The purpose of this paper is to introduce new theoretical concepts as opposed to accepting the existence of dark entities, such as dark energy. This research sought to introduce a 2<sup>nd</sup> universal ...The purpose of this paper is to introduce new theoretical concepts as opposed to accepting the existence of dark entities, such as dark energy. This research sought to introduce a 2<sup>nd</sup> universal space-time constant, besides having a finite speed constant (speed of light in vacuum c). A finite universal age constant b is introduced. Namely, this paper shows that the changes in the Earth’s anomalistic year duration over time support the hypothesis of the age of the universe correlating with a maximum number of orbital revolutions constant. Neglecting the gravitational influence of other cosmological entities in the proximity of the Earth, the constant maximum number of revolutions is herewith determined solely by the Earth’s orbital revolutions around the Sun. The value of the universal age constant b is calculated to be around 13.8 billion orbital revolutions, derived out of an equation related to the changes in the Earth’s anomalistic year duration over time and the so-called Hubble tension. The above-mentioned calculated value b correlates well with the best fit to measured data of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) by the Planck spacecraft, the age of the observed universe is measured to be approximately 13.787 ± 0.020 billion years (2018 final data release). Developing a theory with this 2<sup>nd</sup> universal space-time constant b, being covariant with respect to the Lorentz transformations when time spans are large, gives results such as: A confirmation of the measured CMBR value of 13.787 ± 0.020 billion years. Correlating well with the observed expansion rate of the universe (dark energy). The universe’s expansion accelerating over the last four to five billion years.展开更多
The suppression of vitrinite reflectance (R0) was reported by many investigators , whereas the enhancement of vitrinite reflectance , the phenomenon that the measured R values are higher than the values that should be...The suppression of vitrinite reflectance (R0) was reported by many investigators , whereas the enhancement of vitrinite reflectance , the phenomenon that the measured R values are higher than the values that should be at the given regional rank , is in most cases unrecognized .Both R0 suppression and enhancement were observed in many basins in China , in coal seams as well as in oil source rocks , and representative examples are presented in this paper . A lot of experimental work on two series of samples was carried out for investigating the cause and mechanism of vitrinite reflectance suppression and enhancement , and effective methods for rectifying suppressed or enhanced R0 were sought on the basis of our organic geochemistry study in several basins . Our studies confirm : (1) the variations in initial hydrogen content and thermostability of vitrinite macerals are the main cause of both R0 suppression and enhancement ;(2) great care must be taken in using R0 to reflect the thermal histories of sedimentary basins because it can be not only suppressed, but also enhanced , although it has many advantages over other paleogeothermometers ; (3 ) the combined measurement of R0 and fluorescence spectrum on sporinite is an effective method for both recognizing and rectifying supressed or enhanced R0 values .展开更多
文摘The purpose of this paper is to introduce new theoretical concepts as opposed to accepting the existence of dark entities, such as dark energy. This research sought to introduce a 2<sup>nd</sup> universal space-time constant, besides having a finite speed constant (speed of light in vacuum c). A finite universal age constant b is introduced. Namely, this paper shows that the changes in the Earth’s anomalistic year duration over time support the hypothesis of the age of the universe correlating with a maximum number of orbital revolutions constant. Neglecting the gravitational influence of other cosmological entities in the proximity of the Earth, the constant maximum number of revolutions is herewith determined solely by the Earth’s orbital revolutions around the Sun. The value of the universal age constant b is calculated to be around 13.8 billion orbital revolutions, derived out of an equation related to the changes in the Earth’s anomalistic year duration over time and the so-called Hubble tension. The above-mentioned calculated value b correlates well with the best fit to measured data of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) by the Planck spacecraft, the age of the observed universe is measured to be approximately 13.787 ± 0.020 billion years (2018 final data release). Developing a theory with this 2<sup>nd</sup> universal space-time constant b, being covariant with respect to the Lorentz transformations when time spans are large, gives results such as: A confirmation of the measured CMBR value of 13.787 ± 0.020 billion years. Correlating well with the observed expansion rate of the universe (dark energy). The universe’s expansion accelerating over the last four to five billion years.
文摘The suppression of vitrinite reflectance (R0) was reported by many investigators , whereas the enhancement of vitrinite reflectance , the phenomenon that the measured R values are higher than the values that should be at the given regional rank , is in most cases unrecognized .Both R0 suppression and enhancement were observed in many basins in China , in coal seams as well as in oil source rocks , and representative examples are presented in this paper . A lot of experimental work on two series of samples was carried out for investigating the cause and mechanism of vitrinite reflectance suppression and enhancement , and effective methods for rectifying suppressed or enhanced R0 were sought on the basis of our organic geochemistry study in several basins . Our studies confirm : (1) the variations in initial hydrogen content and thermostability of vitrinite macerals are the main cause of both R0 suppression and enhancement ;(2) great care must be taken in using R0 to reflect the thermal histories of sedimentary basins because it can be not only suppressed, but also enhanced , although it has many advantages over other paleogeothermometers ; (3 ) the combined measurement of R0 and fluorescence spectrum on sporinite is an effective method for both recognizing and rectifying supressed or enhanced R0 values .
