In this article,we review our previous research for spatial and temporal characterizations of the San Andreas Fault(SAF)at Parkfield,using the fault-zone trapped wave(FZTW)since the middle 1980s.Parkfield,California h...In this article,we review our previous research for spatial and temporal characterizations of the San Andreas Fault(SAF)at Parkfield,using the fault-zone trapped wave(FZTW)since the middle 1980s.Parkfield,California has been taken as a scientific seismic experimental site in the USA since the 1970s,and the SAF is the target fault to investigate earthquake physics and forecasting.More than ten types of field experiments(including seismic,geophysical,geochemical,geodetic and so on)have been carried out at this experimental site since then.In the fall of 2003,a pair of scientific wells were drilled at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth(SAFOD)site;the main-hole(MH)passed a~200-m-wide low-velocity zone(LVZ)with highly fractured rocks of the SAF at a depth of~3.2 km below the wellhead on the ground level(Hickman et al.,2005;Zoback,2007;Lockner et al.,2011).Borehole seismographs were installed in the SAFOD MH in 2004,which were located within the LVZ of the fault at~3-km depth to probe the internal structure and physical properties of the SAF.On September 282004,a M6 earthquake occurred~15 km southeast of the town of Parkfield.The data recorded in the field experiments before and after the 2004 M6 earthquake provided a unique opportunity to monitor the co-mainshock damage and post-seismic heal of the SAF associated with this strong earthquake.This retrospective review of the results from a sequence of our previous experiments at the Parkfield SAF,California,will be valuable for other researchers who are carrying out seismic experiments at the active faults to develop the community seismic wave velocity models,the fault models and the earthquake forecasting models in global seismogenic regions.展开更多
Finite Element (FE) modeling under plane stress condition is used to analyze the fault type variation with depth along and around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) zone. In this simulation elastic rheology was used and was ...Finite Element (FE) modeling under plane stress condition is used to analyze the fault type variation with depth along and around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) zone. In this simulation elastic rheology was used and was thought justifiable as the variation in depth from 0.5 km to 20 km was considered. Series of calculations were performed with the variation in domain properties. Three types of models were created based on simple geological map of California, namely, 1) single domain model considering whole California as one homogeneous domain, 2) three domains model including the North American plate, Pacific plate, and SAF zone as separate domains, and 3) Four domains model including the three above plus the Garlock Fault zone. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and Byerlee's law were used for the calculation of failure state. All the models were driven by displacement boundary condition imposing the fixed North American plate and Pacific plate motion along N34°W vector up to the northern terminus of SAF and N50°E vector motion for the subducting the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates. Our simulated results revealed that as the depth increased, the fault types were generally normal, and at shallow depth greater strike slip and some thrust faults were formed. It is concluded that SAF may be terminated as normal fault at depth although the surface expression is clearly strike slip.展开更多
The three largest earthquakes in northern California since 1849 were preceded by increased decadal activity for moderate-size shocks along surrounding nearby faults. Increased seismicity, double-difference precise loc...The three largest earthquakes in northern California since 1849 were preceded by increased decadal activity for moderate-size shocks along surrounding nearby faults. Increased seismicity, double-difference precise locations of earthquakes since 1968, geodetic data and fault offsets for the 1906 great shock are used to re-examine the timing and locations of possible future large earthquakes. The physical mechanisms of regional faults like the Calaveras, Hayward and Sargent, which exhibit creep, differ from those of the northern San Andreas, which is currently locked and is not creeping. Much decadal forerunning activity occurred on creeping faults. Moderate-size earthquakes along those faults became more frequent as stresses in the region increased in the latter part of the cycle of stress restoration for major and great earthquakes along the San Andreas. They may be useful for decadal forecasts. Yearly to decadal forecasts, however, are based on only a few major to great events. Activity along closer faults like that in the two years prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta shock needs to be examined for possible yearly forerunning changes to large plate boundary earthquakes. Geodetic observations are needed to focus on identifying creeping faults close to the San Andreas. The distribution of moderate-size earthquakes increased significantly since 1990 along the Hayward fault but not adjacent to the San Andreas fault to the south of San Francisco compared to what took place in the decades prior to the three major historic earthquakes in the region. It is now clear from a re-examination of the 1989 mainshock that the increased level of moderate-size shocks in the one to two preceding decades occurred on nearby East Bay faults. Double-difference locations of small earthquakes provide structural information about faults in the region, especially their depths. The northern San Andreas fault is divided into several strongly coupled segments based on differences in seismicity.展开更多
In 1555,the Florentine Mannerist painter Giorgio Vasari(1511-1574)created two significant oil panels,the Chariot of the Sun and the Chariot of the Moon,on the ceiling of the Hall of the Elements in the Palazzo Vecchio...In 1555,the Florentine Mannerist painter Giorgio Vasari(1511-1574)created two significant oil panels,the Chariot of the Sun and the Chariot of the Moon,on the ceiling of the Hall of the Elements in the Palazzo Vecchio,Florence.1 Cosimo I de’Medici,Duke of Tuscany(1519-1574),commissioned Vasari to renovate his apartments in the Palazzo Vecchio.Vasari restructured and painted the ceiling and walls of the Hall of the Elements on the second floor,named for its depicted subjects.The walls were painted using the fresco technique,while the ceiling was executed in oil on panels.The walls depicted the elements of Fire,Earth,and Water,whereas the ceiling illustrated the element of Air,containing the panels of the Chariots.Vasari began his education in classical culture in Arezzo under the Latin grammarian Antonio da Saccone and the ancient historian and literary scholar Giovanni Pollio Lappoli,known as Pollastra(1465-1540).He continued his studies within the Medici household under the humanist and hieroglyphologist Pierio Valeriano(1477-1558).In 1539,he met the Milanese law professor and emblematist Andrea Alciato(1492-1550)in Bologna,from whom he learned about the moral aspects of emblems.Through their historical,philosophical,mythographic,and emblematic symbolism,Vasari skillfully synthesize d knowledge to construct intellectual programs that encompass the concepts of ekphrasis and history paintings in his decorative cycles,as revealed in the Chariots.In depicting the cosmic movement of stars and time in the Chariots,Vasari integrated the idea of the chariot illustrated in Baccio Baldini’s astrological engravings and the mythographic account of Apollo and Diana’s chariots in Vincenzo Cartari’s Le Imagini degli dei degli antichi(1547 and 1571).In the discourse regarding the physical and metaphysical movements of the cosmos,Vasari underscores the influence of Italian Neoplatonism,with particular emphasis on insights derived from Marsilio Ficino’s exploration of alchemical colors in nature,as articulated in Liber de Arte Chemica(Books 14 and 15),while also elucidating the importance of Plato’s Chariot of the Soul or Allegory of the Chariot(Jones,Litt,&Ormerod,1918,p.246).展开更多
Some Western scholars have re-examined the concept of“Chinese medicine”and its knowledge system under the influence of global history research methods in recent years,in an attempt to understand the factors that led...Some Western scholars have re-examined the concept of“Chinese medicine”and its knowledge system under the influence of global history research methods in recent years,in an attempt to understand the factors that led to the spread of Chinese medicine around the world,and what kind of Chinese medicine is constituted outside of China.Thus,researchers have studied the initial stage of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)’s entry into the western world,tracing its roots and observing new knowledge systems formed in the process of cross-cultural communication.Responding to the research of Western scholars,this paper studies the Radicis Chynae(《中国根书简》Letters on Chinese Root),a monograph written by Andreas Vesalius,a famous European anatomist who lived in the 16th century.The author of this article examined the understanding and interpretation of Chinese medicine by the European intelligentsia from 16th to 19th century,investigated the influence of the westward spread of TCM on the scientific revolution and medical progress in Europe,and analyzed its relationship with the rise of Sinology in Europe.This article discusses the knowledge interaction between Chinese medicine and the formation of modern European medicine from the perspective of global history and cross-culture.展开更多
This article delves into the significance of Guido Reni’s Infant Bacchus,created during the Italian Baroque period.By examining historical and iconographic elements,the study aims to interpret the symbolism depicted ...This article delves into the significance of Guido Reni’s Infant Bacchus,created during the Italian Baroque period.By examining historical and iconographic elements,the study aims to interpret the symbolism depicted in the painting.The historical aspects include the birth of Dionysus or Bacchus in classical and Italian Renaissance imagery and literary and visual sources that influenced Reni’s solo painting.The iconographic components encompass the infant’s nude body,the child’s bodily functions,and the attributes associated with Bacchus,the God of Agriculture,Revelry,and Wine,such as the grapevines,grapes,ivy,glass flask,kantharos(wine cup),and wine barrel.The emblematic and cosmological associations of Bacchus’s divinity are considered as well.展开更多
Lavinia Fontana’s(1552-1614)Galatea and Cherubs riding the Stormy Waves on a Sea Monster(aka Galatea)of 1590 is an intriguing mythological painting.Being painted on copper,it is a fine example of Lavinia’s explorati...Lavinia Fontana’s(1552-1614)Galatea and Cherubs riding the Stormy Waves on a Sea Monster(aka Galatea)of 1590 is an intriguing mythological painting.Being painted on copper,it is a fine example of Lavinia’s exploration of new artistic techniques and materials as well as testimony to her bold artistic interpretations.Lavinia’s Galatea was part of a private collection in Bologna(Diletta Badeschi).This work fascinates the viewer with its erotic audacity and complex iconographical conceits.Recent scholarship by Daniele Benati,Fausto Gozzi,and Enrico Maria Dal Pozzolo assist in unraveling the meaning of this painting.In this essay there are additional interpretative suggestions.展开更多
Double-difference locations of forerunning shocks of seismic magnitude, M, 2 to 6 are examined in the months to decades before 11 mainshocks in California of magnitude 6 and larger. Each of the 11 had large quiet zone...Double-difference locations of forerunning shocks of seismic magnitude, M, 2 to 6 are examined in the months to decades before 11 mainshocks in California of magnitude 6 and larger. Each of the 11 had large quiet zones beforehand, which are called asperities, that break nearly entirely in large mainshocks. Their surrounding 11 zones were all sites of small to moderate-size shocks that define the approximate magnitudes of the coming large event. The latter, donuts of activity, are places to examine for precursory changes years to decades before larger earthquakes. The quiet asperities and many sites at the earth’s surface are not good places to monitor precursory changes before large mainshocks. Detecting forerunning events to large future earthquakes requires monitoring the right places. A few possible precursory changes are identified and discussed.展开更多
Andrea Palladio’s Renaissance villas are amongst the most famous and widely studied examples of domestic architecture ever produced.The majority of past research about Palladio’s architecture employed historical,mat...Andrea Palladio’s Renaissance villas are amongst the most famous and widely studied examples of domestic architecture ever produced.The majority of past research about Palladio’s architecture employed historical,mathematical and computational methods to analyse their complex proportional systems and rules.In contrast,this paper examines three of Palladio’s arguments about his villas plans which relate to their spatial properties and topological connections.Specifically,this paper uses a computational method e the justified plan graph(JPG)e to test two arguments about the location and significance of the primary salon on the plan,and a third about the extent to which the rooms in Palladio’s plans are,as he claims,flexible enough to contain alternative functions.Using ten of Palladio’s piano nobile(main floor)plans from I Quattro Libri Dell’Architettura as cases,this paper develops mathematical data to test three hypotheses framed around Palladio’s plans and theories.展开更多
The term solidarity is used extensively in the current political debate in Europe. Many times, the European Union is accused of a ＂lack of solidarity＂. But is this really the case？ From the perspective of political...The term solidarity is used extensively in the current political debate in Europe. Many times, the European Union is accused of a ＂lack of solidarity＂. But is this really the case？ From the perspective of political theory, Jurgen Habermas convincingly argues that solidarity beyond the nation state is indeed possible - even without a European demos. Since solidarity was artificially constructed within the nation state, it could very well expand into a form of transnational solidarity. However, the European Union is a complex sui generis institution, characterized by its multi-level governance. This paper therefore complements Habermas＇ concep- tion by Andrea Sangiovanni＇s reciprocity-based internationalism which differenti- ates more detailed between national, member state and transnational solidarity. Moreover, the paper argues that the democratic deficiencies and the economic liberalization in the European Union led to a fourth form of solidarity： a revived solidarity with the nation state. The current situation within the European Union is thus not the result of a lack of solidarity. On the contrary, there is plenty of solidarity around. However, the parallel existence of these different forms of solidarity could not persist without conflicts under the given discourse where solidarity is framed as a zero-sum game. Hence, the European Union does not suffer from a lack of solidarity but rather from a clash of multiple solidarities.展开更多
文摘In this article,we review our previous research for spatial and temporal characterizations of the San Andreas Fault(SAF)at Parkfield,using the fault-zone trapped wave(FZTW)since the middle 1980s.Parkfield,California has been taken as a scientific seismic experimental site in the USA since the 1970s,and the SAF is the target fault to investigate earthquake physics and forecasting.More than ten types of field experiments(including seismic,geophysical,geochemical,geodetic and so on)have been carried out at this experimental site since then.In the fall of 2003,a pair of scientific wells were drilled at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth(SAFOD)site;the main-hole(MH)passed a~200-m-wide low-velocity zone(LVZ)with highly fractured rocks of the SAF at a depth of~3.2 km below the wellhead on the ground level(Hickman et al.,2005;Zoback,2007;Lockner et al.,2011).Borehole seismographs were installed in the SAFOD MH in 2004,which were located within the LVZ of the fault at~3-km depth to probe the internal structure and physical properties of the SAF.On September 282004,a M6 earthquake occurred~15 km southeast of the town of Parkfield.The data recorded in the field experiments before and after the 2004 M6 earthquake provided a unique opportunity to monitor the co-mainshock damage and post-seismic heal of the SAF associated with this strong earthquake.This retrospective review of the results from a sequence of our previous experiments at the Parkfield SAF,California,will be valuable for other researchers who are carrying out seismic experiments at the active faults to develop the community seismic wave velocity models,the fault models and the earthquake forecasting models in global seismogenic regions.
文摘Finite Element (FE) modeling under plane stress condition is used to analyze the fault type variation with depth along and around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) zone. In this simulation elastic rheology was used and was thought justifiable as the variation in depth from 0.5 km to 20 km was considered. Series of calculations were performed with the variation in domain properties. Three types of models were created based on simple geological map of California, namely, 1) single domain model considering whole California as one homogeneous domain, 2) three domains model including the North American plate, Pacific plate, and SAF zone as separate domains, and 3) Four domains model including the three above plus the Garlock Fault zone. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and Byerlee's law were used for the calculation of failure state. All the models were driven by displacement boundary condition imposing the fixed North American plate and Pacific plate motion along N34°W vector up to the northern terminus of SAF and N50°E vector motion for the subducting the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates. Our simulated results revealed that as the depth increased, the fault types were generally normal, and at shallow depth greater strike slip and some thrust faults were formed. It is concluded that SAF may be terminated as normal fault at depth although the surface expression is clearly strike slip.
文摘The three largest earthquakes in northern California since 1849 were preceded by increased decadal activity for moderate-size shocks along surrounding nearby faults. Increased seismicity, double-difference precise locations of earthquakes since 1968, geodetic data and fault offsets for the 1906 great shock are used to re-examine the timing and locations of possible future large earthquakes. The physical mechanisms of regional faults like the Calaveras, Hayward and Sargent, which exhibit creep, differ from those of the northern San Andreas, which is currently locked and is not creeping. Much decadal forerunning activity occurred on creeping faults. Moderate-size earthquakes along those faults became more frequent as stresses in the region increased in the latter part of the cycle of stress restoration for major and great earthquakes along the San Andreas. They may be useful for decadal forecasts. Yearly to decadal forecasts, however, are based on only a few major to great events. Activity along closer faults like that in the two years prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta shock needs to be examined for possible yearly forerunning changes to large plate boundary earthquakes. Geodetic observations are needed to focus on identifying creeping faults close to the San Andreas. The distribution of moderate-size earthquakes increased significantly since 1990 along the Hayward fault but not adjacent to the San Andreas fault to the south of San Francisco compared to what took place in the decades prior to the three major historic earthquakes in the region. It is now clear from a re-examination of the 1989 mainshock that the increased level of moderate-size shocks in the one to two preceding decades occurred on nearby East Bay faults. Double-difference locations of small earthquakes provide structural information about faults in the region, especially their depths. The northern San Andreas fault is divided into several strongly coupled segments based on differences in seismicity.
文摘In 1555,the Florentine Mannerist painter Giorgio Vasari(1511-1574)created two significant oil panels,the Chariot of the Sun and the Chariot of the Moon,on the ceiling of the Hall of the Elements in the Palazzo Vecchio,Florence.1 Cosimo I de’Medici,Duke of Tuscany(1519-1574),commissioned Vasari to renovate his apartments in the Palazzo Vecchio.Vasari restructured and painted the ceiling and walls of the Hall of the Elements on the second floor,named for its depicted subjects.The walls were painted using the fresco technique,while the ceiling was executed in oil on panels.The walls depicted the elements of Fire,Earth,and Water,whereas the ceiling illustrated the element of Air,containing the panels of the Chariots.Vasari began his education in classical culture in Arezzo under the Latin grammarian Antonio da Saccone and the ancient historian and literary scholar Giovanni Pollio Lappoli,known as Pollastra(1465-1540).He continued his studies within the Medici household under the humanist and hieroglyphologist Pierio Valeriano(1477-1558).In 1539,he met the Milanese law professor and emblematist Andrea Alciato(1492-1550)in Bologna,from whom he learned about the moral aspects of emblems.Through their historical,philosophical,mythographic,and emblematic symbolism,Vasari skillfully synthesize d knowledge to construct intellectual programs that encompass the concepts of ekphrasis and history paintings in his decorative cycles,as revealed in the Chariots.In depicting the cosmic movement of stars and time in the Chariots,Vasari integrated the idea of the chariot illustrated in Baccio Baldini’s astrological engravings and the mythographic account of Apollo and Diana’s chariots in Vincenzo Cartari’s Le Imagini degli dei degli antichi(1547 and 1571).In the discourse regarding the physical and metaphysical movements of the cosmos,Vasari underscores the influence of Italian Neoplatonism,with particular emphasis on insights derived from Marsilio Ficino’s exploration of alchemical colors in nature,as articulated in Liber de Arte Chemica(Books 14 and 15),while also elucidating the importance of Plato’s Chariot of the Soul or Allegory of the Chariot(Jones,Litt,&Ormerod,1918,p.246).
基金This study was financed by the grant from the National Research Project for Less Popular Disciplines of China.
文摘Some Western scholars have re-examined the concept of“Chinese medicine”and its knowledge system under the influence of global history research methods in recent years,in an attempt to understand the factors that led to the spread of Chinese medicine around the world,and what kind of Chinese medicine is constituted outside of China.Thus,researchers have studied the initial stage of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)’s entry into the western world,tracing its roots and observing new knowledge systems formed in the process of cross-cultural communication.Responding to the research of Western scholars,this paper studies the Radicis Chynae(《中国根书简》Letters on Chinese Root),a monograph written by Andreas Vesalius,a famous European anatomist who lived in the 16th century.The author of this article examined the understanding and interpretation of Chinese medicine by the European intelligentsia from 16th to 19th century,investigated the influence of the westward spread of TCM on the scientific revolution and medical progress in Europe,and analyzed its relationship with the rise of Sinology in Europe.This article discusses the knowledge interaction between Chinese medicine and the formation of modern European medicine from the perspective of global history and cross-culture.
文摘This article delves into the significance of Guido Reni’s Infant Bacchus,created during the Italian Baroque period.By examining historical and iconographic elements,the study aims to interpret the symbolism depicted in the painting.The historical aspects include the birth of Dionysus or Bacchus in classical and Italian Renaissance imagery and literary and visual sources that influenced Reni’s solo painting.The iconographic components encompass the infant’s nude body,the child’s bodily functions,and the attributes associated with Bacchus,the God of Agriculture,Revelry,and Wine,such as the grapevines,grapes,ivy,glass flask,kantharos(wine cup),and wine barrel.The emblematic and cosmological associations of Bacchus’s divinity are considered as well.
文摘Lavinia Fontana’s(1552-1614)Galatea and Cherubs riding the Stormy Waves on a Sea Monster(aka Galatea)of 1590 is an intriguing mythological painting.Being painted on copper,it is a fine example of Lavinia’s exploration of new artistic techniques and materials as well as testimony to her bold artistic interpretations.Lavinia’s Galatea was part of a private collection in Bologna(Diletta Badeschi).This work fascinates the viewer with its erotic audacity and complex iconographical conceits.Recent scholarship by Daniele Benati,Fausto Gozzi,and Enrico Maria Dal Pozzolo assist in unraveling the meaning of this painting.In this essay there are additional interpretative suggestions.
文摘Double-difference locations of forerunning shocks of seismic magnitude, M, 2 to 6 are examined in the months to decades before 11 mainshocks in California of magnitude 6 and larger. Each of the 11 had large quiet zones beforehand, which are called asperities, that break nearly entirely in large mainshocks. Their surrounding 11 zones were all sites of small to moderate-size shocks that define the approximate magnitudes of the coming large event. The latter, donuts of activity, are places to examine for precursory changes years to decades before larger earthquakes. The quiet asperities and many sites at the earth’s surface are not good places to monitor precursory changes before large mainshocks. Detecting forerunning events to large future earthquakes requires monitoring the right places. A few possible precursory changes are identified and discussed.
基金Financial support for this research was provided by UNSW Scientia Program.
文摘Andrea Palladio’s Renaissance villas are amongst the most famous and widely studied examples of domestic architecture ever produced.The majority of past research about Palladio’s architecture employed historical,mathematical and computational methods to analyse their complex proportional systems and rules.In contrast,this paper examines three of Palladio’s arguments about his villas plans which relate to their spatial properties and topological connections.Specifically,this paper uses a computational method e the justified plan graph(JPG)e to test two arguments about the location and significance of the primary salon on the plan,and a third about the extent to which the rooms in Palladio’s plans are,as he claims,flexible enough to contain alternative functions.Using ten of Palladio’s piano nobile(main floor)plans from I Quattro Libri Dell’Architettura as cases,this paper develops mathematical data to test three hypotheses framed around Palladio’s plans and theories.
文摘The term solidarity is used extensively in the current political debate in Europe. Many times, the European Union is accused of a ＂lack of solidarity＂. But is this really the case？ From the perspective of political theory, Jurgen Habermas convincingly argues that solidarity beyond the nation state is indeed possible - even without a European demos. Since solidarity was artificially constructed within the nation state, it could very well expand into a form of transnational solidarity. However, the European Union is a complex sui generis institution, characterized by its multi-level governance. This paper therefore complements Habermas＇ concep- tion by Andrea Sangiovanni＇s reciprocity-based internationalism which differenti- ates more detailed between national, member state and transnational solidarity. Moreover, the paper argues that the democratic deficiencies and the economic liberalization in the European Union led to a fourth form of solidarity： a revived solidarity with the nation state. The current situation within the European Union is thus not the result of a lack of solidarity. On the contrary, there is plenty of solidarity around. However, the parallel existence of these different forms of solidarity could not persist without conflicts under the given discourse where solidarity is framed as a zero-sum game. Hence, the European Union does not suffer from a lack of solidarity but rather from a clash of multiple solidarities.
