masses should be between 0. 008～0. 023 inpH, 5. 2～15. 0 μmol/kg in apparent oxygen utilization, 3. 6～10. 2 μmol/kg in alkalinity and 6. 4～18. 4 μmol/kg intotal CO2, respectively. The measured results show that there are no distinguishable differences between these two watermasses, implying a short deep water residence time of approximately 40 a.The anthropogenic CO2 penetrates to roughly 500 m, slightly shallower than found in the West Philippine Sea. Theentire South China Sea contains (0. 38±0. 1 ) × 1015 g excess CO2.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research and Development (973) Program of China (2010CB951802)China Meteorological Adminstration Special Public Welfare Research Fund (GYHY2008416022)National Natural Science Foundation of China (40730106)
文摘A global ocean general circulation model, called LASG/IAP Climate system ocean model （LICOM）, is employed to study the influence of climate change on the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the global ocean. Two simulations were made： the control run （RUN1） with the climatological daily mean forcing data, and the climate change run （RUN2） with the interannually varying daily mean forcing data from the NCEP （National Centers for Environmental Prediction） of the US. The results show that the simulated distributions and storages of anthropogenic dissolved inorganic carbon （anDIC） from both runs are consistent with the data-based results. Compared with the data-based results, the simulations generate higher anDIC concentrations in the upper layer and lower storage amount of anDIC between the subsurface and 1000-m depth, especially in RUN1. A comparison of the two runs shows that the interannually varying forcing can enhance the transport of main water masses, so the rate of interior transport of anDIC is increased. The higher transfer rate of anDIC in RUN2 decreases its high concentration in the upper layer and increases its storage amount below the subsurface, which leads to closer distributions of anDIC in RUN2 to the data-based results than in RUN1. The higher transfer rate in RUN2 also induces larger exchange flux than in RUN1. It is estimated that the global oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake was 1.83 and 2.16 Pg C yr-1 in the two runs in 1995, respectively, and as of 1994, the global ocean contained 99 Pg C in RUN1 and 107 Pg C in RUN2 of anDIC, indicating that the model under the interannually varying forcing could take up 8.1% more anthropogenic carbon than the model under the climatological forcing. These values are within the range of other estimates based on observation and model simulation, while the estimates in RUN1 are near the low bound of other works. It is estimated that the variability of root mean square of the global air-sea anthropogenic carbon flux from the simulated monthly mean results of RUN2 with its seasonal cycle and long-term trend removed is 0.1 Pg C yr-1. The most distinct anomalies appear to be in the tropical Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean.
