As a practicing anatomic pathologist specialized in urologic pathology,a vast difference may be observed between what pathologists designate as neuroendocrine(or small cell)carcinoma of the prostate,and what clinician...As a practicing anatomic pathologist specialized in urologic pathology,a vast difference may be observed between what pathologists designate as neuroendocrine(or small cell)carcinoma of the prostate,and what clinicians or basic scientists define as such.展开更多
To the Editor:Laparoscopic liver resection(LLR)is widely used as a standard procedure for liver malignancies and benign diseases.Consensus guidelines stated that LLR may be feasible and safe in experienced centers.Evi...To the Editor:Laparoscopic liver resection(LLR)is widely used as a standard procedure for liver malignancies and benign diseases.Consensus guidelines stated that LLR may be feasible and safe in experienced centers.Evidence has shown that LLR is less invasive and has bet-ter patient prognosis than conventional procedures[1].However,laparoscopic anatomic liver resection(LALR)such as segment 8(S8)resection is still challenging due to difficulties in segmental mapping and surgical techniques[2,3].Liver S8 is in a deep-seated area surrounded by the ribs and the diaphragm,and closely con-nected to the right and middle hepatic veins and inferior vena cava.Furthermore,the Glissonean pedicle of segment 8(G8)is lo-cated deep in the liver parenchyma,lacking anatomical landmarks,and making forceps manipulation difficult.Therefore,LALR-S8 has been described as the most challenging procedure[4].展开更多
Background:The surgical management of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)has considerably evolved through recent years.Nonetheless,benefits and harms of several laser procedures are still to be determined....Background:The surgical management of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)has considerably evolved through recent years.Nonetheless,benefits and harms of several laser procedures are still to be determined.The study aimed to report perioperative and early functional results of patients treated with anatomical photo vaporization of the prostate(aPVP).Methods:Data from consecutive patients treated with aPVP by using a 180-W XPS GreenLight laser were prospectively collected in a single tertiary center between 2020 and 2023.The surgical procedure was divided into a modular step-by-step fashion.Patients were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires at baseline and during follow-up visits.Results:Overall,176 consecutive patients were enrolled.Median age was 65[interquartile range(IQR)63–72]years.The baseline median prostate volume was 61.2(IQR 52.5–71.0)mL,and the median max flow rate(Qmax)was 9.3(IQR 7.8–11.5)mL/s.Median preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS)was 25(IQR 22–29).Overall,the median operative time was 42(IQR 31–47)minutes with a median energy/mL of tissue delivered of 2447 kJ/mL.At 3 month-evaluation,significant improvements were observed,with a median Qmax of 28(IQR:24–32)mL/s and a median IPSS reduction of 15(IQR:11–18)points.A strong inverse correlation was identified between energy delivery during initial procedural steps and the severity of postoperative storage symptoms(all p<0.05),underscoring the importance of precise energy modulation.Multivariate analysis identified increased prostate volume(odds ratio[OR]:1.02;95%confidence interval[CI]1.01–1.11;p=0.001)and higher prostate width-to-length ratio(OR:1.28;95%CI 1.04–1.78;p=0.03)as independent predictors of increased energy requirements.Conclusions:aPVP with 180-W XPS GreenLight laser is a safe and effective technique showing worthy early functional results.The limitation of the energy delivered in some key phases of the procedure may be associated with a significant reduction in postoperative irritative symptoms.The shape and dimensions of the prostate also play a critical role in determining the total energy required for complete adenoma removal.展开更多
Various approaches to laparoscopic anatomic liver resection have been described.In this paper,the authors present a technique that utilizes the ventral avascular areas above the inferior vena cava.While many liver sur...Various approaches to laparoscopic anatomic liver resection have been described.In this paper,the authors present a technique that utilizes the ventral avascular areas above the inferior vena cava.While many liver surgeons partially adopt this elements of this method,few employ it to the full extent outlined here.Main-taining low central venous pressure during anesthesia is critical to this approach,as demonstrated by the operative images showing collapsed hepatic veins.This technique is particularly advantageous when the patient’s body mass index is low,the tumor is small(or large but deeply embedded within the liver parenchy-ma),and the overlying liver tissue is not excessively bulky or heavy.Nonetheless,following the conventional course along the Glissonean pedicle can be beneficial.The authors demonstrate notable skill in completing these procedures laparosco-pically.However,concerns over margin positivity and tumor recurrence remain,and follow up studies are needed to further validate the approach.展开更多
The kidney is essential for maintaining fluid,electrolyte,and metabolite homeostasis,and for regulating blood pressure.The pig serves as a valuable biomedical model for human renal physiology,offering insights across ...The kidney is essential for maintaining fluid,electrolyte,and metabolite homeostasis,and for regulating blood pressure.The pig serves as a valuable biomedical model for human renal physiology,offering insights across different physiological states.In this study,single-cell RNA sequencing was used to profile 138469 cells from 12 pig kidney samples collected during the embryonic(E),fattening(F),and pregnancy(P)periods,identifying 29 cell types.Proximal tubule(PT)cells exhibited elevated expression of metabolism-related transcription factors(TFs),including GPD1,ACAA1,and AGMAT,with validation across multiple individuals,periods,and species.Fluorescence homologous double-labeling of paraffin sections further confirmed the expression of ACAA1 and AGMAT in PT cells.Comparative analysis of pig and human kidneys revealed a high degree of similarity among corresponding cell types.Analysis of cell-type heterogeneity highlighted the diversity of thick ascending limb(TAL)cells,identifying a TAL subpopulation related to immune function.Additionally,the functional heterogeneity of kidney-resident macrophages(KRM)was explored across different anatomical sites.In the renal medulla,KRM were implicated in phagocytosis and leukocyte activation,whereas in the renal pelvis,they functioned as ligands,recruiting neutrophils with bactericidal activity to the renal pelvis to combat urinary tract infections.展开更多
Root anatomical traits play an important role in understanding the link between root physiological function and ecological process. To determine how plants change root anatomical traits to adapt to distinct environmen...Root anatomical traits play an important role in understanding the link between root physiological function and ecological process. To determine how plants change root anatomical traits to adapt to distinct environments, we measured four key root anatomical traits-stele diameter(SD), cortex thickness(CT), root diameter(RD), and the stele to root diameter ratio(SDRD)-of first-order roots of 82species collected from different vegetation zones along a 2000 m altitudinal gradient on the northern slope of Taibai Mountain. Compared with other altitudes, plants located in temperate birch and fir forests had thinner SD, CT, RD, and SDRD. We found that elevational variation in root anatomical traits could largely be explained by phylogenetic taxonomy(clade). In addition, changes in SD were driven by soil bulk density, whereas variations in CT and RD were influenced by soil available nitrogen. When phylogenetic factors were removed from our analysis, allometric relationships between RD and root anatomical traits(SD and CT) were observed across different altitudes. Our study reveals the influence of phylogeny and environment on the elevational variation in root anatomical traits and further supports the allometric relationship between root anatomical traits(SD and CT) and RD. These findings enhance our understanding of the evolutionary and adaptive mechanisms of root anatomical structures, providing a basis for predicting how root anatomical traits respond to global changes.展开更多
BACKGROUND Sigmoid colon cancer faces challenges due to anatomical diversity,including variable inferior mesenteric artery(IMA)branching and tumor localization complexities,which increase intraoperative risks.AIM To c...BACKGROUND Sigmoid colon cancer faces challenges due to anatomical diversity,including variable inferior mesenteric artery(IMA)branching and tumor localization complexities,which increase intraoperative risks.AIM To comprehensively evaluate the impact of three-dimensional(3D)visualization technology on enhancing surgical precision and safety,as well as optimizing perioperative outcomes in laparoscopic sigmoid cancer resection.METHODS A prospective cohort of 106 patients(January 2023 to December 2024)undergoing laparoscopic sigmoid cancer resection was divided into the 3D(n=55)group and the control(n=51)group.The 3D group underwent preoperative enhanced computed tomography reconstruction(3D Slicer 5.2.2&Mimics 19.0).3D reconstruction visualization navigation intraoperatively guided the following key steps:Tumor location,Toldt’s space dissection,IMA ligation level selection,regional lymph node dissection,and marginal artery preservation.Outcomes included operative parameters,lymph node yield,and recovery metrics.RESULTS The 3D group demonstrated a significantly shorter operative time(172.91±20.69 minutes vs 190.29±32.29 minutes;P=0.002),reduced blood loss(31.5±11.8 mL vs 44.1±23.4 mL,P=0.001),earlier postoperative flatus(2.23±0.54 days vs 2.53±0.61 days;P=0.013),shorter hospital length of stay(13.47±1.74 days vs 16.20±7.71 days;P=0.013),shorter postoperative length of stay(8.6±2.6 days vs 10.5±4.9 days;P=0.014),and earlier postoperative exhaust time(2.23±0.54 days vs 2.53±0.61 days;P=0.013).Furthermore,the 3D group exhibited a higher mean number of lymph nodes harvested(16.91±5.74 vs 14.45±5.66;P=0.030).CONCLUSION The 3D visualization technology effectively addresses sigmoid colon anatomical complexity through surgical navigation,improving procedural safety and efficiency.展开更多
Diaphragmatic function is central to respiration,and its evaluation is critical in intensive care unit(ICU)settings.Ultrasonography is a reliable bedside tool to assess diaphragmatic excursion(DE).[1,2]The conventiona...Diaphragmatic function is central to respiration,and its evaluation is critical in intensive care unit(ICU)settings.Ultrasonography is a reliable bedside tool to assess diaphragmatic excursion(DE).[1,2]The conventional M-mode(MM)offers high-resolution imaging but requires precise alignment,which can be diffi cult in ICU patients.[3-5]Anatomical M-mode(AMM)allows flexible line adjustment,enabling accurate DE measurements despite poor acoustic windows.[6]However,comparative data between MM and AMM are limited.This retrospective study evaluated the concordance between MM and AMM for assessing right DE.展开更多
This article comments on the study by Peng et al,published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,representing a notable advancement in hepatobiliary surgery.This article examines laparoscopic anatomical seg...This article comments on the study by Peng et al,published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,representing a notable advancement in hepatobiliary surgery.This article examines laparoscopic anatomical segment VIII resection,a challenging procedure due to the complex liver anatomy and difficulty in accessing deep-seated lesions.Peng and colleagues’experience with caudal and cranial approaches in 34 patients underscores the feasibility of these techniques while sparking debates about the optimal approach.Their study’s strengths lie in technique standardization and comprehensive analysis,although its limitations highlight the need for further research.As minimally invasive liver surgery progresses,larger,prospective trials and integration of advanced technologies are essential for establishing best practices.展开更多
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic hepatectomy is a proven safe and technically feasible approach for liver tumor resection,but laparoscopic anatomical SVIII resection(LASVIIIR)remains rarely reported due to poor accessibility,d...BACKGROUND Laparoscopic hepatectomy is a proven safe and technically feasible approach for liver tumor resection,but laparoscopic anatomical SVIII resection(LASVIIIR)remains rarely reported due to poor accessibility,difficult exposure,and the deep-lying Glissonean pedicle.This study examined the safety,feasibility,and perio-perative outcomes of LASVIIIR via a middle hepatic fissure approach at our in-stitution.AIM To investigate the safety,feasibility,and perioperative outcomes of LASVIIIR via a middle hepatic fissure approach at our institution.METHODS From November 2017 to December 2022,all patients with a liver tumor who underwent LASVIIIR were enrolled.The perioperative outcomes and postope-rative complications were evaluated.RESULTS Thirty-four patients underwent LASVIIIR via a middle hepatic fissure approach from the side or cranio side and were included.The mean operation time was 164±54 minutes,and the intra-operative blood loss was 100 mL(range:20-1000 mL).The mean operative times were,respectively,152±50 minutes and 222±29 minutes(P=0.001)for the caudal side and cranial side approaches.In addition,the median blood loss volumes were 100 mL(range:20-300 mL)and 250 mL(range:20-1000 mL),respectively,for the caudal and cranial sides(P=0.064).Three patients treated using the cranial side approach experienced bile leakage,while 1 patient treated using the caudal side approach had subphrenic collection and underwent percutaneous drainage to successfully recover.There were no differences regarding postoperative hospital stays for the caudal and cranial side approaches[9(7-26)days vs 8(8-19)days](P=0.226).CONCLUSION LASVIIIR resection remains a challenging operation,but the middle hepatic fissure approach is a reasonable and easy-to-implement technique.展开更多
Over the past decade,medical researchers in China have debated whether the Pi(脾)corresponds to the biomedical spleen or pancreas.This debate exemplifies a broader phenomenon of“anatomical retrofitting”,or the anach...Over the past decade,medical researchers in China have debated whether the Pi(脾)corresponds to the biomedical spleen or pancreas.This debate exemplifies a broader phenomenon of“anatomical retrofitting”,or the anachronistic imposition of contemporary categories onto living historical objects.“Anatomical retrofitting”as a means of rectifying cases of mistranslation further positions the biomedical spleen and pancreas as representing ahistorical,universal truths.This framework gives rise to a conceptual binary:while the biomedical spleen is universalized as what philosophers may describe as“logical”ontology,the Pi connects to a different nature of reality,or“metaphysical”ontology.Far from being an object of imprecision,the Pi was a dynamic vessel that also shared characteristics with the humoral spleen.Given that scholars in China have already subjected Pi to historical scrutiny,this paper urges scholars to do the same with biomedical anatomy.For instance,historically situating the humoral spleen demonstrates that it became less known and less articulated as it transformed into the biomedical spleen.Meanwhile,the pancreas remained an unstable epistemic object that took on the dynamic functions of the humoral spleen in nineteenth-century organotherapy.Through primary source analysis and literature review,this paper contends that the apparent ontological incommensurability between Pi and spleen is neither mutually exclusive nor irreconcilable.Instead,the dynamic nature of internal viscera,their many functions,and their participation in epistemic practices contribute to an ongoing ontological ambivalence that persists despite the forced certainty of anatomical retrofitting.展开更多
The lack of a suitable rootstock to control scion growth has limited the development of high-density plantations in pear production, which is partly attributed to poor understanding of the dwarfing mechanism. In the p...The lack of a suitable rootstock to control scion growth has limited the development of high-density plantations in pear production, which is partly attributed to poor understanding of the dwarfing mechanism. In the present study, the rootstock of the dwarf-type pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)PY-9’ was identified and used as the material for anatomical analysis.PY-9’ grew to half the tree height of the normal cultivar Zhengdu’, along with fewer internodes and shorter length. Significant differences in growth rate betweenPY-9’ andZhengdu’ were detected at approximately 30 days after full bloom, which corresponded with the time of the greatest difference in water potential between the dwarf and normal cultivar.PY-9’ showed a higher photosynthetic rate thanZhengdu’. Anatomical analysis showed thatPY-9’ had higher area ratios of both phloem and xylem and more developed vascular tissues thanZhengdu’. The three-dimensional reconstructed skeleton of the xylem from X-ray computed tomography scanning revealed greater intervessel connectivity inZhengdu’ than inPY-9’, which could contribute to the more vigorous growth ofZhengdu’. This study thus provides the first comparison of the microstructural properties of xylem elements between a dwarfing-type and vigorous-type pear rootstock, providing new insights into the dwarfing mechanism in pear and facilitating breeding of dwarf pear rootstocks to increase crop productivity.展开更多
Objective:Coronary artery anatomical variations and anomalies are an important topic due to their potential clinical manifestations.This study aims to investigate the prevalence of coronary artery anatomical variation...Objective:Coronary artery anatomical variations and anomalies are an important topic due to their potential clinical manifestations.This study aims to investigate the prevalence of coronary artery anatomical variations and anomalies in symptomatic patients with coronary computed tomography angiography(CCTA).Methods:This is a retrospective study that included all symptomatic patients who had CCTA in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia during a period of seven years.Results:The total number of included patients was 507(60%males)with a mean age of 57.4 years.Approximately 41%had luminal stenoses,averaging 49.7%.The total num-ber of patients with coronary anatomical variations(CAV)and coronary artery anomalies(CAA)was 217(43%).CAV prevalence was 26%,which included 14%non-right coronary dominance,5%short left main coronary artery(LMCA),and 7%division variations(trifurcation and quadrifurcarion)of the LMCA.The prevalence of CAA was 29%,which included 5%origin anomalies,22%myocardial bridge,and 2%course anomalies.Conclusions:A high prevalence of coronary artery anatomic variations and anomalies in symptomatic patients is reported in this study.Systematic reviews,meta-analyses,reporting guidelines,and unified definitions and classifications of cor-onary variations and anomalies are lacking in the literature,presenting potential opportunities for future research and publications.展开更多
BACKGROUND The minimal clinically important difference(MCID)is defined as the smallest meaningful change in a health domain that a patient would identify as important.Thus,an improvement that exceeds the MCID can be u...BACKGROUND The minimal clinically important difference(MCID)is defined as the smallest meaningful change in a health domain that a patient would identify as important.Thus,an improvement that exceeds the MCID can be used to define a successful treatment for the individual patient.AIM To quantify the rate of clinical improvement following anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty for glenohumeral osteoarthritis.METHODS Patients were treated with the Global Unite total shoulder platform arthroplasty between March 2017 and February 2019 at Herlev and Gentofte Hospital,Denmark.The patients were evaluated preoperatively and 3 months,6 months,12 months,and 24 months postoperatively using the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder index(WOOS),Oxford Shoulder Score(OSS)and Constant-Murley Score(CMS).The rate of clinically relevant improvement was defined as the proportion of patients who had an improvement 24 months postoperatively that exceeded the MCID.Based on previous literature,MCID for WOOS,OSS,and CMS were defined as 12.3,4.3,and 12.8 respectively.RESULTS Forty-nine patients with a Global Unite total shoulder platform arthroplasty were included for the final analysis.Mean age at the time of surgery was 66 years(range 49.0-79.0,SD:8.3)and 65%were women.One patient was revised within the two years follow-up.The mean improvement from the preoperative assessment to the two-year follow-up was 46.1 points[95%confidence interval(95%CI):39.7-53.3,P<0.005]for WOOS,18.2 points(95%CI:15.5-21.0,P<0.005)for OSS and 37.8 points(95%CI:31.5-44.0,P<0.005)for CMS.Two years postoperatively,41 patients(87%)had an improvement in WOOS that exceeded the MCID,45 patients(94%)had an improvement in OSS that exceeded the MCID,and 42 patients(88%)had an improvement in CMS that exceeded the MCID.CONCLUSION Based on three shoulder-specific outcome measures we find that approximately 90%of patients has a clinically relevant improvement.This is a clear message when informing patients about their prognosis.展开更多
Introduction: Acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation is a common shoulder injury, comprising 9% - 12% of shoulder girdle injuries. Optimal management remains challenging, with treatment decisions guided by the Rockw...Introduction: Acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation is a common shoulder injury, comprising 9% - 12% of shoulder girdle injuries. Optimal management remains challenging, with treatment decisions guided by the Rockwood classification system. Controversies surround grade III injuries, necessitating further classification. Non-operative treatment has shown favorable outcomes, while surgical interventions vary. Anatomical coracoclavicular reconstruction (ACCR) has demonstrated biomechanical advantages over traditional methods. Arthroscopic techniques offer advantages, minimizing deltoid detachment and allowing concurrent pathology identification. This study evaluates the outcomes of arthroscopic-assisted ACCR in chronic AC joint dislocation. Surgical Technique: Arthroscopic-assisted ACCR involves meticulous portal placement, tendon graft harvesting, diagnostic arthroscopy, and coracoid exposure. The clavicle tunnels were made to mimic the conoid and trapezoid ligament positions, using FibreTape#2 loop and Dog Bone Button for correct placement against the coracoid base, and passing the semitendinosus graft through to reconstruct the conoid ligament, reduction done and graft follow through for anatomical reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective cohort study at Hospital Kuala Lumpur analyzed 35 patients undergoing arthroscopic-assisted ACCR for Rockwood grade III - V AC joint dislocations. Inclusion criteria encompassed trauma ≥ 3 weeks prior, no prior shoulder injuries, and ≥12-month follow-up. Functional and radiological assessments utilized ASES scores and coracoclavicular distances, respectively. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: The mean age was 38.9 years (SD 11.26), and 34 of 35 patients were male. Grade IV injuries were predominant (37.1%). Waiting time for surgery averaged 234.9 days. Functional improvement was substantial postoperatively (ASES: 55.5 to 88.9). Radiological outcomes demonstrated reduced coracoclavicular distances and maintained reduction. No significant correlation was observed between injury grade and outcomes. Conclusion: Arthroscopic-assisted ACCR for chronic AC joint dislocation yields significant functional and radiological improvement, irrespective of injury grade. Waiting time for surgery exhibits minor impact on outcomes, emphasizing the procedure’s efficacy. Concomitant injuries do not impede success, highlighting the versatility of this approach in managing shoulder instability. The study contributes valuable insights into the nuanced management of chronic AC joint dislocations and supports the adoption of arthroscopic-assisted ACCR as a viable treatment option.展开更多
A mutant with abnormal hull was first discovered from a twin-seedling strain W2555 in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The mutant had sparse branches and decreased number of florets from the base to the peak. Frequently, the...A mutant with abnormal hull was first discovered from a twin-seedling strain W2555 in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The mutant had sparse branches and decreased number of florets from the base to the peak. Frequently, the florets at the top of the panicle did not develop completely. The underdeveloped florets often showed slender and white in their life cycle. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant traits were controlled by a single recessive gene （temporarily designated as ah）. ah gene controlled the development of inflorescence meristem and the flower organ. The florets of mutant showed degenerated lemma and palea. Stamens and lodicules were homeoticly transformed into pistils and palea/lemma-like structures, respectively. It seemed that ah mutant phenotypes of the homeotic conversions in lodicules and stamens were very similar to that of the B loss-of-function spwl gene reported previously in rice.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of tomato yellow leaf curl virus （TYLCV） infection on leaf anatomical structure and protective enzyme system of tomato. [Method] The anatomical structure of infected and h...[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of tomato yellow leaf curl virus （TYLCV） infection on leaf anatomical structure and protective enzyme system of tomato. [Method] The anatomical structure of infected and healthy leaves of tomato were observed and compared by using paraffin section method. The activity changes of SOD, POD and CAT in the infected leaves of tomato were determined. [ Result] The results revealed that there were some differences in anatomical structure between healthy and infected leaves. Some cells of infected leaves were damaged so that the leaves curled and became yellow, which affected the normal function of organs. Compared with control, enzyme activities in the tomato plants infected by TYLCV were enhanced at the early periods and higher than that in control, then started to decline at the middle and late periods but lower than that in control.[ Conclusion] After infection by TYLCV, the leaf anatomical structure of tomato was changed greatly and the protective enzyme system was damaged severely, and affected the normal physJological metabolic functions of tissues and organs in tomato in further.展开更多
Plants usually suffer drought stress during their growth process. As the photosynthetic activity center of plants, the leaf is the most sensitive organ under drought stress. In order to support the research on drought...Plants usually suffer drought stress during their growth process. As the photosynthetic activity center of plants, the leaf is the most sensitive organ under drought stress. In order to support the research on drought resistance of higher plants, this study reviewed the adaptation response and damage performance of epidermal structure, palisade tissue and spongy tissue, thickness, veins and stomata of plant leaves under drought stress.展开更多
The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successi...The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successively. About 50 days were needed from the formation of staminate inflorescence on the base of branch to ful y develop the staminate inflorescence on the top of the branch. On the same staminate inflorescence, male flower clusters of the base formed first, then upward successively. About 20 days were needed from the formation of stami-nate inflorescence on the base of the male flower cluster to ful y develop the stami-nate inflorescence on the top of the branch. 5-7 male flowers forming a cluster, the flower number in a cluster was odd number usual y, and there was one on the top and each two paral el y arranged downward. The flower on the top came into bloom first, and then downward successively. The flowers paral el y arranged came into bloom at the same time. Sporangium of male flower of chestnut was monolocular. There were a large number of pol en grains in the sporangium. There were large differences between the development process of different sporangium in one male flower. Chestnut had larger quantity of male flowers and pol en and long period of pol ination compared with female flower. It is remained to be further studied whether it was necessary for anemophilous pol ination.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to compare leaf anatomical structure of Malus sieversii and M. robusta under different salt concentration levels to determine their tolerance to salt and thus to provide rootstock ...[Objective] This study was conducted to compare leaf anatomical structure of Malus sieversii and M. robusta under different salt concentration levels to determine their tolerance to salt and thus to provide rootstock materials for apple production in salinized soil in Southern Xinjiang. [Method] The experiment was conducted with M. sieversii and M. robusta as test materials. Salt stress was simulated using 8 g/L of NaCI solution, and Hoagland nutrient solution was used instead of NaCI solution as control group （CK）. Samples were collected on the 20^th d of treatment, sliced through paraffin processing. The prepared paraffin sections of M. sieversii and M. robusta were then observed under a light microscope for anatomical structures of leaf, upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissue and spongy tissue. [Result] Compared with the control, the leaf, upper epidermis, lower epidermis and spongy tissue of M. sieversii and M. robusta under salt stress were thickened at different degrees, while the thickness of the palisade tissue was decreased. Moreover, high salt concentration caused severer damage to the cell structure of M. sieversii than to that of M. robusta, as M. robusta cells maintained better structural integrity. [Conclusion] M. robusta has higher adaptability to salt stress than M. sieversii.展开更多
文摘As a practicing anatomic pathologist specialized in urologic pathology,a vast difference may be observed between what pathologists designate as neuroendocrine(or small cell)carcinoma of the prostate,and what clinicians or basic scientists define as such.
文摘To the Editor:Laparoscopic liver resection(LLR)is widely used as a standard procedure for liver malignancies and benign diseases.Consensus guidelines stated that LLR may be feasible and safe in experienced centers.Evidence has shown that LLR is less invasive and has bet-ter patient prognosis than conventional procedures[1].However,laparoscopic anatomic liver resection(LALR)such as segment 8(S8)resection is still challenging due to difficulties in segmental mapping and surgical techniques[2,3].Liver S8 is in a deep-seated area surrounded by the ribs and the diaphragm,and closely con-nected to the right and middle hepatic veins and inferior vena cava.Furthermore,the Glissonean pedicle of segment 8(G8)is lo-cated deep in the liver parenchyma,lacking anatomical landmarks,and making forceps manipulation difficult.Therefore,LALR-S8 has been described as the most challenging procedure[4].
文摘Background:The surgical management of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)has considerably evolved through recent years.Nonetheless,benefits and harms of several laser procedures are still to be determined.The study aimed to report perioperative and early functional results of patients treated with anatomical photo vaporization of the prostate(aPVP).Methods:Data from consecutive patients treated with aPVP by using a 180-W XPS GreenLight laser were prospectively collected in a single tertiary center between 2020 and 2023.The surgical procedure was divided into a modular step-by-step fashion.Patients were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires at baseline and during follow-up visits.Results:Overall,176 consecutive patients were enrolled.Median age was 65[interquartile range(IQR)63–72]years.The baseline median prostate volume was 61.2(IQR 52.5–71.0)mL,and the median max flow rate(Qmax)was 9.3(IQR 7.8–11.5)mL/s.Median preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS)was 25(IQR 22–29).Overall,the median operative time was 42(IQR 31–47)minutes with a median energy/mL of tissue delivered of 2447 kJ/mL.At 3 month-evaluation,significant improvements were observed,with a median Qmax of 28(IQR:24–32)mL/s and a median IPSS reduction of 15(IQR:11–18)points.A strong inverse correlation was identified between energy delivery during initial procedural steps and the severity of postoperative storage symptoms(all p<0.05),underscoring the importance of precise energy modulation.Multivariate analysis identified increased prostate volume(odds ratio[OR]:1.02;95%confidence interval[CI]1.01–1.11;p=0.001)and higher prostate width-to-length ratio(OR:1.28;95%CI 1.04–1.78;p=0.03)as independent predictors of increased energy requirements.Conclusions:aPVP with 180-W XPS GreenLight laser is a safe and effective technique showing worthy early functional results.The limitation of the energy delivered in some key phases of the procedure may be associated with a significant reduction in postoperative irritative symptoms.The shape and dimensions of the prostate also play a critical role in determining the total energy required for complete adenoma removal.
文摘Various approaches to laparoscopic anatomic liver resection have been described.In this paper,the authors present a technique that utilizes the ventral avascular areas above the inferior vena cava.While many liver surgeons partially adopt this elements of this method,few employ it to the full extent outlined here.Main-taining low central venous pressure during anesthesia is critical to this approach,as demonstrated by the operative images showing collapsed hepatic veins.This technique is particularly advantageous when the patient’s body mass index is low,the tumor is small(or large but deeply embedded within the liver parenchy-ma),and the overlying liver tissue is not excessively bulky or heavy.Nonetheless,following the conventional course along the Glissonean pedicle can be beneficial.The authors demonstrate notable skill in completing these procedures laparosco-pically.However,concerns over margin positivity and tumor recurrence remain,and follow up studies are needed to further validate the approach.
基金supported by the International Cooperation and Exchange Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32261133531)。
文摘The kidney is essential for maintaining fluid,electrolyte,and metabolite homeostasis,and for regulating blood pressure.The pig serves as a valuable biomedical model for human renal physiology,offering insights across different physiological states.In this study,single-cell RNA sequencing was used to profile 138469 cells from 12 pig kidney samples collected during the embryonic(E),fattening(F),and pregnancy(P)periods,identifying 29 cell types.Proximal tubule(PT)cells exhibited elevated expression of metabolism-related transcription factors(TFs),including GPD1,ACAA1,and AGMAT,with validation across multiple individuals,periods,and species.Fluorescence homologous double-labeling of paraffin sections further confirmed the expression of ACAA1 and AGMAT in PT cells.Comparative analysis of pig and human kidneys revealed a high degree of similarity among corresponding cell types.Analysis of cell-type heterogeneity highlighted the diversity of thick ascending limb(TAL)cells,identifying a TAL subpopulation related to immune function.Additionally,the functional heterogeneity of kidney-resident macrophages(KRM)was explored across different anatomical sites.In the renal medulla,KRM were implicated in phagocytosis and leukocyte activation,whereas in the renal pelvis,they functioned as ligands,recruiting neutrophils with bactericidal activity to the renal pelvis to combat urinary tract infections.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32271611)Functional traits of plant communities at different elevation gradients in the Taibai Mountain of Qinling Mountains financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016YFC0500202)245 Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station in 2022 financed by Ministry of Education of China.
文摘Root anatomical traits play an important role in understanding the link between root physiological function and ecological process. To determine how plants change root anatomical traits to adapt to distinct environments, we measured four key root anatomical traits-stele diameter(SD), cortex thickness(CT), root diameter(RD), and the stele to root diameter ratio(SDRD)-of first-order roots of 82species collected from different vegetation zones along a 2000 m altitudinal gradient on the northern slope of Taibai Mountain. Compared with other altitudes, plants located in temperate birch and fir forests had thinner SD, CT, RD, and SDRD. We found that elevational variation in root anatomical traits could largely be explained by phylogenetic taxonomy(clade). In addition, changes in SD were driven by soil bulk density, whereas variations in CT and RD were influenced by soil available nitrogen. When phylogenetic factors were removed from our analysis, allometric relationships between RD and root anatomical traits(SD and CT) were observed across different altitudes. Our study reveals the influence of phylogeny and environment on the elevational variation in root anatomical traits and further supports the allometric relationship between root anatomical traits(SD and CT) and RD. These findings enhance our understanding of the evolutionary and adaptive mechanisms of root anatomical structures, providing a basis for predicting how root anatomical traits respond to global changes.
基金Supported by the Health Commission of Fuyang City,Anhui,China,No.FY2023-45Fuyang Municipal Science and Technology Bureau,Anhui,China,No.FK20245505+1 种基金Anhui Provincial Health Commission,No.AHWJ2023Baa20164Bengbu Medical University,No.2023byzd215.
文摘BACKGROUND Sigmoid colon cancer faces challenges due to anatomical diversity,including variable inferior mesenteric artery(IMA)branching and tumor localization complexities,which increase intraoperative risks.AIM To comprehensively evaluate the impact of three-dimensional(3D)visualization technology on enhancing surgical precision and safety,as well as optimizing perioperative outcomes in laparoscopic sigmoid cancer resection.METHODS A prospective cohort of 106 patients(January 2023 to December 2024)undergoing laparoscopic sigmoid cancer resection was divided into the 3D(n=55)group and the control(n=51)group.The 3D group underwent preoperative enhanced computed tomography reconstruction(3D Slicer 5.2.2&Mimics 19.0).3D reconstruction visualization navigation intraoperatively guided the following key steps:Tumor location,Toldt’s space dissection,IMA ligation level selection,regional lymph node dissection,and marginal artery preservation.Outcomes included operative parameters,lymph node yield,and recovery metrics.RESULTS The 3D group demonstrated a significantly shorter operative time(172.91±20.69 minutes vs 190.29±32.29 minutes;P=0.002),reduced blood loss(31.5±11.8 mL vs 44.1±23.4 mL,P=0.001),earlier postoperative flatus(2.23±0.54 days vs 2.53±0.61 days;P=0.013),shorter hospital length of stay(13.47±1.74 days vs 16.20±7.71 days;P=0.013),shorter postoperative length of stay(8.6±2.6 days vs 10.5±4.9 days;P=0.014),and earlier postoperative exhaust time(2.23±0.54 days vs 2.53±0.61 days;P=0.013).Furthermore,the 3D group exhibited a higher mean number of lymph nodes harvested(16.91±5.74 vs 14.45±5.66;P=0.030).CONCLUSION The 3D visualization technology effectively addresses sigmoid colon anatomical complexity through surgical navigation,improving procedural safety and efficiency.
文摘Diaphragmatic function is central to respiration,and its evaluation is critical in intensive care unit(ICU)settings.Ultrasonography is a reliable bedside tool to assess diaphragmatic excursion(DE).[1,2]The conventional M-mode(MM)offers high-resolution imaging but requires precise alignment,which can be diffi cult in ICU patients.[3-5]Anatomical M-mode(AMM)allows flexible line adjustment,enabling accurate DE measurements despite poor acoustic windows.[6]However,comparative data between MM and AMM are limited.This retrospective study evaluated the concordance between MM and AMM for assessing right DE.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82170406 and No.81970238.
文摘This article comments on the study by Peng et al,published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,representing a notable advancement in hepatobiliary surgery.This article examines laparoscopic anatomical segment VIII resection,a challenging procedure due to the complex liver anatomy and difficulty in accessing deep-seated lesions.Peng and colleagues’experience with caudal and cranial approaches in 34 patients underscores the feasibility of these techniques while sparking debates about the optimal approach.Their study’s strengths lie in technique standardization and comprehensive analysis,although its limitations highlight the need for further research.As minimally invasive liver surgery progresses,larger,prospective trials and integration of advanced technologies are essential for establishing best practices.
基金Supported by Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project,No.2022A0505050065Guangdong Natural Science Foundation,No.2022A1515011632.
文摘BACKGROUND Laparoscopic hepatectomy is a proven safe and technically feasible approach for liver tumor resection,but laparoscopic anatomical SVIII resection(LASVIIIR)remains rarely reported due to poor accessibility,difficult exposure,and the deep-lying Glissonean pedicle.This study examined the safety,feasibility,and perio-perative outcomes of LASVIIIR via a middle hepatic fissure approach at our in-stitution.AIM To investigate the safety,feasibility,and perioperative outcomes of LASVIIIR via a middle hepatic fissure approach at our institution.METHODS From November 2017 to December 2022,all patients with a liver tumor who underwent LASVIIIR were enrolled.The perioperative outcomes and postope-rative complications were evaluated.RESULTS Thirty-four patients underwent LASVIIIR via a middle hepatic fissure approach from the side or cranio side and were included.The mean operation time was 164±54 minutes,and the intra-operative blood loss was 100 mL(range:20-1000 mL).The mean operative times were,respectively,152±50 minutes and 222±29 minutes(P=0.001)for the caudal side and cranial side approaches.In addition,the median blood loss volumes were 100 mL(range:20-300 mL)and 250 mL(range:20-1000 mL),respectively,for the caudal and cranial sides(P=0.064).Three patients treated using the cranial side approach experienced bile leakage,while 1 patient treated using the caudal side approach had subphrenic collection and underwent percutaneous drainage to successfully recover.There were no differences regarding postoperative hospital stays for the caudal and cranial side approaches[9(7-26)days vs 8(8-19)days](P=0.226).CONCLUSION LASVIIIR resection remains a challenging operation,but the middle hepatic fissure approach is a reasonable and easy-to-implement technique.
文摘Over the past decade,medical researchers in China have debated whether the Pi(脾)corresponds to the biomedical spleen or pancreas.This debate exemplifies a broader phenomenon of“anatomical retrofitting”,or the anachronistic imposition of contemporary categories onto living historical objects.“Anatomical retrofitting”as a means of rectifying cases of mistranslation further positions the biomedical spleen and pancreas as representing ahistorical,universal truths.This framework gives rise to a conceptual binary:while the biomedical spleen is universalized as what philosophers may describe as“logical”ontology,the Pi connects to a different nature of reality,or“metaphysical”ontology.Far from being an object of imprecision,the Pi was a dynamic vessel that also shared characteristics with the humoral spleen.Given that scholars in China have already subjected Pi to historical scrutiny,this paper urges scholars to do the same with biomedical anatomy.For instance,historically situating the humoral spleen demonstrates that it became less known and less articulated as it transformed into the biomedical spleen.Meanwhile,the pancreas remained an unstable epistemic object that took on the dynamic functions of the humoral spleen in nineteenth-century organotherapy.Through primary source analysis and literature review,this paper contends that the apparent ontological incommensurability between Pi and spleen is neither mutually exclusive nor irreconcilable.Instead,the dynamic nature of internal viscera,their many functions,and their participation in epistemic practices contribute to an ongoing ontological ambivalence that persists despite the forced certainty of anatomical retrofitting.
基金supported by grants from the Agriculture Science and Technology of Shandong Province (Grant No.2019YQ015)the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province (Grant No.2022LZGC011)the earmarked fund for CARS (Grant No.CARS-28-07)。
文摘The lack of a suitable rootstock to control scion growth has limited the development of high-density plantations in pear production, which is partly attributed to poor understanding of the dwarfing mechanism. In the present study, the rootstock of the dwarf-type pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)PY-9’ was identified and used as the material for anatomical analysis.PY-9’ grew to half the tree height of the normal cultivar Zhengdu’, along with fewer internodes and shorter length. Significant differences in growth rate betweenPY-9’ andZhengdu’ were detected at approximately 30 days after full bloom, which corresponded with the time of the greatest difference in water potential between the dwarf and normal cultivar.PY-9’ showed a higher photosynthetic rate thanZhengdu’. Anatomical analysis showed thatPY-9’ had higher area ratios of both phloem and xylem and more developed vascular tissues thanZhengdu’. The three-dimensional reconstructed skeleton of the xylem from X-ray computed tomography scanning revealed greater intervessel connectivity inZhengdu’ than inPY-9’, which could contribute to the more vigorous growth ofZhengdu’. This study thus provides the first comparison of the microstructural properties of xylem elements between a dwarfing-type and vigorous-type pear rootstock, providing new insights into the dwarfing mechanism in pear and facilitating breeding of dwarf pear rootstocks to increase crop productivity.
文摘Objective:Coronary artery anatomical variations and anomalies are an important topic due to their potential clinical manifestations.This study aims to investigate the prevalence of coronary artery anatomical variations and anomalies in symptomatic patients with coronary computed tomography angiography(CCTA).Methods:This is a retrospective study that included all symptomatic patients who had CCTA in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia during a period of seven years.Results:The total number of included patients was 507(60%males)with a mean age of 57.4 years.Approximately 41%had luminal stenoses,averaging 49.7%.The total num-ber of patients with coronary anatomical variations(CAV)and coronary artery anomalies(CAA)was 217(43%).CAV prevalence was 26%,which included 14%non-right coronary dominance,5%short left main coronary artery(LMCA),and 7%division variations(trifurcation and quadrifurcarion)of the LMCA.The prevalence of CAA was 29%,which included 5%origin anomalies,22%myocardial bridge,and 2%course anomalies.Conclusions:A high prevalence of coronary artery anatomic variations and anomalies in symptomatic patients is reported in this study.Systematic reviews,meta-analyses,reporting guidelines,and unified definitions and classifications of cor-onary variations and anomalies are lacking in the literature,presenting potential opportunities for future research and publications.
文摘BACKGROUND The minimal clinically important difference(MCID)is defined as the smallest meaningful change in a health domain that a patient would identify as important.Thus,an improvement that exceeds the MCID can be used to define a successful treatment for the individual patient.AIM To quantify the rate of clinical improvement following anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty for glenohumeral osteoarthritis.METHODS Patients were treated with the Global Unite total shoulder platform arthroplasty between March 2017 and February 2019 at Herlev and Gentofte Hospital,Denmark.The patients were evaluated preoperatively and 3 months,6 months,12 months,and 24 months postoperatively using the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder index(WOOS),Oxford Shoulder Score(OSS)and Constant-Murley Score(CMS).The rate of clinically relevant improvement was defined as the proportion of patients who had an improvement 24 months postoperatively that exceeded the MCID.Based on previous literature,MCID for WOOS,OSS,and CMS were defined as 12.3,4.3,and 12.8 respectively.RESULTS Forty-nine patients with a Global Unite total shoulder platform arthroplasty were included for the final analysis.Mean age at the time of surgery was 66 years(range 49.0-79.0,SD:8.3)and 65%were women.One patient was revised within the two years follow-up.The mean improvement from the preoperative assessment to the two-year follow-up was 46.1 points[95%confidence interval(95%CI):39.7-53.3,P<0.005]for WOOS,18.2 points(95%CI:15.5-21.0,P<0.005)for OSS and 37.8 points(95%CI:31.5-44.0,P<0.005)for CMS.Two years postoperatively,41 patients(87%)had an improvement in WOOS that exceeded the MCID,45 patients(94%)had an improvement in OSS that exceeded the MCID,and 42 patients(88%)had an improvement in CMS that exceeded the MCID.CONCLUSION Based on three shoulder-specific outcome measures we find that approximately 90%of patients has a clinically relevant improvement.This is a clear message when informing patients about their prognosis.
文摘Introduction: Acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation is a common shoulder injury, comprising 9% - 12% of shoulder girdle injuries. Optimal management remains challenging, with treatment decisions guided by the Rockwood classification system. Controversies surround grade III injuries, necessitating further classification. Non-operative treatment has shown favorable outcomes, while surgical interventions vary. Anatomical coracoclavicular reconstruction (ACCR) has demonstrated biomechanical advantages over traditional methods. Arthroscopic techniques offer advantages, minimizing deltoid detachment and allowing concurrent pathology identification. This study evaluates the outcomes of arthroscopic-assisted ACCR in chronic AC joint dislocation. Surgical Technique: Arthroscopic-assisted ACCR involves meticulous portal placement, tendon graft harvesting, diagnostic arthroscopy, and coracoid exposure. The clavicle tunnels were made to mimic the conoid and trapezoid ligament positions, using FibreTape#2 loop and Dog Bone Button for correct placement against the coracoid base, and passing the semitendinosus graft through to reconstruct the conoid ligament, reduction done and graft follow through for anatomical reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective cohort study at Hospital Kuala Lumpur analyzed 35 patients undergoing arthroscopic-assisted ACCR for Rockwood grade III - V AC joint dislocations. Inclusion criteria encompassed trauma ≥ 3 weeks prior, no prior shoulder injuries, and ≥12-month follow-up. Functional and radiological assessments utilized ASES scores and coracoclavicular distances, respectively. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: The mean age was 38.9 years (SD 11.26), and 34 of 35 patients were male. Grade IV injuries were predominant (37.1%). Waiting time for surgery averaged 234.9 days. Functional improvement was substantial postoperatively (ASES: 55.5 to 88.9). Radiological outcomes demonstrated reduced coracoclavicular distances and maintained reduction. No significant correlation was observed between injury grade and outcomes. Conclusion: Arthroscopic-assisted ACCR for chronic AC joint dislocation yields significant functional and radiological improvement, irrespective of injury grade. Waiting time for surgery exhibits minor impact on outcomes, emphasizing the procedure’s efficacy. Concomitant injuries do not impede success, highlighting the versatility of this approach in managing shoulder instability. The study contributes valuable insights into the nuanced management of chronic AC joint dislocations and supports the adoption of arthroscopic-assisted ACCR as a viable treatment option.
基金This work was supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No.IRTO453).
文摘A mutant with abnormal hull was first discovered from a twin-seedling strain W2555 in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The mutant had sparse branches and decreased number of florets from the base to the peak. Frequently, the florets at the top of the panicle did not develop completely. The underdeveloped florets often showed slender and white in their life cycle. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant traits were controlled by a single recessive gene （temporarily designated as ah）. ah gene controlled the development of inflorescence meristem and the flower organ. The florets of mutant showed degenerated lemma and palea. Stamens and lodicules were homeoticly transformed into pistils and palea/lemma-like structures, respectively. It seemed that ah mutant phenotypes of the homeotic conversions in lodicules and stamens were very similar to that of the B loss-of-function spwl gene reported previously in rice.
基金Supported by the National 863 Program:Gene Polymerization Tech-nology Study and New Variety Breeding of High-qualityMulti-resist-ance and High-yield Tomato(2007AA10Z178)+1 种基金Shanghai Agricul-ture Committee Key ProjectGermplasm Innovation of Tomato Re-sistance to Yellow Leaf Curl Virus(2007)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of tomato yellow leaf curl virus （TYLCV） infection on leaf anatomical structure and protective enzyme system of tomato. [Method] The anatomical structure of infected and healthy leaves of tomato were observed and compared by using paraffin section method. The activity changes of SOD, POD and CAT in the infected leaves of tomato were determined. [ Result] The results revealed that there were some differences in anatomical structure between healthy and infected leaves. Some cells of infected leaves were damaged so that the leaves curled and became yellow, which affected the normal function of organs. Compared with control, enzyme activities in the tomato plants infected by TYLCV were enhanced at the early periods and higher than that in control, then started to decline at the middle and late periods but lower than that in control.[ Conclusion] After infection by TYLCV, the leaf anatomical structure of tomato was changed greatly and the protective enzyme system was damaged severely, and affected the normal physJological metabolic functions of tissues and organs in tomato in further.
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Innovation Fund for the Youth of Hunan Academy of Forestry(2013LQJ13)~~
文摘Plants usually suffer drought stress during their growth process. As the photosynthetic activity center of plants, the leaf is the most sensitive organ under drought stress. In order to support the research on drought resistance of higher plants, this study reviewed the adaptation response and damage performance of epidermal structure, palisade tissue and spongy tissue, thickness, veins and stomata of plant leaves under drought stress.
基金Supported by the Major Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2010CBB03901)the Key Project of the Industry-University-Research Cooperation Program of the Education Department of Hubei Province(C2010060)+3 种基金the Demonstration Project of the Forestry Scientific and Technical Extension of the Central Finance in 2011(2011BH0032)the Open Fund Project of the Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement Resources Comprehensive Utilization of Hubei Province(2013000503)the Industry-University-Research Cooperation Program of Huanggang Normal University(2012025703)the Postdoctoral Fund of Jiangsu Province(1402115C)~~
文摘The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successively. About 50 days were needed from the formation of staminate inflorescence on the base of branch to ful y develop the staminate inflorescence on the top of the branch. On the same staminate inflorescence, male flower clusters of the base formed first, then upward successively. About 20 days were needed from the formation of stami-nate inflorescence on the base of the male flower cluster to ful y develop the stami-nate inflorescence on the top of the branch. 5-7 male flowers forming a cluster, the flower number in a cluster was odd number usual y, and there was one on the top and each two paral el y arranged downward. The flower on the top came into bloom first, and then downward successively. The flowers paral el y arranged came into bloom at the same time. Sporangium of male flower of chestnut was monolocular. There were a large number of pol en grains in the sporangium. There were large differences between the development process of different sporangium in one male flower. Chestnut had larger quantity of male flowers and pol en and long period of pol ination compared with female flower. It is remained to be further studied whether it was necessary for anemophilous pol ination.
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to compare leaf anatomical structure of Malus sieversii and M. robusta under different salt concentration levels to determine their tolerance to salt and thus to provide rootstock materials for apple production in salinized soil in Southern Xinjiang. [Method] The experiment was conducted with M. sieversii and M. robusta as test materials. Salt stress was simulated using 8 g/L of NaCI solution, and Hoagland nutrient solution was used instead of NaCI solution as control group （CK）. Samples were collected on the 20^th d of treatment, sliced through paraffin processing. The prepared paraffin sections of M. sieversii and M. robusta were then observed under a light microscope for anatomical structures of leaf, upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissue and spongy tissue. [Result] Compared with the control, the leaf, upper epidermis, lower epidermis and spongy tissue of M. sieversii and M. robusta under salt stress were thickened at different degrees, while the thickness of the palisade tissue was decreased. Moreover, high salt concentration caused severer damage to the cell structure of M. sieversii than to that of M. robusta, as M. robusta cells maintained better structural integrity. [Conclusion] M. robusta has higher adaptability to salt stress than M. sieversii.
