Resurrection plants which are able to quickly reactivate after falling into a period of anabiosis caused by dehydration have been very rare among angiosperms, especially among dicotyledons whose chlorophyll content an...Resurrection plants which are able to quickly reactivate after falling into a period of anabiosis caused by dehydration have been very rare among angiosperms, especially among dicotyledons whose chlorophyll content and chloroplast structure little changed in the course of desiccation, therefore has been called homoiochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant plants (HDTs). Another type of resurrection angiosperms that lost its chlorophyll dining desiccation is called poikilochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant plants (PDTs). HDTs have been received more attention because of simplicity of protection mechanism which is much easy to the study and utilization of the desiccation tolerance of resurrection angiosperms. Recent advances in studies of photosynthesis of resurrection angiosperms indicate that photochemical activities are sensitive indicators for the study of physiological state of resurrection angiosperms during desiccation and rehydration. Photochemical activities of resurrection angiosperms are inhibited with loss of water similar to those of general plants, however, the magic thing is that they could reactivate rapidly during rehydration even losing more than 95% water. Up-regulations in xanthophyll cycle and antioxidative systems as well as preservation in integrity and stability of photosynthetic membranes during desiccation may be very important to desiccation tolerance of resurrection angiosperms. The fact that phosphate treatment in rehydration stage also strongly influences resurrection indicated importance of studies on rehydration stages of resurrection angiosperms.展开更多
This review gives a brief retrospect to the development on in vitro fertilization (IVF) of angiosperms in China. During the last decade Chinese scientists put great enthusiasm and efforts on IVF system construction an...This review gives a brief retrospect to the development on in vitro fertilization (IVF) of angiosperms in China. During the last decade Chinese scientists put great enthusiasm and efforts on IVF system construction and built up notable contributions to the flourish of this field. Keeping pace with international development and participating international cooperation in the field of IVF, Chinese scientists have now focused on the investigation of basic mechanism relevant to possible gamete interaction, egg cell activation and early embryogenesis by IVF. In vitro manipulation techniques are combined with cytological and molecular biological approaches to unveil the double fertilization mysteries.展开更多
A recently published review by Herendeen?et al.?is misleading, self-centered, self-praising, and self-conflicting. They excluded the famous early angiosperm?Archaefructus?from their list of exemplar angiosperms, which...A recently published review by Herendeen?et al.?is misleading, self-centered, self-praising, and self-conflicting. They excluded the famous early angiosperm?Archaefructus?from their list of exemplar angiosperms, which contained only fossil plants they published themselves, leaving the impression that they were only authoritative on the origin and early history of angiosperms. Their 57-year-old “No Angiosperms Until the Cretaceous” conception does not reflect the truth about the origin and early history of angiosperms. Reinforcing such vapidly repeated statement does not help resolving any problem in science but leads to no solution for the origin of angiosperms. The authors tried to establish a criterion identifying a fossil angiosperm but their own exemplar angiosperm?Monetianthus?overturns their own criterion. Apparently, such a review does not positively contribute much to science.展开更多
The dominating hypothesis stated that angiosperms originated in the Early Cretaceous, there were no pre-Cretaceous angiosperms, and carpels (the basic units of gynoecium) were derived from former megasporophylls beari...The dominating hypothesis stated that angiosperms originated in the Early Cretaceous, there were no pre-Cretaceous angiosperms, and carpels (the basic units of gynoecium) were derived from former megasporophylls bearing ovules/seeds along their margins through longitudinally folding and enrolling. However, there are increasing evidences of pre-Cretaceous angiosperms, the assumed megasporophyll actually does not exist, and the Cretaceous-only history of angiosperms appears much shorter than suggested by molecular clocks. Here I will integrate new knowledge of living and fossil plants to give a plausible explanation for the origin and early evolution of angiosperms. Several lines of evidence indicate that the ancestor of angiosperms may well have been present in the Triassic. The former gap between angiosperms and gymnosperms is artificial. Some Triassic fossils playing a role intermediate between angiosperms and gymnosperms seem to favor the Unifying Theory.展开更多
Three taxa of Late Cretaceous aquatic angiosperms, Queruexia angulata （Lesq.） Krysht., Cobbania corrugata （Lesq.） Stockey et al. and Nelumbites cf. extenuinervis Upchurch et al. from Jiayin of Heilongjiang, NE Chi...Three taxa of Late Cretaceous aquatic angiosperms, Queruexia angulata （Lesq.） Krysht., Cobbania corrugata （Lesq.） Stockey et al. and Nelumbites cf. extenuinervis Upchurch et al. from Jiayin of Heilongjiang, NE China, are described in detail. Among them, Cobbania and Nelumbites from the Upper Cretaceous in China are reported for the first time. The aquatic angiosperm assemblage of Queruexia-Cobbania-Nelumbites appears to imply a seasonal, warm and moist environment in the Jiayin area during the Santonian-Campanian time.展开更多
The remarkable transition of early angiosperms from a small to a dominant group characterized the terrestrial ecosystem of the Cretaceous. This transition was instigated and promoted by environmental changes. Mid-Cret...The remarkable transition of early angiosperms from a small to a dominant group characterized the terrestrial ecosystem of the Cretaceous. This transition was instigated and promoted by environmental changes. Mid-Cretaceous is characterized by major geological events that affected the global environment. δ^18O, palaeothermometer TEX86, and other climatic indices from marine sediments suggest rapid temperature increase during mid-Cretaceous despite occasional short cooling events. Simultaneously, terrestrial deposits in East Asia changed from coal-bearing to shale, then to red beds and evaporites. Plant assemblages and other paleoclimate indicators point to rapid aridification for midCretaceous terrestrial environments. In addition, the wildfires were frequently spread all over the earth by the numerous charcoal evidence during the Mid-Cretaceous. Thus, we speculate that the seasonally dry and hot conditions of mid-Cretaceous created a fiery hothouse world. Early angiosperms increased in abundance and diversity and evolved from a few aquatic species to terrestrial herbaceous and then to the diversified flora of today. Angiosperms showed rapid physiological evolution in vein density and leaf area that improved photosynthesis and water absorption. These ecophysiological changes made early angiosperms well adapted to the hot and dry environment in mid-Cretaceous. Moreover, these physiological changes facilitated the fire–angiosperm cycles in mid-Cretaceous that likely further stimulated the early angiosperm evolution.展开更多
Tissues of the pinna and rachis of Cycas diannaensis and pinna, rachis, and root of Cycas taiwaniana, rachis of Cycas szechuanensis, stem of Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae), stems of Chamaecyparis obtusa (S...Tissues of the pinna and rachis of Cycas diannaensis and pinna, rachis, and root of Cycas taiwaniana, rachis of Cycas szechuanensis, stem of Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae), stems of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb.et Zucc.) Endl cv. Tetragona (Cupressaceae), and leaves and stems of Michelia alba and Michelia figo and stems of Amygdalus persica (angiosperms) were compared using the scanning electron microscopy. In all species of these gymnosperms, their many tracheary elemnts have perforations in end walls and lateral walls. These structures are the same as vessels of angiosperms;therefore, these tracheary elements are vessel elements. Many types of vessels were found in cycads: pitted vessels in M. glyptostroboides, spiral and pitted vessels in Chamaecyparis obtusa cv. Tetragona. The development and structural characteristics of vessels of cycads, the two other gymnosperms, and the angiosperms were identical. Some characters such as extent of incline of perforation plate in the end wall showed that vessel characters of some angiosperms were more primitive than the cycads or M. glyptostroboides and C. obtusa cv. Tetragona. Many of the vessel elements of the angiosperms were band shaped, without end walls, and had only two lateral walls and other two margins;the end was acuate or with an arc margin;the end of some vessel elements was acute with no perforations, many perforations located only in lateral wall. Such results are rarely reported in previous work. In all species, perforations were seen only in tracheae, and the walls of parenchyma cells only had a thin primary wall and without perforation. Analysis and discussion to the experimental measures which were observed and research of the structure of vessel or tracheid, pointed out that several measures all could be used and the Jeffrey’ method effects were better. Comparing the vessels of cycads, Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae helps us to understand the mechanism in which these most primitive or more primitive extant gymnosperms were adapted to harsh environments and to understand these species’ evolutionary extent, and has the significance to the studies of plant anatomy, plant systematics and plant evolution.展开更多
Androecium of the earliest known flowering plant Archaefructus liaoningensis was found from the Upper Jurassic Jianshangou Formation of western Liaoning, China. The androecium consists of numerous stamens bearing in p...Androecium of the earliest known flowering plant Archaefructus liaoningensis was found from the Upper Jurassic Jianshangou Formation of western Liaoning, China. The androecium consists of numerous stamens bearing in pair on the reproductive axes below conduplicate carpels. The stamens are composed of a short filament and basifixed anther for each. Monosulcate pollen in situ are found from the anthers. The characters of the androecium reveals that Archaefructus are probably protandrous, and the paired stamens and monosulcate pollen appear to indicate that Archaefructus, as primitive angiosperms,might be derived from extinct seed -ferns during the Older Mesozoic. Archaefructus is considered Late Jurassic in age.展开更多
As some of the earliest evolving flowering plants,waterlilies offer unique insights into angiosperm evolu-tion.Giant Amazonian waterlilies(genus Victoria)are of particular interest due to their production of the world...As some of the earliest evolving flowering plants,waterlilies offer unique insights into angiosperm evolu-tion.Giant Amazonian waterlilies(genus Victoria)are of particular interest due to their production of the world’s largest floating leaves and gigantic flowers that entrap pollinating beetles.Here,we report chromo-some-level genome assemblies of Victoria cruziana and three related waterlilies:Euryale ferox,Nymphaea mexicana,and Brasenia schreberi.We found an ancient whole-genome duplication event specific to the Nymphaeales.We reveal major gene duplication and loss events throughout the evolution of angiosperms,with substantial implications for flower development and the biosynthesis of floral volatile organic com-pounds(FVOCs)in waterlilies.Importantly,we report a unique division of labor in the stamen function of V.cruziana linked to beetle attraction by FVOCs.This is related to the ultra-high expression of VicSABATHa along with Vicchitinase,possibly linked to protection from damage by trapped beetles.Overexpression of VicSABATHa in tobacco leaves reveals a capacity to produce volatile fatty acids,confirming its role in their catalytic synthesis.Overall,these findings provide novel insights into the evolution and adaptations of waterlilies and flowering plants in general.展开更多
Convergent and parallel evolution occur more frequently than previously thought.Here,we focus on the evolutionary adaptations of angiosperms at sub-zero temperatures.We begin by introducing the history of research on ...Convergent and parallel evolution occur more frequently than previously thought.Here,we focus on the evolutionary adaptations of angiosperms at sub-zero temperatures.We begin by introducing the history of research on convergent and parallel evolution,defining all independent similarities as convergent evolu-tion.Our analysis reveals that frost zones(periodic or constant),which cover 49.1%of Earth’s land surface,host 137 angiosperm families,with over 90%of their species thriving in these regions.In this context,we revisit the global biogeography and evolutionary trajectories of plant traits,such as herbaceous form and deciduous leaves,that are thought to be evasion strategies for frost adaptation.At the physiological and mo-lecular levels,many angiosperms have independently evolved cold acclimation mechanisms through mul-tiple pathways in addition to the well-characterized C-repeat binding factor/dehydration-responsive element binding protein 1(CBF/DREB1)regulatory pathway.These convergent adaptations have occurred across various molecular levels,including amino acid substitutions and changes in gene duplication and expression within the same or similar functional pathways;however,identical amino acid changes are rare.Our results also highlight the prevalence of polyploidy in frost zones and the occurrence of paleopoly-ploidization events during global cooling.These patterns suggest repeated evolution in cold climates.Finally,we discuss plant domestication and predict climate zone shifts due to global warming and their ef-fects on plant migration and in situ adaptation.Overall,the integration of ecological and molecular perspec-tives is essential for understanding and forecasting plant responses to climate change.展开更多
Dear Editor, Schisandra chinensis （Turcz.） Baill. belongs to family Schisandraceae. Its fruit called ＂Wu Wei Zi＂ in Chinese is a well-known medicinal material, which is used to treat chronic cough and dyspnea, noc...Dear Editor, Schisandra chinensis （Turcz.） Baill. belongs to family Schisandraceae. Its fruit called ＂Wu Wei Zi＂ in Chinese is a well-known medicinal material, which is used to treat chronic cough and dyspnea, nocturnal emission, enuresis, etc. （National Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2015）. Except for S. chinensis, many species of Schisandraceae, such as S. sphenanthera, S. lancifolia and S. rubriflora, are used as the original olants of folk medicines.展开更多
The Convention on Biological Diversity seeks to conserve at least 30%of global land and water areas by 2030,which is a challenge but also an opportunity to better preserve biodiversity,including flowering plants(angio...The Convention on Biological Diversity seeks to conserve at least 30%of global land and water areas by 2030,which is a challenge but also an opportunity to better preserve biodiversity,including flowering plants(angiosperms).Herein,we compiled a large database on distributions of over 300,000 angiosperm species and the key functional traits of 67,024 species.Using this database,we constructed biodiversity-environment models to predict global patterns of taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity in terrestrial angiosperms and provide a comprehensive mapping of the three diversity facets.We further evaluated the current protection status of the biodiversity centers of these diversity facets.Our results showed that geographical patterns of the three facets of plant diversity exhibited substantial spatial mismatches and nonoverlapping conservation priorities.Idiosyncratic centers of functional diversity,particularly of herbaceous species,were primarily distributed in temperate regions and under weaker protection compared with other biodiversity centers of taxonomic and phylogenetic facets.Our global assessment of multifaceted biodiversity patterns and centers highlights the insufficiency and unbalanced conservation among the three diversity facets and the two growth forms(woody vs.herbaceous),thus providing directions for guiding the future conservation of global plant diversity.展开更多
文摘Resurrection plants which are able to quickly reactivate after falling into a period of anabiosis caused by dehydration have been very rare among angiosperms, especially among dicotyledons whose chlorophyll content and chloroplast structure little changed in the course of desiccation, therefore has been called homoiochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant plants (HDTs). Another type of resurrection angiosperms that lost its chlorophyll dining desiccation is called poikilochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant plants (PDTs). HDTs have been received more attention because of simplicity of protection mechanism which is much easy to the study and utilization of the desiccation tolerance of resurrection angiosperms. Recent advances in studies of photosynthesis of resurrection angiosperms indicate that photochemical activities are sensitive indicators for the study of physiological state of resurrection angiosperms during desiccation and rehydration. Photochemical activities of resurrection angiosperms are inhibited with loss of water similar to those of general plants, however, the magic thing is that they could reactivate rapidly during rehydration even losing more than 95% water. Up-regulations in xanthophyll cycle and antioxidative systems as well as preservation in integrity and stability of photosynthetic membranes during desiccation may be very important to desiccation tolerance of resurrection angiosperms. The fact that phosphate treatment in rehydration stage also strongly influences resurrection indicated importance of studies on rehydration stages of resurrection angiosperms.
文摘This review gives a brief retrospect to the development on in vitro fertilization (IVF) of angiosperms in China. During the last decade Chinese scientists put great enthusiasm and efforts on IVF system construction and built up notable contributions to the flourish of this field. Keeping pace with international development and participating international cooperation in the field of IVF, Chinese scientists have now focused on the investigation of basic mechanism relevant to possible gamete interaction, egg cell activation and early embryogenesis by IVF. In vitro manipulation techniques are combined with cytological and molecular biological approaches to unveil the double fertilization mysteries.
文摘A recently published review by Herendeen?et al.?is misleading, self-centered, self-praising, and self-conflicting. They excluded the famous early angiosperm?Archaefructus?from their list of exemplar angiosperms, which contained only fossil plants they published themselves, leaving the impression that they were only authoritative on the origin and early history of angiosperms. Their 57-year-old “No Angiosperms Until the Cretaceous” conception does not reflect the truth about the origin and early history of angiosperms. Reinforcing such vapidly repeated statement does not help resolving any problem in science but leads to no solution for the origin of angiosperms. The authors tried to establish a criterion identifying a fossil angiosperm but their own exemplar angiosperm?Monetianthus?overturns their own criterion. Apparently, such a review does not positively contribute much to science.
文摘The dominating hypothesis stated that angiosperms originated in the Early Cretaceous, there were no pre-Cretaceous angiosperms, and carpels (the basic units of gynoecium) were derived from former megasporophylls bearing ovules/seeds along their margins through longitudinally folding and enrolling. However, there are increasing evidences of pre-Cretaceous angiosperms, the assumed megasporophyll actually does not exist, and the Cretaceous-only history of angiosperms appears much shorter than suggested by molecular clocks. Here I will integrate new knowledge of living and fossil plants to give a plausible explanation for the origin and early evolution of angiosperms. Several lines of evidence indicate that the ancestor of angiosperms may well have been present in the Triassic. The former gap between angiosperms and gymnosperms is artificial. Some Triassic fossils playing a role intermediate between angiosperms and gymnosperms seem to favor the Unifying Theory.
基金supported by the NSFC(Nos.302213069830379500+2 种基金40842002)the Foundation of Jilin University(No.602257)The study was also partially financed by the Bureau of Land and Resources of Heilongjiang(2005-2006)
文摘Three taxa of Late Cretaceous aquatic angiosperms, Queruexia angulata （Lesq.） Krysht., Cobbania corrugata （Lesq.） Stockey et al. and Nelumbites cf. extenuinervis Upchurch et al. from Jiayin of Heilongjiang, NE China, are described in detail. Among them, Cobbania and Nelumbites from the Upper Cretaceous in China are reported for the first time. The aquatic angiosperm assemblage of Queruexia-Cobbania-Nelumbites appears to imply a seasonal, warm and moist environment in the Jiayin area during the Santonian-Campanian time.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41602023,41402007)the Key Laboratory Project of Gansu Province(Grant No.1309RTSA041)
文摘The remarkable transition of early angiosperms from a small to a dominant group characterized the terrestrial ecosystem of the Cretaceous. This transition was instigated and promoted by environmental changes. Mid-Cretaceous is characterized by major geological events that affected the global environment. δ^18O, palaeothermometer TEX86, and other climatic indices from marine sediments suggest rapid temperature increase during mid-Cretaceous despite occasional short cooling events. Simultaneously, terrestrial deposits in East Asia changed from coal-bearing to shale, then to red beds and evaporites. Plant assemblages and other paleoclimate indicators point to rapid aridification for midCretaceous terrestrial environments. In addition, the wildfires were frequently spread all over the earth by the numerous charcoal evidence during the Mid-Cretaceous. Thus, we speculate that the seasonally dry and hot conditions of mid-Cretaceous created a fiery hothouse world. Early angiosperms increased in abundance and diversity and evolved from a few aquatic species to terrestrial herbaceous and then to the diversified flora of today. Angiosperms showed rapid physiological evolution in vein density and leaf area that improved photosynthesis and water absorption. These ecophysiological changes made early angiosperms well adapted to the hot and dry environment in mid-Cretaceous. Moreover, these physiological changes facilitated the fire–angiosperm cycles in mid-Cretaceous that likely further stimulated the early angiosperm evolution.
文摘Tissues of the pinna and rachis of Cycas diannaensis and pinna, rachis, and root of Cycas taiwaniana, rachis of Cycas szechuanensis, stem of Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae), stems of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb.et Zucc.) Endl cv. Tetragona (Cupressaceae), and leaves and stems of Michelia alba and Michelia figo and stems of Amygdalus persica (angiosperms) were compared using the scanning electron microscopy. In all species of these gymnosperms, their many tracheary elemnts have perforations in end walls and lateral walls. These structures are the same as vessels of angiosperms;therefore, these tracheary elements are vessel elements. Many types of vessels were found in cycads: pitted vessels in M. glyptostroboides, spiral and pitted vessels in Chamaecyparis obtusa cv. Tetragona. The development and structural characteristics of vessels of cycads, the two other gymnosperms, and the angiosperms were identical. Some characters such as extent of incline of perforation plate in the end wall showed that vessel characters of some angiosperms were more primitive than the cycads or M. glyptostroboides and C. obtusa cv. Tetragona. Many of the vessel elements of the angiosperms were band shaped, without end walls, and had only two lateral walls and other two margins;the end was acuate or with an arc margin;the end of some vessel elements was acute with no perforations, many perforations located only in lateral wall. Such results are rarely reported in previous work. In all species, perforations were seen only in tracheae, and the walls of parenchyma cells only had a thin primary wall and without perforation. Analysis and discussion to the experimental measures which were observed and research of the structure of vessel or tracheid, pointed out that several measures all could be used and the Jeffrey’ method effects were better. Comparing the vessels of cycads, Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae helps us to understand the mechanism in which these most primitive or more primitive extant gymnosperms were adapted to harsh environments and to understand these species’ evolutionary extent, and has the significance to the studies of plant anatomy, plant systematics and plant evolution.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Project 39770059)Special funds of the Jjilin University(2002)National Science Foun-dation#INT-0074295 to Steven Manchester and Da-vid Dilcher,and the Becker/Dilcher Endowment for Paleabotany of the University of Florida Foundation.
文摘Androecium of the earliest known flowering plant Archaefructus liaoningensis was found from the Upper Jurassic Jianshangou Formation of western Liaoning, China. The androecium consists of numerous stamens bearing in pair on the reproductive axes below conduplicate carpels. The stamens are composed of a short filament and basifixed anther for each. Monosulcate pollen in situ are found from the anthers. The characters of the androecium reveals that Archaefructus are probably protandrous, and the paired stamens and monosulcate pollen appear to indicate that Archaefructus, as primitive angiosperms,might be derived from extinct seed -ferns during the Older Mesozoic. Archaefructus is considered Late Jurassic in age.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272750 and 31970246)the Scientific and Technological Talents and Platform Program of Yunnan Province(Academician Expert Workstation,202305AF150165)the"Pioneer"and"Leading Goose"R&D Program of Zhejiang(2023C02028).
文摘As some of the earliest evolving flowering plants,waterlilies offer unique insights into angiosperm evolu-tion.Giant Amazonian waterlilies(genus Victoria)are of particular interest due to their production of the world’s largest floating leaves and gigantic flowers that entrap pollinating beetles.Here,we report chromo-some-level genome assemblies of Victoria cruziana and three related waterlilies:Euryale ferox,Nymphaea mexicana,and Brasenia schreberi.We found an ancient whole-genome duplication event specific to the Nymphaeales.We reveal major gene duplication and loss events throughout the evolution of angiosperms,with substantial implications for flower development and the biosynthesis of floral volatile organic com-pounds(FVOCs)in waterlilies.Importantly,we report a unique division of labor in the stamen function of V.cruziana linked to beetle attraction by FVOCs.This is related to the ultra-high expression of VicSABATHa along with Vicchitinase,possibly linked to protection from damage by trapped beetles.Overexpression of VicSABATHa in tobacco leaves reveals a capacity to produce volatile fatty acids,confirming its role in their catalytic synthesis.Overall,these findings provide novel insights into the evolution and adaptations of waterlilies and flowering plants in general.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32470665)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2023E002)+1 种基金the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZYYCXTD-D-202005 and ZYYZDXK-2023244)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-21).
文摘Convergent and parallel evolution occur more frequently than previously thought.Here,we focus on the evolutionary adaptations of angiosperms at sub-zero temperatures.We begin by introducing the history of research on convergent and parallel evolution,defining all independent similarities as convergent evolu-tion.Our analysis reveals that frost zones(periodic or constant),which cover 49.1%of Earth’s land surface,host 137 angiosperm families,with over 90%of their species thriving in these regions.In this context,we revisit the global biogeography and evolutionary trajectories of plant traits,such as herbaceous form and deciduous leaves,that are thought to be evasion strategies for frost adaptation.At the physiological and mo-lecular levels,many angiosperms have independently evolved cold acclimation mechanisms through mul-tiple pathways in addition to the well-characterized C-repeat binding factor/dehydration-responsive element binding protein 1(CBF/DREB1)regulatory pathway.These convergent adaptations have occurred across various molecular levels,including amino acid substitutions and changes in gene duplication and expression within the same or similar functional pathways;however,identical amino acid changes are rare.Our results also highlight the prevalence of polyploidy in frost zones and the occurrence of paleopoly-ploidization events during global cooling.These patterns suggest repeated evolution in cold climates.Finally,we discuss plant domestication and predict climate zone shifts due to global warming and their ef-fects on plant migration and in situ adaptation.Overall,the integration of ecological and molecular perspec-tives is essential for understanding and forecasting plant responses to climate change.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (813 73913)CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine (CAMS-I2M-1-010)
文摘Dear Editor, Schisandra chinensis （Turcz.） Baill. belongs to family Schisandraceae. Its fruit called ＂Wu Wei Zi＂ in Chinese is a well-known medicinal material, which is used to treat chronic cough and dyspnea, nocturnal emission, enuresis, etc. （National Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2015）. Except for S. chinensis, many species of Schisandraceae, such as S. sphenanthera, S. lancifolia and S. rubriflora, are used as the original olants of folk medicines.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32125026,31988102)the National Key Research Development Program of China(2022YFF0802300)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB31000000)。
文摘The Convention on Biological Diversity seeks to conserve at least 30%of global land and water areas by 2030,which is a challenge but also an opportunity to better preserve biodiversity,including flowering plants(angiosperms).Herein,we compiled a large database on distributions of over 300,000 angiosperm species and the key functional traits of 67,024 species.Using this database,we constructed biodiversity-environment models to predict global patterns of taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity in terrestrial angiosperms and provide a comprehensive mapping of the three diversity facets.We further evaluated the current protection status of the biodiversity centers of these diversity facets.Our results showed that geographical patterns of the three facets of plant diversity exhibited substantial spatial mismatches and nonoverlapping conservation priorities.Idiosyncratic centers of functional diversity,particularly of herbaceous species,were primarily distributed in temperate regions and under weaker protection compared with other biodiversity centers of taxonomic and phylogenetic facets.Our global assessment of multifaceted biodiversity patterns and centers highlights the insufficiency and unbalanced conservation among the three diversity facets and the two growth forms(woody vs.herbaceous),thus providing directions for guiding the future conservation of global plant diversity.
