The molecular mechanism of DNA damage induced by hydroquinone （HQ） remains unclear. Poly（ADP-ribose） polymerase-1 （PARP-1） usually works as a DNA damage sensor, and hence, it is possible that PARP-1 is involved ...The molecular mechanism of DNA damage induced by hydroquinone （HQ） remains unclear. Poly（ADP-ribose） polymerase-1 （PARP-1） usually works as a DNA damage sensor, and hence, it is possible that PARP-1 is involved in the DNA damage response induced by HQ. In TK6 cells treated with HQ, PARP activity as well as the expression of apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor （AATF）, PARP-1, and phosphorylated H2AX （v-H2AX） were maximum at 0.5 h, 6 h, 3 h, and 3 h, respectively. To explore the detailed mechanisms underlying the prompt DNA repair reaction, the above indicators were investigated in PARP-l-silenced cells. PARP activity and expression of AATF and PARP-1 decreased to 36%, 32%, and 33%, respectively, in the cells; however, y-H2AX expression increased to 265%. Co-immunoprecipitation （co-IP） assays were employed to determine whether PARP-1 and AATF formed protein complexes. The interaction between these proteins together with the results from IP assays and confocal microscopy indicated that poly（ADP-ribosyl）ation {PARylation） regulated AATF expression, in conclusion, PARP-1 was involved in the DNA damage repair induced by HQ via increasing the accumulation of AATF through PARylation.展开更多
Objective：To observe the difference in fatty degree,glucose-lipid disorder and adipose-hormones between diet induced obesity（DIO） rats and diet induced obesity resistance（DIO-R） rats,and to explore the effect and...Objective：To observe the difference in fatty degree,glucose-lipid disorder and adipose-hormones between diet induced obesity（DIO） rats and diet induced obesity resistance（DIO-R） rats,and to explore the effect and acting mechanism of Chinese drugs for strengthening Pi（脾,CD-SP） and those for both strengthening Pi and dissolving phlegm（CD-SPDP） in inhibiting obesity.Methods：Excepting eight rats allocated in the blank control group,the other 54 rats were fed with high-lipid forage for 12 weeks to establish models of obesity. Finally,30 DIO rats and 8 DIO-R rats（shown by their body weight） were obtained.The DIO rats were divided into three groups,which were given gastric perfusion,respectively,with normal saline（Group A）,CD-SP（Group B）,and CD-SPDP（Group C）.Fourteen weeks later,the animals＇ body weight（BW）,length（BL）,blood levels of fasting insulin（Fln）,fasting glucose（FBG）,triglyceride（TG）,cholesterol（TC）,leptin（LP）,neuropeptide Y（NPY）, C-reactive protein（CRP）,tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）,adiponectin（AN）,and resistin（RS） were measured; insulin resistance index（IRI） was calculated,and the degree of obesity and lipid content in abdominal cavity of rats were estimated.Moreover,the levels of LP,CRP,TNF-α,AN and RS in homogenate of rats＇ adipose tissues（ATH） were determined.Results：After 12 weeks of high-lipid diet,the BW of DIO rats was higher than that of normal or DIO-R rats.After a 14-week continuous high-lipid diet feeding,in DIO rats,BW,lipid coefficient （LC）,and IRI were significantly increased（P〈0.01）;serum levels of TNF-α,LP and AN were lower,NPY was higher,while the ATH levels of LP and AN were lower and TNF-αwas higher in DIO rats than in DIO-R rats （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）;blood levels of FBG and lipids in DIO rats showed an increasing trend but was statistically insignificant（P〉0.05）;no significant difference was found in serum levels of CRP and RS due to the overly high data dispersion.Comparisons of the 3 DIO groups showed that BW,body weight index（BWI）,LC and IRI were significantly lowered after treatment（P〈0.01） in Group C,while these indexes were not significantly different between Group A and B;the serum levels of TNF-α,LP,and AN increased,NPY decreased in Group B and C, ATH levels of LP and AN increased,and TNF-αdecreased in the two groups;but NPY,LP,and AN in blood and ATH were higher in Group C than those in Group B（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）.Conclusion：CD-SPDP could inhibit DIO and IR,showing that the effect is better than that of CD-SP,and its mechanism is related to promotion of LP and AN secretion and elevation of serum NPY.展开更多
Avian H9N2 viruses have wide host range among the influenza A viruses.However,knowledge of H9N2 mammalian adaptation is limited.To explore the molecular basis of the adaptation to mammals,we performed serial lung pass...Avian H9N2 viruses have wide host range among the influenza A viruses.However,knowledge of H9N2 mammalian adaptation is limited.To explore the molecular basis of the adaptation to mammals,we performed serial lung passaging of the H9N2 strain A/chicken/Hunan/8.27 YYGK3W3-OC/2018(3W3)in mice and identified six mutations in the hemagglutinin(HA)and polymerase acidic(PA)proteins.Mutations L226Q,T511I,and A528V of HA were responsible for enhanced pathogenicity and viral replication in mice;notably,HA-L226Q was the key determinant.Mutations T97I,I545V,and S594G of PA contributed to enhanced polymerase activity in mammalian cells and increased viral replication levels in vitro and in vivo.PA-T97I increased viral polymerase activity by accelerating the viral polymerase complex assembly.Our findings revealed that the viral replication was affected by the presence of PA-97I and/or PA-545V in combination with a triple-point HA mutation.Furthermore,the double-and triple-point PA mutations demonstrated antagonistic effect on viral replication when combined with HA-226Q.Notably,any combination of PA mutations,along with double-point HA mutations,resulted in antagonistic effect on viral replication.We also observed antagonism in viral replication between PA-545V and PA-97I,as well as between HA-528V and PA-545V.Our findings demonstrated that several antagonistic mutations in HA and PA proteins affect viral replication,which may contribute to the H9N2 virus adaptation to mice and mammalian cells.These findings can potentially contribute to the monitoring of H9N2 field strains for assessing their potential risk in mammals.展开更多
Activated hepatic stellate cells(aHSCs),the main source of extracellular matrix deposition,are key targets in liver fibrosis.However,no effective drug specific to aHSCs has been clinically applied due to poor drug del...Activated hepatic stellate cells(aHSCs),the main source of extracellular matrix deposition,are key targets in liver fibrosis.However,no effective drug specific to aHSCs has been clinically applied due to poor drug delivery efficiency.Herein,we designed a CXC chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4)-targeted reactive oxygen species(ROS)-responsive platform AMD-Dex-ROS-responsive-sorafenib(ARS)based on natural polysaccharide and thioctic acid frame,which can deliver anti-fibrosis drug represented by sorafenib specifically to aHSCs on account of CXCR4 over-expression on aHSCs,and smartly disassemble via ROS-responsive thioketal rupture relying on high intracellular ROS in HSCs,realized on-demand drug release and effective liver fibrosis reversion.Notably,in this platform,the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 not only enhanced aHSCs targeting efficiency of sorafenib but also effectively magnified the aHSCs elimination of sorafenib by blocking stroma cell derived factor-1(SDF-1)/CXCR4-induced aHSCs protection,resulting in synergistic anti-fibrosis effect.The platform provided a new approach for drug delivery system design and liver fibrosis treatment.展开更多
The A_(2A)adenosine receptor(A_(2A)AR)has attracted attention as an emerging immunotherapeutic target with several antagonists being evaluated in clinical trials.However,A_(2A)AR antagonists show limited efficacy as m...The A_(2A)adenosine receptor(A_(2A)AR)has attracted attention as an emerging immunotherapeutic target with several antagonists being evaluated in clinical trials.However,A_(2A)AR antagonists show limited efficacy as monotherapies.Herein,we communicate our design and synthesis of a novel series of A_(2A)AR/histone deacetylase(HDAC)bifunctional inhibitors,based on the core structure of the A_(2A)AR antagonist The new compounds were designed using a pharmacophore-merging strategy and features a tri-substituted pyrimidine core.The binding affinity for A_(2A)AR and inhibitory activity against HDACs of all the new compounds were tested.A number of compounds exhibited nanomolar or subnanomolar activity against both targets and some showed equally potent antiproliferative activity against MC38,CT26 and HCT116 colon cancer lines compared to HDAC inhibitors SAHA and MGCD-0103 in vitro.The binding poses of compound 5a in both A_(2A)AR and HDAC1 were predicted by molecular docking studies.Collectively,these results suggest these tri-substituted pyrimidine derivatives are promising leads for developing A_(2A)AR/HDAC dual-acting compounds as novel antitumor agents.展开更多
[ Objective] The aim of this study was to isolate the endophyte of three solanaceae fruits and vegetables such as tomato, pepper and eggplant, to screen and identify the bacterial wilt antagonistic bacteria. [ Methodl...[ Objective] The aim of this study was to isolate the endophyte of three solanaceae fruits and vegetables such as tomato, pepper and eggplant, to screen and identify the bacterial wilt antagonistic bacteria. [ Methodl According to the lapping liquid culture method, the endophyte of three plants was isolated by the selective medium and purified by the plate streaking method, so the purified enclophyte was screened by the hyphal pieces confront culture method. Furthermore, the screened antagonistic and endophyteic bacteria was identified and classified through culture characteristics of isolates and morphological features of thallus, Gram stain as well as physiological and biochemical reactions. [ Result] Fifty-three endophytic bacteria, fifty-three endophytic fungi and forty-four endophytic actinomycetes were separated from the endophyte of three plants. The screened fourteen endophytic bacteria with strong antagonistic effect on the bacterial wilt were classified to Bacillus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Agromonas, Erwinia and Curto Bacterium respectively. Especially, Bacillus was the dominant species, which had the strongest antagonistic effect on the bacterial wilt. [ Conclusion] This study provides an effective way for biological control of the bacterial wilt in solanaceae.展开更多
[Objective] With a strain of endophytic antagonistic bacteria with good disease control efficacy in pot as trial material,the paper was to explore the antagonistic mechanism of siderophore against Fusarium oxysporum.[...[Objective] With a strain of endophytic antagonistic bacteria with good disease control efficacy in pot as trial material,the paper was to explore the antagonistic mechanism of siderophore against Fusarium oxysporum.[Method] Whether the strain produced siderophore and its fluorescent property was judged by MSA（Modified Sugar-Aspartic acid） plate.The siderophore activity of strains in liquid MSA medium was determined through the absorbance values at particular wavelength.The inhibition effects of it siderophore against F.oxysporum under different concentrations of Fe3＋ were compared.Then the strain was preliminarily identified based on morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics [Result] The fluorescent siderophore produced by the endophytic bacteria in MSA medium had a strong inhibition effect against F.oxysporum.With the increasing concentration of Fe3＋,the inhibition effect against the pathogen weakened.The preliminary analysis showed these strains belonged to Bacillus.[Conclusion] Bacillus could compete the absorption of Fe3＋ by secreting siderophore to inhibit the growth of F.oxysporum.展开更多
For about half a century, chemical control has played a major role in plant disease control. However, the long-term irrational use of chemical pesticide produces many problems. In nature, there exit extensive antagoni...For about half a century, chemical control has played a major role in plant disease control. However, the long-term irrational use of chemical pesticide produces many problems. In nature, there exit extensive antagonistic microorganisms which are tightly concerned with plant pathogenic microbes, and biological pesticides can be researched to control related pathogenic microbes from its metabolites. It＇s an important research direction of new pesticide development. The Bacillus is the ideal and frequently studied object of bio-control bacteria, and it can produce some entospores with following characteristics such as heat-resistant, drought tolerance, antiultraviolet and organic solvent. In this article, the bio-control mechanism, problems and application prospects of the Bacillus were reviewed to promote the application in new biological pesticide.展开更多
The development and prospect of rare earth functional biomaterials (REFB) was discussed. From 1979 to 1985, the simple REFB (salts) has been developed, and the fundamental research including forms, effects, toxicity, ...The development and prospect of rare earth functional biomaterials (REFB) was discussed. From 1979 to 1985, the simple REFB (salts) has been developed, and the fundamental research including forms, effects, toxicity, conversion in soil, and analysis methods had been finished. Then, the RE feed additive materials had been developed, and the fundamental research had also been finished. In 1990s, new REFB including RE phosphate fertilizer additive, RE conversional agricultural film additive, RE water-retraining reagent and RE seed coating reagent had been developed out rapidly. They were extended to 1.36 million hectares and big benefit had been got during the last three years. Recently, it was found that RE has some function of antagonizing heavy metals and degradating organophosphors pesticide, so the REFB will be studied as a focus once more, and will become one of the important methods of guaranteeing food security in the future.展开更多
[ ObjeeUve ] To search for the beneficial microorganisms and their metabolic products with control effect against rice Mast, the paper studied the inhibi- tion effect of the fermentation broth of actinomycetes BOS-013...[ ObjeeUve ] To search for the beneficial microorganisms and their metabolic products with control effect against rice Mast, the paper studied the inhibi- tion effect of the fermentation broth of actinomycetes BOS-013 strain against the pathogen of rice blast （Pyricularia oryzae）. [ Method ] With P. oryzae as the target indicator fungus, the inhibition effect of the fermentation broth of BOS-013 strain and its extracts from different solvents against the pathogen were determined using cylinder plate method and filter paper method. [ Result] The results showed that the inhibition rate of the fermentation broth of BOS-013 strain with fungus amount of 4×10^8 cfu/ml against P. oryzae was 92.0% ±0.5% ; the fermentation broth still had inhibition effect against P. oryaae after inactivation under high temperature and high pressure, and the inhibition rate was 60.0%±0.5%. After absorbed by non-polar CAD-45 type macroperous adsorption resin and eluted by 60% etha- nol, the antifungal activity of the fermentation broth was still high, and the diameter of inhibition zone reached 33.0 mm. [ Conclusion] The fermentation broth of BOS-O13 strain had significant inhibition effect against P. oryzae. The results would provide foundation for further clarification of inhibition mechanism of BOS-013 strain fermentation broth against P. oryzae and its practical application.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to reveal the evolvement structures,especially the crystal characteristics of Chenopodium album L.under saline stress,so as to providing the first-hand data for utilizing biologic...[Objective] The aim of this study was to reveal the evolvement structures,especially the crystal characteristics of Chenopodium album L.under saline stress,so as to providing the first-hand data for utilizing biological techniques to control saline environment.[Method] Employing high definition display method of plant crystal structure and paraffin-section method,we performed a comparative study on the evolvement structures of C.album growing in high salinity areas in the coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province.[Result] The regionally distributed crystal and the developed assimilating tissue of C.album are the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress during the evolving process.Stem cortex of C.album growing in both the high salinity areas in coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province has similar discontinuous crystal rings.Assimilating tissue in C.album growing in high salinity areas is highly developed than that in common salinity environment.Comparative analysis indicates that the developed stratum corneum and marrow is also the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress.[Conclusion] Our results provide a valuable approach to study the salt-tolerance mechanism of plant using structural botanical techniques,i.e.,crystal may become the identification characteristics of salt tolerant plant.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper was to screen Bacillus with strong antagonistic effect. [ Method] The diseased ginger and the surrounding soils were collected from Laiwu of Shandong Province, and the high-virulence strains of ...[ Objective] The paper was to screen Bacillus with strong antagonistic effect. [ Method] The diseased ginger and the surrounding soils were collected from Laiwu of Shandong Province, and the high-virulence strains of the pathogen of ginger blast （Ralstonia solanacearum） were isolated, Bacillus was used to carry out antagonistic test. [Result] Three strains LW-4, LW-7 and LW-32 had strong antagonistic effect against R. solanacearum, the area of their inhibition zone was larger than other strains. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the control of ginger blast.展开更多
The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants （Solanum lycopersicum）. Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 μmol/L CdC12 associated to different concentrations of ZnC12 （10, 50, 1...The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants （Solanum lycopersicum）. Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 μmol/L CdC12 associated to different concentrations of ZnC12 （10, 50, 100, and 150 μmol/L）. Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances （TBARS） level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cd- treated plants had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD, EC 1.15.1.1）, whereas, catalase （CAT, EC 1.111.1.6）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX, EC 1.11.1.11）, and glutathione reductase （GR, EC 1.6.4.2） activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes （SOD, CAT, APX and GR） as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial effect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their effect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.展开更多
A new endophytic antagonistic fungus, Chaetomium spirale ND35 from Populus tomentosa, was reported. The bio-control trials of C. spirale ND35 against the Valsa Canker of apple were preliminarily investigated. The resu...A new endophytic antagonistic fungus, Chaetomium spirale ND35 from Populus tomentosa, was reported. The bio-control trials of C. spirale ND35 against the Valsa Canker of apple were preliminarily investigated. The results of dual culture on PDA plate showed that C. spirale ND35 was capable of strong antagonism against Valsa ceratosperma, and for inhibiting the mycelial growth of V. ceratosperma,.the crude extract of liquid culture of corn steep powder broth was more effective than that one of malt extract broth (MEB). The results of bio-control in greenhouse and field indicated that the disease incidence of apple tree treated with C. spirale ND35 was lower significantly than that treated by other methods. The re-isolation experiment suggested that C. spirale ND35 could colonize in stems and branches of apple trees successfully, and the ND35 colonization rate of the treatment with solid wheat bran culture was higher than that of corn steep powder broth, but the field experiment result the control effect of liquid culture of C. spirale ND35 was better than that of solid culture.展开更多
Coordinated mission decision-making is one of the core steps to effectively exploit the capabilities of cooperative attack of multiple aircrafts. However, the situational assessment is an essential base to realize the...Coordinated mission decision-making is one of the core steps to effectively exploit the capabilities of cooperative attack of multiple aircrafts. However, the situational assessment is an essential base to realize the mission decision-making. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a mission decision-making method of multi-aircraft cooperatively attacking multi-target based on situational assessment. We have studied the situational assessment mathematical model based on the Dempster-Shafer(D-S) evidence theory and the mission decision-making mathematical model based on the game theory. The proposed mission decision-making method of antagonized airfight is validated by some simulation examples of a swarm of unmanned combat aerial vehicles(UCAVs)that carry out the mission of the suppressing of enemy air defenses(SEAD).展开更多
Magnesium(Mg)affects various critical physiological and biochemical processes in higher plants,and its deficiency impedes plant growth and development.Although potassium(K)-induced Mg deficiency in agricultural produc...Magnesium(Mg)affects various critical physiological and biochemical processes in higher plants,and its deficiency impedes plant growth and development.Although potassium(K)-induced Mg deficiency in agricultural production is widespread,the specific relationship of K with Mg and especially its competitive nature is poorly understood.This review summarizes current knowledge on the interactions between K and Mg with respect to their root uptake,root-to-shoot translocation and distribution in plants.Their synergistic effects on certain physiological functions are also described.The antagonistic effect of K on Mg is stronger than that of Mg on K in root absorption and transport within plants,indicating that the balanced use of K and Mg fertilizers is necessary for sustaining high plant-available Mg and alleviating K-induced Mg deficiency,especially in plant species with high K demand or in highavailable-K soil.The relationship between Mg and K in plant tissues may be antagonistic or synergistic depending on plant species,cell type,leaf age,source-and sink organs.There are synergistic effects of K and Mg on photosynthesis,carbohydrate transport and allocation,nitrogen metabolism,and turgor regulation.Definition of optimal K/Mg ratios for soils and plant tissues is desirable for maintaining proper nutritional status in plants,leading to a physiological state supporting crop production.Future research should concentrate on identifying the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between K and Mg in a given physiological function.展开更多
The single and combinational effects of cadmium （Cd） and fluoranthene （FLT） on germination, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings were investigated. Exposure to 5, 10, or 15 mg Cd/L or 1, 5, or 10 mg FLT/...The single and combinational effects of cadmium （Cd） and fluoranthene （FLT） on germination, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings were investigated. Exposure to 5, 10, or 15 mg Cd/L or 1, 5, or 10 mg FLT/L individually or in combination significantly decreased germination vigor （3 days） and final germination rate of soybean seeds, except at 1 and 5 mg FLT/L. The results of two-way ANOVA analysis and the Bliss independence model showed that at lower concentrations of FLT （1 mg/L）, the interaction between Cd and FLT on germination was antagonistic, whereas the interaction was synergistic when the concentration of FLT was 5 or 10 mg/L and the concentration of Cd was 15 mg/L. Growth, expressed as dry weight, length of shoot and root, leaf area, and photosynthesis, expressed as net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, chlorophyll contents and fluorescence of soybean seedlings were also reduced by exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L, singly or jointly. Significant antagonistic effects of exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L on shoot growth and photosynthesis were observed, whereas synergy and antagonism of Cd and FLT were both observed for root growth.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the local initiation role of local exosomes of acupoints in acupuncture analgesic effect.Methods: Thirty-two rats with adjuvant arthritis were randomly divided into model group(Group CFA),mod...Objective: To investigate the local initiation role of local exosomes of acupoints in acupuncture analgesic effect.Methods: Thirty-two rats with adjuvant arthritis were randomly divided into model group(Group CFA),model + electroacupuncture group(Group EA), model + antagonist + electroacupuncture group(Group GW4869 + EA), and model + dimethyl sulfoxide + electroacupuncture group(Group DMSO + EA), with 8 rats in each group. The model rat s of adjuvant arthritis were prepared by intradermal injection of 0.1 mL of Freund’s adjuvant complete into the metatarsal of the right posterior foot to induce inflammation.No intervention was given in Group CFA, while electroacupuncture was performed in the other three groups at 'Zúsānlǐ(足三里 ST 36, bilaterally)' and 'Huántiào(环跳 GB 30, bilaterally)' of the rats with the following electroacupuncture parameters: dilatational wave with a frequency of 2/10 Hz, an intensity of 5/10/15(0.76/1.53/2.3 mA), a duration of 30 min, and an intensity increasing every 10 min. In Group DMSO + EA, DMSO(with a concentration of 0.2%, 50μL/acupoint) was injected at bilateral 'ST 36' of the model rats one hour before electroacupuncture, while GW4869(with a concentration of 3 mg/mL,50μL/acupoint) was injected at bilateral ST 36 of the model rats one hour before electroacupuncture in Group GW4869 + EA. The paw withdrawal latency(PWL) was used as the therapeutic effect index.Results: The PWL of rats in each group at Hour 24 after modeling was significantly lower than that before modeling, indicating that the models were successfully established. After the electroacupuncture treatment, the PWL of rats showed an increasing trend in all groups. The PWL of Group GW4869 + EA(6.74 ±1.09)s was lower than that of Group EA(7.72 ±1.54)s on Day 1 after injection, but the difference was not statistically significant(P> 0.05). The PWL values of Group GW4869 + EA(7.72 ±0.70)s,(7.87 ± 0.58)s were significantly lower than those of Group EA(9.96 士 0.94)s,(9.66 ±0.96)s(both P< 0.05)on Days 2 and 3 after injection, and the differences were statistically significant.Conclusion: It was preliminarily found that acupuncture analgesic effect was significantly reduced after local exosomes of acupoints were blocked, indicating that local exosomes of acupoints may be involved in the initiation process of acupuncture effect.展开更多
The effect of Al and Cd on the growth, photosynthesis, and accumulation of Al, Cd and plant nutrients in two soybean genotypes were determined using hydroponic culture. There were six treatments: pH 6.5; pH 4.0; pH 6....The effect of Al and Cd on the growth, photosynthesis, and accumulation of Al, Cd and plant nutrients in two soybean genotypes were determined using hydroponic culture. There were six treatments: pH 6.5; pH 4.0; pH 6.5+1.0 μmol/L Cd; pH 4.0+1.0 μmol/L Cd; pH 4.0+150 μmol/L Al; pH 4.0+1.0 μmol/L Cd+150 μmol/L Al. The low pH (4.0) and Al treatments caused marked reduction in root length, shoot height, dry weight, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and photosynthetic rate. Al-sensitive cv. Zhechun 2 accumulated comparatively more Al and Cd in plants than Al-tolerant cv. Liao 1. Compared with pH 6.5, pH 4.0 resulted in significant increase in Cd and Al concentration in plants. Combined application of Cd and Al enhanced their accu-mulation in roots, but caused a reduction in shoots. The concentrations of all 10 nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B), except Mo were also increased when plants were exposed to pH lower than pH 6.5. Al addition caused a reduction in the con-centration of most nutrients in plant roots and shoots; but K, Mn and Zn in roots were increased. Treatments with Cd alone or together with Al reduced the concentrations of all the plant nutrients in plants. Al-sensitive genotype Zhechun 2 has lower nutrient concentration than Al-tolerant genotype Liao 1. The current findings imply that Al and Cd are synergistic in their effect on plant growth, physiological traits and nutrient uptake.展开更多
Phytophthora capsici is a phytopathogen that causes a destructive pepper blight that is extremely difficult to control. Using a fungicide application against the disease is costly and relatively ineffective and there ...Phytophthora capsici is a phytopathogen that causes a destructive pepper blight that is extremely difficult to control. Using a fungicide application against the disease is costly and relatively ineffective and there is also a huge environmental concern about the use of such chemicals. The genus Trichoderma has been known to have a potential biocontrol issue. In this paper we investigate the mechanism for causing the infection of T. asperellum against P. capsici. Tnchoderma sp. （isolate CGMCC 6422） was developed to have a strong antagonistic action against hyphae of P. capsici through screening tests. The strain was identified as T. asperellum through using a combination of morphological characteristics and molecular data. T. asperellum was able to collapse the mycelium of the colonies of the pathogen through dual culture tests by breaking down the pathogenic hyphae into fragments. The scanning electron microscope showed that the hyphae of T. aspere/lum surrounded and penetrated the pathogens hyphae, resulting in hyphal collapse. The results show that seven days after inoculation, the hyphae of the pathogen were completely degraded in a dual culture. T. asperel/um was also able to enter the P. capsici oospores through using oogonia and then developed hyphae and produced conidia, leading to the disintegration of the oogonia and oospores. Seven days after inoculation, an average 10.8% of the oospores were infected, but at this stage, the structures of oospores were still intact. Subsequently, the number of infected oospores increased and the oospores started to collapse. Forty-two days after inoculation, almost all the oospores were infected, with 9.3% of the structures of the oospores being intact and 90.7% of the oospores having collapsed.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(8120223181273116+2 种基金81430079)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Bureau of Science and TechnologyChina(2013B021800069)
文摘The molecular mechanism of DNA damage induced by hydroquinone （HQ） remains unclear. Poly（ADP-ribose） polymerase-1 （PARP-1） usually works as a DNA damage sensor, and hence, it is possible that PARP-1 is involved in the DNA damage response induced by HQ. In TK6 cells treated with HQ, PARP activity as well as the expression of apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor （AATF）, PARP-1, and phosphorylated H2AX （v-H2AX） were maximum at 0.5 h, 6 h, 3 h, and 3 h, respectively. To explore the detailed mechanisms underlying the prompt DNA repair reaction, the above indicators were investigated in PARP-l-silenced cells. PARP activity and expression of AATF and PARP-1 decreased to 36%, 32%, and 33%, respectively, in the cells; however, y-H2AX expression increased to 265%. Co-immunoprecipitation （co-IP） assays were employed to determine whether PARP-1 and AATF formed protein complexes. The interaction between these proteins together with the results from IP assays and confocal microscopy indicated that poly（ADP-ribosyl）ation {PARylation） regulated AATF expression, in conclusion, PARP-1 was involved in the DNA damage repair induced by HQ via increasing the accumulation of AATF through PARylation.
基金Supported by Shandong Provincial Science and Technology Development Program of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No. 2007-008)
文摘Objective：To observe the difference in fatty degree,glucose-lipid disorder and adipose-hormones between diet induced obesity（DIO） rats and diet induced obesity resistance（DIO-R） rats,and to explore the effect and acting mechanism of Chinese drugs for strengthening Pi（脾,CD-SP） and those for both strengthening Pi and dissolving phlegm（CD-SPDP） in inhibiting obesity.Methods：Excepting eight rats allocated in the blank control group,the other 54 rats were fed with high-lipid forage for 12 weeks to establish models of obesity. Finally,30 DIO rats and 8 DIO-R rats（shown by their body weight） were obtained.The DIO rats were divided into three groups,which were given gastric perfusion,respectively,with normal saline（Group A）,CD-SP（Group B）,and CD-SPDP（Group C）.Fourteen weeks later,the animals＇ body weight（BW）,length（BL）,blood levels of fasting insulin（Fln）,fasting glucose（FBG）,triglyceride（TG）,cholesterol（TC）,leptin（LP）,neuropeptide Y（NPY）, C-reactive protein（CRP）,tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）,adiponectin（AN）,and resistin（RS） were measured; insulin resistance index（IRI） was calculated,and the degree of obesity and lipid content in abdominal cavity of rats were estimated.Moreover,the levels of LP,CRP,TNF-α,AN and RS in homogenate of rats＇ adipose tissues（ATH） were determined.Results：After 12 weeks of high-lipid diet,the BW of DIO rats was higher than that of normal or DIO-R rats.After a 14-week continuous high-lipid diet feeding,in DIO rats,BW,lipid coefficient （LC）,and IRI were significantly increased（P〈0.01）;serum levels of TNF-α,LP and AN were lower,NPY was higher,while the ATH levels of LP and AN were lower and TNF-αwas higher in DIO rats than in DIO-R rats （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）;blood levels of FBG and lipids in DIO rats showed an increasing trend but was statistically insignificant（P〉0.05）;no significant difference was found in serum levels of CRP and RS due to the overly high data dispersion.Comparisons of the 3 DIO groups showed that BW,body weight index（BWI）,LC and IRI were significantly lowered after treatment（P〈0.01） in Group C,while these indexes were not significantly different between Group A and B;the serum levels of TNF-α,LP,and AN increased,NPY decreased in Group B and C, ATH levels of LP and AN increased,and TNF-αdecreased in the two groups;but NPY,LP,and AN in blood and ATH were higher in Group C than those in Group B（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）.Conclusion：CD-SPDP could inhibit DIO and IR,showing that the effect is better than that of CD-SP,and its mechanism is related to promotion of LP and AN secretion and elevation of serum NPY.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(NKPs)(2022YFC2604101)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2020ZX10001016-002)。
文摘Avian H9N2 viruses have wide host range among the influenza A viruses.However,knowledge of H9N2 mammalian adaptation is limited.To explore the molecular basis of the adaptation to mammals,we performed serial lung passaging of the H9N2 strain A/chicken/Hunan/8.27 YYGK3W3-OC/2018(3W3)in mice and identified six mutations in the hemagglutinin(HA)and polymerase acidic(PA)proteins.Mutations L226Q,T511I,and A528V of HA were responsible for enhanced pathogenicity and viral replication in mice;notably,HA-L226Q was the key determinant.Mutations T97I,I545V,and S594G of PA contributed to enhanced polymerase activity in mammalian cells and increased viral replication levels in vitro and in vivo.PA-T97I increased viral polymerase activity by accelerating the viral polymerase complex assembly.Our findings revealed that the viral replication was affected by the presence of PA-97I and/or PA-545V in combination with a triple-point HA mutation.Furthermore,the double-and triple-point PA mutations demonstrated antagonistic effect on viral replication when combined with HA-226Q.Notably,any combination of PA mutations,along with double-point HA mutations,resulted in antagonistic effect on viral replication.We also observed antagonism in viral replication between PA-545V and PA-97I,as well as between HA-528V and PA-545V.Our findings demonstrated that several antagonistic mutations in HA and PA proteins affect viral replication,which may contribute to the H9N2 virus adaptation to mice and mammalian cells.These findings can potentially contribute to the monitoring of H9N2 field strains for assessing their potential risk in mammals.
基金financially supported by the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(No.CX(22)3174)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82102202)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210424)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX23_0849).
文摘Activated hepatic stellate cells(aHSCs),the main source of extracellular matrix deposition,are key targets in liver fibrosis.However,no effective drug specific to aHSCs has been clinically applied due to poor drug delivery efficiency.Herein,we designed a CXC chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4)-targeted reactive oxygen species(ROS)-responsive platform AMD-Dex-ROS-responsive-sorafenib(ARS)based on natural polysaccharide and thioctic acid frame,which can deliver anti-fibrosis drug represented by sorafenib specifically to aHSCs on account of CXCR4 over-expression on aHSCs,and smartly disassemble via ROS-responsive thioketal rupture relying on high intracellular ROS in HSCs,realized on-demand drug release and effective liver fibrosis reversion.Notably,in this platform,the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 not only enhanced aHSCs targeting efficiency of sorafenib but also effectively magnified the aHSCs elimination of sorafenib by blocking stroma cell derived factor-1(SDF-1)/CXCR4-induced aHSCs protection,resulting in synergistic anti-fibrosis effect.The platform provided a new approach for drug delivery system design and liver fibrosis treatment.
基金Lingang Laboratory(No.LG-QS-202205-03)ShanghaiTech University and the Shanghai Municipal Government.
文摘The A_(2A)adenosine receptor(A_(2A)AR)has attracted attention as an emerging immunotherapeutic target with several antagonists being evaluated in clinical trials.However,A_(2A)AR antagonists show limited efficacy as monotherapies.Herein,we communicate our design and synthesis of a novel series of A_(2A)AR/histone deacetylase(HDAC)bifunctional inhibitors,based on the core structure of the A_(2A)AR antagonist The new compounds were designed using a pharmacophore-merging strategy and features a tri-substituted pyrimidine core.The binding affinity for A_(2A)AR and inhibitory activity against HDACs of all the new compounds were tested.A number of compounds exhibited nanomolar or subnanomolar activity against both targets and some showed equally potent antiproliferative activity against MC38,CT26 and HCT116 colon cancer lines compared to HDAC inhibitors SAHA and MGCD-0103 in vitro.The binding poses of compound 5a in both A_(2A)AR and HDAC1 were predicted by molecular docking studies.Collectively,these results suggest these tri-substituted pyrimidine derivatives are promising leads for developing A_(2A)AR/HDAC dual-acting compounds as novel antitumor agents.
文摘[ Objective] The aim of this study was to isolate the endophyte of three solanaceae fruits and vegetables such as tomato, pepper and eggplant, to screen and identify the bacterial wilt antagonistic bacteria. [ Methodl According to the lapping liquid culture method, the endophyte of three plants was isolated by the selective medium and purified by the plate streaking method, so the purified enclophyte was screened by the hyphal pieces confront culture method. Furthermore, the screened antagonistic and endophyteic bacteria was identified and classified through culture characteristics of isolates and morphological features of thallus, Gram stain as well as physiological and biochemical reactions. [ Result] Fifty-three endophytic bacteria, fifty-three endophytic fungi and forty-four endophytic actinomycetes were separated from the endophyte of three plants. The screened fourteen endophytic bacteria with strong antagonistic effect on the bacterial wilt were classified to Bacillus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Agromonas, Erwinia and Curto Bacterium respectively. Especially, Bacillus was the dominant species, which had the strongest antagonistic effect on the bacterial wilt. [ Conclusion] This study provides an effective way for biological control of the bacterial wilt in solanaceae.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30960010 )Principal Fund Key Projects of Tarim University(TDZKZD06001)~~
文摘[Objective] With a strain of endophytic antagonistic bacteria with good disease control efficacy in pot as trial material,the paper was to explore the antagonistic mechanism of siderophore against Fusarium oxysporum.[Method] Whether the strain produced siderophore and its fluorescent property was judged by MSA（Modified Sugar-Aspartic acid） plate.The siderophore activity of strains in liquid MSA medium was determined through the absorbance values at particular wavelength.The inhibition effects of it siderophore against F.oxysporum under different concentrations of Fe3＋ were compared.Then the strain was preliminarily identified based on morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics [Result] The fluorescent siderophore produced by the endophytic bacteria in MSA medium had a strong inhibition effect against F.oxysporum.With the increasing concentration of Fe3＋,the inhibition effect against the pathogen weakened.The preliminary analysis showed these strains belonged to Bacillus.[Conclusion] Bacillus could compete the absorption of Fe3＋ by secreting siderophore to inhibit the growth of F.oxysporum.
基金Supported by Accelerated Program of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2013QNJJ-019)Spark Program of Ministry of Science and Technology(2011GA-810011)Special Program of Modern Agricultural Technological System(No.CARS-22)~~
文摘For about half a century, chemical control has played a major role in plant disease control. However, the long-term irrational use of chemical pesticide produces many problems. In nature, there exit extensive antagonistic microorganisms which are tightly concerned with plant pathogenic microbes, and biological pesticides can be researched to control related pathogenic microbes from its metabolites. It＇s an important research direction of new pesticide development. The Bacillus is the ideal and frequently studied object of bio-control bacteria, and it can produce some entospores with following characteristics such as heat-resistant, drought tolerance, antiultraviolet and organic solvent. In this article, the bio-control mechanism, problems and application prospects of the Bacillus were reviewed to promote the application in new biological pesticide.
文摘The development and prospect of rare earth functional biomaterials (REFB) was discussed. From 1979 to 1985, the simple REFB (salts) has been developed, and the fundamental research including forms, effects, toxicity, conversion in soil, and analysis methods had been finished. Then, the RE feed additive materials had been developed, and the fundamental research had also been finished. In 1990s, new REFB including RE phosphate fertilizer additive, RE conversional agricultural film additive, RE water-retraining reagent and RE seed coating reagent had been developed out rapidly. They were extended to 1.36 million hectares and big benefit had been got during the last three years. Recently, it was found that RE has some function of antagonizing heavy metals and degradating organophosphors pesticide, so the REFB will be studied as a focus once more, and will become one of the important methods of guaranteeing food security in the future.
基金Supported by Anshan Science and Technology Project (2006SH19)~~
文摘[ ObjeeUve ] To search for the beneficial microorganisms and their metabolic products with control effect against rice Mast, the paper studied the inhibi- tion effect of the fermentation broth of actinomycetes BOS-013 strain against the pathogen of rice blast （Pyricularia oryzae）. [ Method ] With P. oryzae as the target indicator fungus, the inhibition effect of the fermentation broth of BOS-013 strain and its extracts from different solvents against the pathogen were determined using cylinder plate method and filter paper method. [ Result] The results showed that the inhibition rate of the fermentation broth of BOS-013 strain with fungus amount of 4×10^8 cfu/ml against P. oryzae was 92.0% ±0.5% ; the fermentation broth still had inhibition effect against P. oryaae after inactivation under high temperature and high pressure, and the inhibition rate was 60.0%±0.5%. After absorbed by non-polar CAD-45 type macroperous adsorption resin and eluted by 60% etha- nol, the antifungal activity of the fermentation broth was still high, and the diameter of inhibition zone reached 33.0 mm. [ Conclusion] The fermentation broth of BOS-O13 strain had significant inhibition effect against P. oryzae. The results would provide foundation for further clarification of inhibition mechanism of BOS-013 strain fermentation broth against P. oryzae and its practical application.
基金Supported by Program from the Education Department of Jilin Prov-ince(2011191,2011359 )Natural Science Fund from Chang-chun Normal University~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to reveal the evolvement structures,especially the crystal characteristics of Chenopodium album L.under saline stress,so as to providing the first-hand data for utilizing biological techniques to control saline environment.[Method] Employing high definition display method of plant crystal structure and paraffin-section method,we performed a comparative study on the evolvement structures of C.album growing in high salinity areas in the coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province.[Result] The regionally distributed crystal and the developed assimilating tissue of C.album are the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress during the evolving process.Stem cortex of C.album growing in both the high salinity areas in coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province has similar discontinuous crystal rings.Assimilating tissue in C.album growing in high salinity areas is highly developed than that in common salinity environment.Comparative analysis indicates that the developed stratum corneum and marrow is also the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress.[Conclusion] Our results provide a valuable approach to study the salt-tolerance mechanism of plant using structural botanical techniques,i.e.,crystal may become the identification characteristics of salt tolerant plant.
文摘[ Objective] The paper was to screen Bacillus with strong antagonistic effect. [ Method] The diseased ginger and the surrounding soils were collected from Laiwu of Shandong Province, and the high-virulence strains of the pathogen of ginger blast （Ralstonia solanacearum） were isolated, Bacillus was used to carry out antagonistic test. [Result] Three strains LW-4, LW-7 and LW-32 had strong antagonistic effect against R. solanacearum, the area of their inhibition zone was larger than other strains. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the control of ginger blast.
文摘The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants （Solanum lycopersicum）. Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 μmol/L CdC12 associated to different concentrations of ZnC12 （10, 50, 100, and 150 μmol/L）. Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances （TBARS） level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cd- treated plants had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD, EC 1.15.1.1）, whereas, catalase （CAT, EC 1.111.1.6）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX, EC 1.11.1.11）, and glutathione reductase （GR, EC 1.6.4.2） activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes （SOD, CAT, APX and GR） as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial effect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their effect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.
基金This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30100143)
文摘A new endophytic antagonistic fungus, Chaetomium spirale ND35 from Populus tomentosa, was reported. The bio-control trials of C. spirale ND35 against the Valsa Canker of apple were preliminarily investigated. The results of dual culture on PDA plate showed that C. spirale ND35 was capable of strong antagonism against Valsa ceratosperma, and for inhibiting the mycelial growth of V. ceratosperma,.the crude extract of liquid culture of corn steep powder broth was more effective than that one of malt extract broth (MEB). The results of bio-control in greenhouse and field indicated that the disease incidence of apple tree treated with C. spirale ND35 was lower significantly than that treated by other methods. The re-isolation experiment suggested that C. spirale ND35 could colonize in stems and branches of apple trees successfully, and the ND35 colonization rate of the treatment with solid wheat bran culture was higher than that of corn steep powder broth, but the field experiment result the control effect of liquid culture of C. spirale ND35 was better than that of solid culture.
基金supported by the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (No. 05D01002)
文摘Coordinated mission decision-making is one of the core steps to effectively exploit the capabilities of cooperative attack of multiple aircrafts. However, the situational assessment is an essential base to realize the mission decision-making. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a mission decision-making method of multi-aircraft cooperatively attacking multi-target based on situational assessment. We have studied the situational assessment mathematical model based on the Dempster-Shafer(D-S) evidence theory and the mission decision-making mathematical model based on the game theory. The proposed mission decision-making method of antagonized airfight is validated by some simulation examples of a swarm of unmanned combat aerial vehicles(UCAVs)that carry out the mission of the suppressing of enemy air defenses(SEAD).
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0200901 and 2016YFD0200305)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KJQN201514 and KYZ201625)。
文摘Magnesium(Mg)affects various critical physiological and biochemical processes in higher plants,and its deficiency impedes plant growth and development.Although potassium(K)-induced Mg deficiency in agricultural production is widespread,the specific relationship of K with Mg and especially its competitive nature is poorly understood.This review summarizes current knowledge on the interactions between K and Mg with respect to their root uptake,root-to-shoot translocation and distribution in plants.Their synergistic effects on certain physiological functions are also described.The antagonistic effect of K on Mg is stronger than that of Mg on K in root absorption and transport within plants,indicating that the balanced use of K and Mg fertilizers is necessary for sustaining high plant-available Mg and alleviating K-induced Mg deficiency,especially in plant species with high K demand or in highavailable-K soil.The relationship between Mg and K in plant tissues may be antagonistic or synergistic depending on plant species,cell type,leaf age,source-and sink organs.There are synergistic effects of K and Mg on photosynthesis,carbohydrate transport and allocation,nitrogen metabolism,and turgor regulation.Definition of optimal K/Mg ratios for soils and plant tissues is desirable for maintaining proper nutritional status in plants,leading to a physiological state supporting crop production.Future research should concentrate on identifying the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between K and Mg in a given physiological function.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41071355, 41171394)the National International Cooperation Program of China (No. 2012DFA91150)+1 种基金supported by the Einstein Professorship Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Canada Research Chair Program
文摘The single and combinational effects of cadmium （Cd） and fluoranthene （FLT） on germination, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings were investigated. Exposure to 5, 10, or 15 mg Cd/L or 1, 5, or 10 mg FLT/L individually or in combination significantly decreased germination vigor （3 days） and final germination rate of soybean seeds, except at 1 and 5 mg FLT/L. The results of two-way ANOVA analysis and the Bliss independence model showed that at lower concentrations of FLT （1 mg/L）, the interaction between Cd and FLT on germination was antagonistic, whereas the interaction was synergistic when the concentration of FLT was 5 or 10 mg/L and the concentration of Cd was 15 mg/L. Growth, expressed as dry weight, length of shoot and root, leaf area, and photosynthesis, expressed as net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, chlorophyll contents and fluorescence of soybean seedlings were also reduced by exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L, singly or jointly. Significant antagonistic effects of exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L on shoot growth and photosynthesis were observed, whereas synergy and antagonism of Cd and FLT were both observed for root growth.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Project of Tianjin Municipal Education Commission:2017KJ143National Natural Science Foundation of China:nos..81403457and 81330088~~
文摘Objective: To investigate the local initiation role of local exosomes of acupoints in acupuncture analgesic effect.Methods: Thirty-two rats with adjuvant arthritis were randomly divided into model group(Group CFA),model + electroacupuncture group(Group EA), model + antagonist + electroacupuncture group(Group GW4869 + EA), and model + dimethyl sulfoxide + electroacupuncture group(Group DMSO + EA), with 8 rats in each group. The model rat s of adjuvant arthritis were prepared by intradermal injection of 0.1 mL of Freund’s adjuvant complete into the metatarsal of the right posterior foot to induce inflammation.No intervention was given in Group CFA, while electroacupuncture was performed in the other three groups at 'Zúsānlǐ(足三里 ST 36, bilaterally)' and 'Huántiào(环跳 GB 30, bilaterally)' of the rats with the following electroacupuncture parameters: dilatational wave with a frequency of 2/10 Hz, an intensity of 5/10/15(0.76/1.53/2.3 mA), a duration of 30 min, and an intensity increasing every 10 min. In Group DMSO + EA, DMSO(with a concentration of 0.2%, 50μL/acupoint) was injected at bilateral 'ST 36' of the model rats one hour before electroacupuncture, while GW4869(with a concentration of 3 mg/mL,50μL/acupoint) was injected at bilateral ST 36 of the model rats one hour before electroacupuncture in Group GW4869 + EA. The paw withdrawal latency(PWL) was used as the therapeutic effect index.Results: The PWL of rats in each group at Hour 24 after modeling was significantly lower than that before modeling, indicating that the models were successfully established. After the electroacupuncture treatment, the PWL of rats showed an increasing trend in all groups. The PWL of Group GW4869 + EA(6.74 ±1.09)s was lower than that of Group EA(7.72 ±1.54)s on Day 1 after injection, but the difference was not statistically significant(P> 0.05). The PWL values of Group GW4869 + EA(7.72 ±0.70)s,(7.87 ± 0.58)s were significantly lower than those of Group EA(9.96 士 0.94)s,(9.66 ±0.96)s(both P< 0.05)on Days 2 and 3 after injection, and the differences were statistically significant.Conclusion: It was preliminarily found that acupuncture analgesic effect was significantly reduced after local exosomes of acupoints were blocked, indicating that local exosomes of acupoints may be involved in the initiation process of acupuncture effect.
基金Project (No. Z304104) supported by the Natural Science Foundationof Zhejiang Province, China
文摘The effect of Al and Cd on the growth, photosynthesis, and accumulation of Al, Cd and plant nutrients in two soybean genotypes were determined using hydroponic culture. There were six treatments: pH 6.5; pH 4.0; pH 6.5+1.0 μmol/L Cd; pH 4.0+1.0 μmol/L Cd; pH 4.0+150 μmol/L Al; pH 4.0+1.0 μmol/L Cd+150 μmol/L Al. The low pH (4.0) and Al treatments caused marked reduction in root length, shoot height, dry weight, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and photosynthetic rate. Al-sensitive cv. Zhechun 2 accumulated comparatively more Al and Cd in plants than Al-tolerant cv. Liao 1. Compared with pH 6.5, pH 4.0 resulted in significant increase in Cd and Al concentration in plants. Combined application of Cd and Al enhanced their accu-mulation in roots, but caused a reduction in shoots. The concentrations of all 10 nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B), except Mo were also increased when plants were exposed to pH lower than pH 6.5. Al addition caused a reduction in the con-centration of most nutrients in plant roots and shoots; but K, Mn and Zn in roots were increased. Treatments with Cd alone or together with Al reduced the concentrations of all the plant nutrients in plants. Al-sensitive genotype Zhechun 2 has lower nutrient concentration than Al-tolerant genotype Liao 1. The current findings imply that Al and Cd are synergistic in their effect on plant growth, physiological traits and nutrient uptake.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(No.201503109)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31571950)
文摘Phytophthora capsici is a phytopathogen that causes a destructive pepper blight that is extremely difficult to control. Using a fungicide application against the disease is costly and relatively ineffective and there is also a huge environmental concern about the use of such chemicals. The genus Trichoderma has been known to have a potential biocontrol issue. In this paper we investigate the mechanism for causing the infection of T. asperellum against P. capsici. Tnchoderma sp. （isolate CGMCC 6422） was developed to have a strong antagonistic action against hyphae of P. capsici through screening tests. The strain was identified as T. asperellum through using a combination of morphological characteristics and molecular data. T. asperellum was able to collapse the mycelium of the colonies of the pathogen through dual culture tests by breaking down the pathogenic hyphae into fragments. The scanning electron microscope showed that the hyphae of T. aspere/lum surrounded and penetrated the pathogens hyphae, resulting in hyphal collapse. The results show that seven days after inoculation, the hyphae of the pathogen were completely degraded in a dual culture. T. asperel/um was also able to enter the P. capsici oospores through using oogonia and then developed hyphae and produced conidia, leading to the disintegration of the oogonia and oospores. Seven days after inoculation, an average 10.8% of the oospores were infected, but at this stage, the structures of oospores were still intact. Subsequently, the number of infected oospores increased and the oospores started to collapse. Forty-two days after inoculation, almost all the oospores were infected, with 9.3% of the structures of the oospores being intact and 90.7% of the oospores having collapsed.
