Dear Editor,We present this case report which discusses a patient who underwent flap amputation after repeated attempts to resolve persistent and severe epithelial ingrowth following laser-assisted in situ keratomileu...Dear Editor,We present this case report which discusses a patient who underwent flap amputation after repeated attempts to resolve persistent and severe epithelial ingrowth following laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)surgery.Epithelial ingrowth is a known complication of LASIK surgery,typically manageable with minimal measures.However,severe cases may necessitate more aggressive interventions,such as flap amputation[1].LASIK is a widely performed refractive surgery with high success rates and excellent visual outcome[2].展开更多
This study highlights the importance of identifying and addressing risk factors associated with wound complications following transtibial amputation in diabetic patients.These amputations,often necessitated by severe ...This study highlights the importance of identifying and addressing risk factors associated with wound complications following transtibial amputation in diabetic patients.These amputations,often necessitated by severe diabetic foot ulcers,carry significant risks of postoperative complications such as infection and delayed wound healing.Elevated hemoglobin A1c levels,indicative of poor glycemic control,and a history of kidney transplantation,due to required immunosuppressive therapy,are key factors influencing these outcomes.This paper emphasizes the need for enhanced glycemic management and personalized postoperative care,particularly for immunocompromised individuals,to minimize complications and improve patient prognosis.Future research should focus on prospective studies to validate targeted interventions and optimize care strategies,ultimately aiming to reduce the healthcare burden associated with diabetic foot complications.展开更多
Introduction: Foot amputation in a diabetic patient is a real public health problem due to its functional and psychological repercussions. The objective was to study the factors associated with amputation in patients ...Introduction: Foot amputation in a diabetic patient is a real public health problem due to its functional and psychological repercussions. The objective was to study the factors associated with amputation in patients monitored for a diabetic foot in the internal medicine hospitalization of the Abass Ndao University Hospital Center (CHU) in Dakar. Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study conducted from the records of hospitalized patients over a 24-month period. The analysis included a descriptive phase, followed by a bivariate phase completed by logistic modeling following a descending procedure. Results: Of 1499 hospitalized patients, 224 cases had diabetic foot (14.9%). Among the cases of diabetic foot, 198 patients met the inclusion criteria. Their mean age was 61.7 ± 11.3 years, the sex ratio (M/F) was 1.2. Other associated cardiovascular risk factors were high blood pressure (54.0% 107 cases), and smoking (10.9% 21 cases). A history of lower limb amputation was found in 21.2% (42 cases). It was type 2 diabetes in 184 cases (92.9%) and the mean blood sugar was 2.7 ± 1.3 g/l. Chronic complications included neuropathy in 112 cases (78.3%), arteriopathy in 172 cases (86.9%), and chronic kidney disease in 167 cases (84.4%). The mean consultation time was 47.6 days. The main lesions were gangrene (64.6%), ulcer (24.7%), phlegmon (5.6%), and necrotizing fasciitis (5.1%). According to the University of Texas classification, patients presented with a stage D lesion (86.4%), grade 3 (51.0%). The hospital prevalence of amputation was 57.6% (114 cases), including major amputation in 55.1% (109 cases). The mortality rate was 36.4% (72 cases). Risk factors for amputation were peripheral arterial disease (ORa = 4.96 [1.33 - 18.43] p = 0.017), foot gangrene (Ora = 3.16 [1.24 - 8.04] p = 0.016) and Texas classification grade 3 (ORa = 17.49 [1.67 - 190] p = 0.019). Conclusion: The prevalence of foot and amputations remains a health problem. Reducing amputations will necessarily require strengthening prevention through education and early monitoring of diabetic patients.展开更多
Background Frailty is a major determinant of outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD)undergoing lower limb amputation.This study evaluates the impact of frailty on in-hospital outcomes in these patients....Background Frailty is a major determinant of outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD)undergoing lower limb amputation.This study evaluates the impact of frailty on in-hospital outcomes in these patients.Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample(2016–2021)to identify adult patients with CAD who underwent lower limb amputation.Frailty was defined using the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups(ACG)frailty indicator.Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the independent association of frailty with in-hospital outcomes,and propensity score matching(PSM)was performed to further account for confounding factors.Results After PSM,9,990 patients were included in each cohort.Frail patients experienced higher rates of in-hospital mortality(3.9%vs.1.5%,P<0.001),acute limb ischemia(3.8%vs.3.1%,P=0.015),fasciotomy(2.1%vs.1.4%,P<0.001),stump infection(7.9%vs.6.6%,P<0.001),cardiogenic shock(0.9%vs.0.7%,P=0.032),sudden cardiac arrest(2.7%vs.2.1%,P=0.004),mechanical circulatory support(0.3%vs.0.2%,P=0.028),major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events(7.7%vs.5.4%,P<0.001),and sepsis(18.3%vs.13.8%,P<0.001).In multivariable logistic regression analysis,frailty remained an independent predictor of inhospital mortality and major complications.Conclusion Frailty is independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality and adverse events among CAD patients undergoing lower limb amputation.Incorporating frailty assessment into preoperative evaluation may improve risk stratification and guide clinical decision-making in this high-risk population.展开更多
Finger reimplantation is a pivotal technique in microsurgery,playing an irreplaceable role in restoring the functional integrity of fingers,maintaining the aesthetic appearance of the hand,ensuring the patient’s abil...Finger reimplantation is a pivotal technique in microsurgery,playing an irreplaceable role in restoring the functional integrity of fingers,maintaining the aesthetic appearance of the hand,ensuring the patient’s ability to perform delicate hand operations,and enhancing their social participation and quality of life.This paper reports on the perioperative nursing approach employed in a successful case of replantation involving a single hand with a multi-planar,20-segment amputation of four fingers.By establishing a specialized nursing team,conducting a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s condition,formulating a personalized nursing plan,and implementing precise nursing care,we achieved successful outcomes.After nearly four weeks of meticulous diagnosis,treatment,and nursing,17 segments of the replanted fingers survived,preserving the functional length of the amputated fingers and maximizing the restoration of hand function.This nursing method provides valuable insights and approaches for effectively managing vascular crises following digital replantation,improving the replantation survival rate,and enhancing patient satisfaction.展开更多
目的:评价iRoot BP Plus应用于年轻恒前牙复杂冠折牙髓切断术的短期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2020年6月至2023年3月于广西医科大学附属口腔医院就诊的67例复杂冠折患者(74颗患牙),使用iRoot BP Plus进行牙髓切断术。随访资料收集至术后2年...目的:评价iRoot BP Plus应用于年轻恒前牙复杂冠折牙髓切断术的短期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2020年6月至2023年3月于广西医科大学附属口腔医院就诊的67例复杂冠折患者(74颗患牙),使用iRoot BP Plus进行牙髓切断术。随访资料收集至术后2年,对患者临床检查资料(露髓孔大小、叩诊、松动度、有无脓肿和瘘管)及影像学检查(复诊时盖髓剂下方牙本质桥形成情况、髓腔及根管钙化情况、牙根发育情况、根尖周膜连续性情况)进行分析。结果:术后2年,所有病例无叩痛,软组织无肿胀及根尖无窦道出现;X线片显示无根尖周的低密度影,无牙根吸收,牙根继续发育完全。结论:iRoot BP Plus作为盖髓剂应用于年轻恒前牙复杂冠折牙髓切断术,可有效促进牙根继续发育,短期疗效可靠,具有推广应用价值。展开更多
The repair of peripheral nerve injury after complete amputation is difficult,and even with anastomosis,the rapid recovery of nerve function remains challenging.Curcumin,extracted from plants of the genus Curcuma,has b...The repair of peripheral nerve injury after complete amputation is difficult,and even with anastomosis,the rapid recovery of nerve function remains challenging.Curcumin,extracted from plants of the genus Curcuma,has been shown to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and to improve sciatic nerve crush injury in rats.Here,we determined whether curcumin had neuroprotective effects following complete peripheral nerve amputation injury.BALB/c mice underwent complete sciatic nerve amputation,followed by an immediate epineurium anastomosis.Mice were intragastrically administered curcumin at doses of 40（high）,20（moderate）,and 10 mg/kg/d（low） for 1 week.We found that myelin in the mice of the high- and moderate-dose curcumin groups appeared with regular shape,uniform thickness,clear boundary,and little hyperplasia surrounding the myelin.High and moderate doses of curcumin markedly improved both action potential amplitude of the sciatic nerves and the conduction velocity of the corresponding motor neurons,and upregulated m RNA and protein expression of S100,a marker for Schwann cell proliferation,in L4–6 spinal cord segments.These results suggest that curcumin is effective in promoting the repair of complete sciatic nerve amputation injury and that the underlying mechanism may be associated with upregulation of S100 expression.展开更多
BACKGROUNDDiabetes mellitus causes a large majority of non-traumatic major and minoramputations globally. Patients with diabetes are clinically complex with amultifactorial association between diabetic foot ulcers (DF...BACKGROUNDDiabetes mellitus causes a large majority of non-traumatic major and minoramputations globally. Patients with diabetes are clinically complex with amultifactorial association between diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) and subsequentlower extremity amputations (LEA). Few studies show the long-term outcomeswithin the cohort of DFU-associated LEA.AIMTo highlight the long-term outcomes of LEA as a result of DFU.METHODSPubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched for key terms, “diabetes”,“foot ulcers”, “amputations” and “outcomes”. Outcomes such as mortality, reamputation,re-ulceration and functional impact were recorded. Peer-reviewedstudies with adult patients who had DFU, subsequent amputation and follow upof at least 1 year were included. Non-English language articles or studiesinvolving children were excluded.RESULTSA total of 22 publications with a total of 2334 patients were selected against theinclusion criteria for review. The weighted mean of re-amputation was 20.14%,29.63% and 45.72% at 1, 3 and 5 years respectively. The weighted mean of mortality at 1, 3 and 5 years were 13.62%, 30.25% and 50.55% respectively withsignificantly higher rates associated with major amputation, re-amputation andischemic cardiomyopathy.CONCLUSIONPrevious LEA, level of the LEA and patient comorbidities were significant riskfactors contributing to re-ulceration, re-amputation, mortality and depreciatedfunctional status.展开更多
AIM To investigate the total blood loss(TBL) and the safety with respect to the re-amputation rate after transtibial amputation(TTA) conducted with and without a tourniquet. METHODS The study was a single-centre retro...AIM To investigate the total blood loss(TBL) and the safety with respect to the re-amputation rate after transtibial amputation(TTA) conducted with and without a tourniquet. METHODS The study was a single-centre retrospective cohort study of patients with a primary TTA admitted between January 2013 and April 2015. All patients with a primary TTA were assessed for inclusion if the amputation was performed because of arteriosclerosis or diabetic complications. All patients underwent a standardized TTA procedure that was performed approximately 10 cm below the knee joint and performed with sagittalflaps. The pneumatic tourniquet, when used, was inflated around the femur to a pressure of 100 mmH g above the systolic blood pressure. The number of blood transfusions within the first four postoperative days was recorded. The intraoperative blood loss(OBL), which is defined as the volume of blood lost during surgery, was determined from the suction volume and by the weight difference of the surgical dressings. The trigger for a blood transfusion was set at a decrease in the Hgb level < 9.67 g/dL(6 mmol/L). Transfusions were performed with pooled red blood cells containing 245 m L per portion, which equals 55 g/L of haemoglobin. The TBL during the first four postoperative days was calculated based on the haemoglobin level and the estimated blood volume. The re-amputation rate was evaluated within 30 d. RESULTS Seventy-four out of 86 consecutive patients who underwent TTA within the two-year study period were included in the analysis. Of these, 38 were operated on using a tourniquet and 36 were operated on without using a tourniquet. There were no significant preoperative differences between the groups. The patients in both groups had a postoperative decrease in their Hgb level compared with preoperative baseline values. The patients operated on using a tourniquet received approximately three millilitres less blood transfusion per kilogram body weight compared with patients operated on without a tourniquet. The duration of surgery was shorter and the OBL was less for the tourniquet group than the non-tourniquet group, whereas no significant difference was observed for the TBL. The TBL median was 859 mL(IQR: 383-1315) in the non-tourniquet group vs 737 mL(IQR: 331-1218) in the tourniquet group(P = 0.754). Within the 30-d follow-up period, 9 patients in the tourniquet group and 11 in the non-tourniquet group underwent a reamputation at the trans-femoral level. The use of a tourniquet showed no statistically significant association with the 30-d re-amputation at the femur level in the multiple logistic regression model(P = 0.78). The only variable with a significant association with re-amputation was age(OR = 1.07; P = 0.02).CONCLUSION The results indicate that tourniquets do not cause severe vascular damage with an increased postoperative bleeding or failure rate as the result.展开更多
Background:Limb loss has a drastic impact on a patient’s life.Severe trauma to the extremities is common in current military conflicts.Among other aspects,"life before limb"damage control surgery hinders im...Background:Limb loss has a drastic impact on a patient’s life.Severe trauma to the extremities is common in current military conflicts.Among other aspects,"life before limb"damage control surgery hinders immediate replantation within the short post-traumatic timeframe,which is limited in part by the ischemic time for successful replantation.Ex vivo limb perfusion is currently being researched in animal models and shows promising results for its application in human limb replantation and allotransplantation.Presentation of the hypothesis:The current lack of replantation possibilities in military operations with high rates of amputation can be addressed with the development of a portable ex vivo limb perfusion device,as there are several opportunities present with the introduction of this technique on the horizon.We hypothesize that ex vivo limb perfusion will enable overcoming the critical ischemic time,provide surgical opportunities such as preparation of the stump and limb,allow for spare-part surgery,enable rigorous antibiotic treatment of the limb,reduce ischemiareperfusion injuries,enable a tissue function assessment before replantation,and enable the development of large limb transplant programs.Testing the hypothesis:Data from in vivo studies in porcine models are limited by the relatively short perfusion time of 24 h.In the military setting,notably longer perfusion times need to be realized.Therefore,future animal studies must focus especially on long-term perfusion,since this represents the military setting,considering the time for stabilization of the patient until evacuation to a tertiary treatment center.Implications of the hypothesis:The development and clinical introduction of ex vivo limb perfusion in the military setting could lead to a drastic reduction in the number of limb amputations among service members.Ex vivo limb perfusion enables replantation surgery in Role 4 facilities and changes the clinical setting from a highly urgent,lifethreatening situation to a highly methodical,well-prepared starting point for optimal treatment of the wounded service member.With its introduction,the principle of"life before limb"will change to"life before limb before elective replantation/allotransplantation after ex vivo limb perfusion".展开更多
Diabetic foot is a clinical manifestation of diabetes with a wide range of symptoms,including ulceration,osteomyelitis,osteoarticular destruction,and gangrene,as a consequence of advanced disease.Some diabetic foot ca...Diabetic foot is a clinical manifestation of diabetes with a wide range of symptoms,including ulceration,osteomyelitis,osteoarticular destruction,and gangrene,as a consequence of advanced disease.Some diabetic foot cases present general indications for amputation,including dead limb,threat to the patient’s life,pain,loss of function,or nuisance.Various tools have been introduced to help decision-making in amputation for diabetic foot.However,it remains a conundrum because diabetic foot involves multiple pathomechanisms and factors that hinder its outcomes.Sociocultural issues often impede treatment from the patient’s side.We reviewed different perspectives in diabetic foot management,particularly related to amputation.In addition to deciding whether to amputate,physicians should address amputation level,timing,and ways to avoid patient deconditioning.Surgeons should not be autocratic in these circumstances and should be aware of beneficence and maleficence when considering whether to amputate.The main goal should be improving the patients’quality of life rather than preserving the limb as much as possible.展开更多
BACKGROUND Despite over 150000 amputations of lower limbs annually,there remains a wide variation in tourniquet practice patterns and no consensus on their necessity,especially among orthopedic patient populations.The...BACKGROUND Despite over 150000 amputations of lower limbs annually,there remains a wide variation in tourniquet practice patterns and no consensus on their necessity,especially among orthopedic patient populations.The purpose of this study was to determine whether tourniquet use in orthopedic patients undergoing below knee amputation(BKA) was associated with a difference in calculated blood loss relative to no tourniquet use.AIM To determine if tourniquet use in orthopedic patients undergoing BKA was associated with a difference in calculated blood loss relative to no tourniquet use.METHODS We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing BKA by orthopedic surgeons at a tertiary care hospital from 2008 through 2018.Blood loss was calculated using a combination of the Nadler equation for preoperative blood volume and a novel formula utilizing preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin levels and transfusions.Univariate and forwards step-wise multivariate linear regressions were performed to determine the association between tourniquet use and blood loss.A Wilcoxon was used to determine the univariate relationship between tourniquet use and blood loss for in the restricted subgroups of patients who underwent BKA for trauma,tumor,and infection.RESULTS Of 97 eligible patients identified,67 underwent surgery with a tourniquet and 30 did not.In multivariate regression,tourniquet use was associated with a 488 mL decrease in calculated blood loss(CI 119-857,P = 0.01).In subgroup analysis,no individual group showed a statistically significant decrease in blood loss with tourniquet use.There was no significant association between tourniquet use and either postoperative transfusions or reoperation at one year.CONCLUSION We found that tourniquet use during BKA is associated with decreased calculated intraoperative blood loss.We recommend that surgeons performing this procedure use a tourniquet to minimize blood loss.展开更多
The prevalence of limb amputation is increasing globally as a devastating experience that can physically and psychologically affect the lifestyle of a person. The residual limb pain and phantom limb pain are common di...The prevalence of limb amputation is increasing globally as a devastating experience that can physically and psychologically affect the lifestyle of a person. The residual limb pain and phantom limb pain are common disabling sequelae after amputation surgery. Assistive devices/technologies can be used to relieve pain in people with amputation. The existing assistive devices/technologies for pain management in people with amputation include electrical nerve block devices/technologies, TENS units, elastomeric pumps and catheters, residual limb covers, laser systems, myoelectric prostheses and virtual reality systems, etc. There is a great potential to design, fabricate, and manufacture some portable, wireless, smart, and thin devices/technologies to stimulate the spinal cord or peripheral nerves by electrical, thermal, mechanical, and pharmaceutical stimulus. Although some preliminary efforts have been done, more attention must be paid by researchers, clinicians, designers, engineers, and manufacturers to the post amputation pain and its treatment methods.展开更多
The development of chronic pain after amputations is not an uncommon event. In some cases the most disabling problem is represented by the symptom called dynamic mechanical allodynia, characterized by the painful sens...The development of chronic pain after amputations is not an uncommon event. In some cases the most disabling problem is represented by the symptom called dynamic mechanical allodynia, characterized by the painful sensation evoked by gently stroking the skin. Despite the growing interest in understanding pain mechanisms, little is known about the mechanism sustaining this peculiar type of pain. We present here the case of a 53-year-old female patient who complained of severe tactile allodynia in the hand after amputation of her left second finger, resistant to several medical and surgical treatments. In order to gain information about the pain mechanism, two neurodiagnostic skin biopsies were obtained from the area of tactile allodynia and from the contralateral, normal skin area. Skin biopsies showed an unexpected increased innervation of the allodynic skin compared to the contralateral, normal skin area(+ 80.1%). Hyperinnervation has been proposed as a mechanism of pain following nerve lesions, but the increased innervation described here could be also attributed to neuronal plasticity occurring in chronic inflammatory conditions. Independently from the uncertain cause of the epidermal hyperinnervation, in this patient we tried to reduce the elevated number of epidermal nerve fibres by treating the skin with topical capsaicin(0.075%) three times a day, and obtained a persistent pain relief. In conclusion, neurodiagnostic skin biopsy might represent an useful tool for detecting derangements of epidermal innervation in patients with dynamic mechanical allodynia and can help to select an individually tailored therapeutic strategy in such difficult clinical conditions. Further studies are needed to clarify this issue and try to gain better understanding of chronic pain mechanisms in patients who underwent finger amputation.展开更多
AIM To assess whether the surgical apgar score(SAS) is a prognostic tool capable of identifying patients at risk of major complications following lower extremity amputations surgery.METHODS This was a single-center,re...AIM To assess whether the surgical apgar score(SAS) is a prognostic tool capable of identifying patients at risk of major complications following lower extremity amputations surgery.METHODS This was a single-center,retrospective observational cohort study conducted between January 2013 and April 2015. All patients who had either a primary transtibial amputation(TTA) or transfemoral amputation(TFA) conducted at our institution during the study period were assessed for inclusion. All TTA patients underwent a standardized one-stage operative procedure(ad modum Persson amputation) performed approximately 10 cm below the knee joint. All TTA procedures were performedwith sagittal flaps. TFA procedures were performed in one stage with amputation approximately 10 cm above the knee joint,performed with anterior/posterior flaps. Trained residents or senior consultants performed the surgical procedures. The SAS is based on intraoperative heart rate,blood pressure and blood loss. Intraoperative parameters of interest were collected by revising electronic health records. The first author of this study calculated the SAS. Data regarding major complications were not revealed to the author until after the calculation of SAS. The SAS results were arranged into four groups(SAS 0-4,SAS 5-6,SAS 7-8 and SAS 9-10). The cohort was then divided into two groups representing low-risk(SAS ≥ 7) and highrisk patients(SAS < 7) using a previously established threshold. The outcome of interest was the occurrence of major complications and death within 30-d of surgery.RESULTS A logistic regression model with SAS 9-10 as a reference showed a significant linear association between lower SAS and more postoperative complications [all patients: OR = 2.00(1.33-3.03),P = 0.001]. This effect was pronounced for TFA [OR = 2.61(1.52-4.47),P < 0.001]. A significant increase was observed for the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group for all patients [OR = 2.80(1.40-5.61),P = 0.004] and for the TFA sub-group [OR = 3.82(1.5-9.42),P = 0.004]. The AUC from the models were estimated as follows: All patients = [0.648(0.562-0.733),P = 0.001],for TFA patients = [0.710(0.606-0.813),P < 0.001] and for TTA patients = [0.472(0.383-0.672),P = 0.528]. This indicates moderate discriminatory power of the SAS in predicting postoperative complications among TFA patients.CONCLUSION SAS provides information regarding the potential development of complications following TFA. The SAS is especially useful when patients are divided into high- and low-risk groups.展开更多
BACKGROUND To report the application of supermicroscopy combined with arterio-venolization without venous anastomosis for replantation of digits following traumatic amputation in young children.CASE SUMMARY In March 2...BACKGROUND To report the application of supermicroscopy combined with arterio-venolization without venous anastomosis for replantation of digits following traumatic amputation in young children.CASE SUMMARY In March 2016,we treated two children aged 2 years and 7 years with traumatic digit amputation,no venous anastomosis,and bilateral digital inherent arteries on the palmar side.Supermicroscopy combined with an arteriovenous technique was adopted to improve the replantation surgery.Postoperative management involved auxiliary treatments such as anticoagulation,composure,antiinflammatory drugs,and insulation.After treatment,the amputated fingers survived completely without major complications,with good recovery.CONCLUSION Supermicroscopy combined with arterio-venolization is a safe and effective approach to treat traumatic digit amputation in young children without venous anastomosis.展开更多
BACKGROUND Malignant fibrous histiocytoma(MFH)is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas among adults.It is characterized by large size,high grade,and biological aggressiveness.There are many reports of MFH after ...BACKGROUND Malignant fibrous histiocytoma(MFH)is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas among adults.It is characterized by large size,high grade,and biological aggressiveness.There are many reports of MFH after local stimulation,such as bone fracture,implants,and chronic osteomyelitis.In this paper,we report a patient who developed MFH 6 years after amputation,suggesting that wound healing and mechanical force play a role in the local stimulation of this disease.CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old man complained of persistent pain in his residual mid-thigh.He had undergone amputation surgery due to a traffic accident 6 years prior.Physical examination showed tenderness but no abnormalities in appearance.Xray radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging supported the diagnosis of a tumor,and a biopsy confirmed that the lesion was MFH.The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and left hip disarticulation.During the 6-mo followup,there were no symptoms of recurrence.CONCLUSION Postsurgery MFH has been reported before,and many studies have attributed it to the biological effects of implants.Our case report shows that this disease can develop without an implant and thus highlights the importance of local stimulation.The wound-healing process and mechanical force can both promote this tumor,but whether they directly cause MFH needs further investigation.展开更多
Background: Diabetic foot disease is a foot that exhibits any pathology that results directly from diabetic mellitus or any long-term chronic complication of diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study was to determine th...Background: Diabetic foot disease is a foot that exhibits any pathology that results directly from diabetic mellitus or any long-term chronic complication of diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors and indications for amputations in diabetics and to correlate these risks with mortality in our environment. Patients and methods: An audit of consecutive patients who were referred and had amputation as a result of diabetic foot diseases in a tertiary institution in Sokoto, northwest Nigeria over a 2-year period was done. Parameters studied using a predetermined protocol included the bio-data, socioeconomic status, vascular status, Meggit-Wagner grading status, indications for amputation and outcome. Results: There were nineteen amputations done in 19 patients with age range of 45 to 75 years and a mean age of 57.94 ±?8.92. There were more females (68%) than males (32%) giving a M:F ratio of 1:2. Forty-one percent of patients were housewives and 89.5% were of middle socioeconomic status. Seventy-three percent of the patients had no formal education while 31.6% has had diabetes for between 6 and 10 years. All the patients had comorbidity and 78.9% were Wagner's grade V. Ascending cellulitis and sepsis (68.4%) was the commonest indication for amputation. Trans femoral amputation was carried out in 47.4% and 21.1% had reamputation. A mortality rate of 15.8% was recorded and 52.6% defaulted from follow-up. There was no correlation between the risk factors and outcome in these patients (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Amputation was commonly done in the female diabetic housewife with no formal education. Educating these patients, improving their socioeconomic status will help them modify behaviours and identify foot at risk and complications.展开更多
文摘Dear Editor,We present this case report which discusses a patient who underwent flap amputation after repeated attempts to resolve persistent and severe epithelial ingrowth following laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)surgery.Epithelial ingrowth is a known complication of LASIK surgery,typically manageable with minimal measures.However,severe cases may necessitate more aggressive interventions,such as flap amputation[1].LASIK is a widely performed refractive surgery with high success rates and excellent visual outcome[2].
基金Supported by Henan Province Key Research and Development Program,No.231111311000Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project,No.232102310411+2 种基金Henan Province Medical Science and Technology Key Project,No.LHGJ20220566 and No.LHGJ20240365Henan Province Medical Education Research Project,No.WJLX2023079Zhengzhou Medical and Health Technology Innovation Guidance Program,No.2024YLZDJH022.
文摘This study highlights the importance of identifying and addressing risk factors associated with wound complications following transtibial amputation in diabetic patients.These amputations,often necessitated by severe diabetic foot ulcers,carry significant risks of postoperative complications such as infection and delayed wound healing.Elevated hemoglobin A1c levels,indicative of poor glycemic control,and a history of kidney transplantation,due to required immunosuppressive therapy,are key factors influencing these outcomes.This paper emphasizes the need for enhanced glycemic management and personalized postoperative care,particularly for immunocompromised individuals,to minimize complications and improve patient prognosis.Future research should focus on prospective studies to validate targeted interventions and optimize care strategies,ultimately aiming to reduce the healthcare burden associated with diabetic foot complications.
文摘Introduction: Foot amputation in a diabetic patient is a real public health problem due to its functional and psychological repercussions. The objective was to study the factors associated with amputation in patients monitored for a diabetic foot in the internal medicine hospitalization of the Abass Ndao University Hospital Center (CHU) in Dakar. Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study conducted from the records of hospitalized patients over a 24-month period. The analysis included a descriptive phase, followed by a bivariate phase completed by logistic modeling following a descending procedure. Results: Of 1499 hospitalized patients, 224 cases had diabetic foot (14.9%). Among the cases of diabetic foot, 198 patients met the inclusion criteria. Their mean age was 61.7 ± 11.3 years, the sex ratio (M/F) was 1.2. Other associated cardiovascular risk factors were high blood pressure (54.0% 107 cases), and smoking (10.9% 21 cases). A history of lower limb amputation was found in 21.2% (42 cases). It was type 2 diabetes in 184 cases (92.9%) and the mean blood sugar was 2.7 ± 1.3 g/l. Chronic complications included neuropathy in 112 cases (78.3%), arteriopathy in 172 cases (86.9%), and chronic kidney disease in 167 cases (84.4%). The mean consultation time was 47.6 days. The main lesions were gangrene (64.6%), ulcer (24.7%), phlegmon (5.6%), and necrotizing fasciitis (5.1%). According to the University of Texas classification, patients presented with a stage D lesion (86.4%), grade 3 (51.0%). The hospital prevalence of amputation was 57.6% (114 cases), including major amputation in 55.1% (109 cases). The mortality rate was 36.4% (72 cases). Risk factors for amputation were peripheral arterial disease (ORa = 4.96 [1.33 - 18.43] p = 0.017), foot gangrene (Ora = 3.16 [1.24 - 8.04] p = 0.016) and Texas classification grade 3 (ORa = 17.49 [1.67 - 190] p = 0.019). Conclusion: The prevalence of foot and amputations remains a health problem. Reducing amputations will necessarily require strengthening prevention through education and early monitoring of diabetic patients.
文摘Background Frailty is a major determinant of outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD)undergoing lower limb amputation.This study evaluates the impact of frailty on in-hospital outcomes in these patients.Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample(2016–2021)to identify adult patients with CAD who underwent lower limb amputation.Frailty was defined using the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups(ACG)frailty indicator.Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the independent association of frailty with in-hospital outcomes,and propensity score matching(PSM)was performed to further account for confounding factors.Results After PSM,9,990 patients were included in each cohort.Frail patients experienced higher rates of in-hospital mortality(3.9%vs.1.5%,P<0.001),acute limb ischemia(3.8%vs.3.1%,P=0.015),fasciotomy(2.1%vs.1.4%,P<0.001),stump infection(7.9%vs.6.6%,P<0.001),cardiogenic shock(0.9%vs.0.7%,P=0.032),sudden cardiac arrest(2.7%vs.2.1%,P=0.004),mechanical circulatory support(0.3%vs.0.2%,P=0.028),major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events(7.7%vs.5.4%,P<0.001),and sepsis(18.3%vs.13.8%,P<0.001).In multivariable logistic regression analysis,frailty remained an independent predictor of inhospital mortality and major complications.Conclusion Frailty is independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality and adverse events among CAD patients undergoing lower limb amputation.Incorporating frailty assessment into preoperative evaluation may improve risk stratification and guide clinical decision-making in this high-risk population.
文摘Finger reimplantation is a pivotal technique in microsurgery,playing an irreplaceable role in restoring the functional integrity of fingers,maintaining the aesthetic appearance of the hand,ensuring the patient’s ability to perform delicate hand operations,and enhancing their social participation and quality of life.This paper reports on the perioperative nursing approach employed in a successful case of replantation involving a single hand with a multi-planar,20-segment amputation of four fingers.By establishing a specialized nursing team,conducting a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s condition,formulating a personalized nursing plan,and implementing precise nursing care,we achieved successful outcomes.After nearly four weeks of meticulous diagnosis,treatment,and nursing,17 segments of the replanted fingers survived,preserving the functional length of the amputated fingers and maximizing the restoration of hand function.This nursing method provides valuable insights and approaches for effectively managing vascular crises following digital replantation,improving the replantation survival rate,and enhancing patient satisfaction.
文摘目的:评价iRoot BP Plus应用于年轻恒前牙复杂冠折牙髓切断术的短期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2020年6月至2023年3月于广西医科大学附属口腔医院就诊的67例复杂冠折患者(74颗患牙),使用iRoot BP Plus进行牙髓切断术。随访资料收集至术后2年,对患者临床检查资料(露髓孔大小、叩诊、松动度、有无脓肿和瘘管)及影像学检查(复诊时盖髓剂下方牙本质桥形成情况、髓腔及根管钙化情况、牙根发育情况、根尖周膜连续性情况)进行分析。结果:术后2年,所有病例无叩痛,软组织无肿胀及根尖无窦道出现;X线片显示无根尖周的低密度影,无牙根吸收,牙根继续发育完全。结论:iRoot BP Plus作为盖髓剂应用于年轻恒前牙复杂冠折牙髓切断术,可有效促进牙根继续发育,短期疗效可靠,具有推广应用价值。
基金supported by the Jilin Provincial Science & Technology Development Project Fund of China,No.20150311038YY
文摘The repair of peripheral nerve injury after complete amputation is difficult,and even with anastomosis,the rapid recovery of nerve function remains challenging.Curcumin,extracted from plants of the genus Curcuma,has been shown to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and to improve sciatic nerve crush injury in rats.Here,we determined whether curcumin had neuroprotective effects following complete peripheral nerve amputation injury.BALB/c mice underwent complete sciatic nerve amputation,followed by an immediate epineurium anastomosis.Mice were intragastrically administered curcumin at doses of 40（high）,20（moderate）,and 10 mg/kg/d（low） for 1 week.We found that myelin in the mice of the high- and moderate-dose curcumin groups appeared with regular shape,uniform thickness,clear boundary,and little hyperplasia surrounding the myelin.High and moderate doses of curcumin markedly improved both action potential amplitude of the sciatic nerves and the conduction velocity of the corresponding motor neurons,and upregulated m RNA and protein expression of S100,a marker for Schwann cell proliferation,in L4–6 spinal cord segments.These results suggest that curcumin is effective in promoting the repair of complete sciatic nerve amputation injury and that the underlying mechanism may be associated with upregulation of S100 expression.
文摘BACKGROUNDDiabetes mellitus causes a large majority of non-traumatic major and minoramputations globally. Patients with diabetes are clinically complex with amultifactorial association between diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) and subsequentlower extremity amputations (LEA). Few studies show the long-term outcomeswithin the cohort of DFU-associated LEA.AIMTo highlight the long-term outcomes of LEA as a result of DFU.METHODSPubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched for key terms, “diabetes”,“foot ulcers”, “amputations” and “outcomes”. Outcomes such as mortality, reamputation,re-ulceration and functional impact were recorded. Peer-reviewedstudies with adult patients who had DFU, subsequent amputation and follow upof at least 1 year were included. Non-English language articles or studiesinvolving children were excluded.RESULTSA total of 22 publications with a total of 2334 patients were selected against theinclusion criteria for review. The weighted mean of re-amputation was 20.14%,29.63% and 45.72% at 1, 3 and 5 years respectively. The weighted mean of mortality at 1, 3 and 5 years were 13.62%, 30.25% and 50.55% respectively withsignificantly higher rates associated with major amputation, re-amputation andischemic cardiomyopathy.CONCLUSIONPrevious LEA, level of the LEA and patient comorbidities were significant riskfactors contributing to re-ulceration, re-amputation, mortality and depreciatedfunctional status.
文摘AIM To investigate the total blood loss(TBL) and the safety with respect to the re-amputation rate after transtibial amputation(TTA) conducted with and without a tourniquet. METHODS The study was a single-centre retrospective cohort study of patients with a primary TTA admitted between January 2013 and April 2015. All patients with a primary TTA were assessed for inclusion if the amputation was performed because of arteriosclerosis or diabetic complications. All patients underwent a standardized TTA procedure that was performed approximately 10 cm below the knee joint and performed with sagittalflaps. The pneumatic tourniquet, when used, was inflated around the femur to a pressure of 100 mmH g above the systolic blood pressure. The number of blood transfusions within the first four postoperative days was recorded. The intraoperative blood loss(OBL), which is defined as the volume of blood lost during surgery, was determined from the suction volume and by the weight difference of the surgical dressings. The trigger for a blood transfusion was set at a decrease in the Hgb level < 9.67 g/dL(6 mmol/L). Transfusions were performed with pooled red blood cells containing 245 m L per portion, which equals 55 g/L of haemoglobin. The TBL during the first four postoperative days was calculated based on the haemoglobin level and the estimated blood volume. The re-amputation rate was evaluated within 30 d. RESULTS Seventy-four out of 86 consecutive patients who underwent TTA within the two-year study period were included in the analysis. Of these, 38 were operated on using a tourniquet and 36 were operated on without using a tourniquet. There were no significant preoperative differences between the groups. The patients in both groups had a postoperative decrease in their Hgb level compared with preoperative baseline values. The patients operated on using a tourniquet received approximately three millilitres less blood transfusion per kilogram body weight compared with patients operated on without a tourniquet. The duration of surgery was shorter and the OBL was less for the tourniquet group than the non-tourniquet group, whereas no significant difference was observed for the TBL. The TBL median was 859 mL(IQR: 383-1315) in the non-tourniquet group vs 737 mL(IQR: 331-1218) in the tourniquet group(P = 0.754). Within the 30-d follow-up period, 9 patients in the tourniquet group and 11 in the non-tourniquet group underwent a reamputation at the trans-femoral level. The use of a tourniquet showed no statistically significant association with the 30-d re-amputation at the femur level in the multiple logistic regression model(P = 0.78). The only variable with a significant association with re-amputation was age(OR = 1.07; P = 0.02).CONCLUSION The results indicate that tourniquets do not cause severe vascular damage with an increased postoperative bleeding or failure rate as the result.
文摘Background:Limb loss has a drastic impact on a patient’s life.Severe trauma to the extremities is common in current military conflicts.Among other aspects,"life before limb"damage control surgery hinders immediate replantation within the short post-traumatic timeframe,which is limited in part by the ischemic time for successful replantation.Ex vivo limb perfusion is currently being researched in animal models and shows promising results for its application in human limb replantation and allotransplantation.Presentation of the hypothesis:The current lack of replantation possibilities in military operations with high rates of amputation can be addressed with the development of a portable ex vivo limb perfusion device,as there are several opportunities present with the introduction of this technique on the horizon.We hypothesize that ex vivo limb perfusion will enable overcoming the critical ischemic time,provide surgical opportunities such as preparation of the stump and limb,allow for spare-part surgery,enable rigorous antibiotic treatment of the limb,reduce ischemiareperfusion injuries,enable a tissue function assessment before replantation,and enable the development of large limb transplant programs.Testing the hypothesis:Data from in vivo studies in porcine models are limited by the relatively short perfusion time of 24 h.In the military setting,notably longer perfusion times need to be realized.Therefore,future animal studies must focus especially on long-term perfusion,since this represents the military setting,considering the time for stabilization of the patient until evacuation to a tertiary treatment center.Implications of the hypothesis:The development and clinical introduction of ex vivo limb perfusion in the military setting could lead to a drastic reduction in the number of limb amputations among service members.Ex vivo limb perfusion enables replantation surgery in Role 4 facilities and changes the clinical setting from a highly urgent,lifethreatening situation to a highly methodical,well-prepared starting point for optimal treatment of the wounded service member.With its introduction,the principle of"life before limb"will change to"life before limb before elective replantation/allotransplantation after ex vivo limb perfusion".
文摘Diabetic foot is a clinical manifestation of diabetes with a wide range of symptoms,including ulceration,osteomyelitis,osteoarticular destruction,and gangrene,as a consequence of advanced disease.Some diabetic foot cases present general indications for amputation,including dead limb,threat to the patient’s life,pain,loss of function,or nuisance.Various tools have been introduced to help decision-making in amputation for diabetic foot.However,it remains a conundrum because diabetic foot involves multiple pathomechanisms and factors that hinder its outcomes.Sociocultural issues often impede treatment from the patient’s side.We reviewed different perspectives in diabetic foot management,particularly related to amputation.In addition to deciding whether to amputate,physicians should address amputation level,timing,and ways to avoid patient deconditioning.Surgeons should not be autocratic in these circumstances and should be aware of beneficence and maleficence when considering whether to amputate.The main goal should be improving the patients’quality of life rather than preserving the limb as much as possible.
文摘BACKGROUND Despite over 150000 amputations of lower limbs annually,there remains a wide variation in tourniquet practice patterns and no consensus on their necessity,especially among orthopedic patient populations.The purpose of this study was to determine whether tourniquet use in orthopedic patients undergoing below knee amputation(BKA) was associated with a difference in calculated blood loss relative to no tourniquet use.AIM To determine if tourniquet use in orthopedic patients undergoing BKA was associated with a difference in calculated blood loss relative to no tourniquet use.METHODS We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing BKA by orthopedic surgeons at a tertiary care hospital from 2008 through 2018.Blood loss was calculated using a combination of the Nadler equation for preoperative blood volume and a novel formula utilizing preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin levels and transfusions.Univariate and forwards step-wise multivariate linear regressions were performed to determine the association between tourniquet use and blood loss.A Wilcoxon was used to determine the univariate relationship between tourniquet use and blood loss for in the restricted subgroups of patients who underwent BKA for trauma,tumor,and infection.RESULTS Of 97 eligible patients identified,67 underwent surgery with a tourniquet and 30 did not.In multivariate regression,tourniquet use was associated with a 488 mL decrease in calculated blood loss(CI 119-857,P = 0.01).In subgroup analysis,no individual group showed a statistically significant decrease in blood loss with tourniquet use.There was no significant association between tourniquet use and either postoperative transfusions or reoperation at one year.CONCLUSION We found that tourniquet use during BKA is associated with decreased calculated intraoperative blood loss.We recommend that surgeons performing this procedure use a tourniquet to minimize blood loss.
基金supported by the Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center(JMERC).
文摘The prevalence of limb amputation is increasing globally as a devastating experience that can physically and psychologically affect the lifestyle of a person. The residual limb pain and phantom limb pain are common disabling sequelae after amputation surgery. Assistive devices/technologies can be used to relieve pain in people with amputation. The existing assistive devices/technologies for pain management in people with amputation include electrical nerve block devices/technologies, TENS units, elastomeric pumps and catheters, residual limb covers, laser systems, myoelectric prostheses and virtual reality systems, etc. There is a great potential to design, fabricate, and manufacture some portable, wireless, smart, and thin devices/technologies to stimulate the spinal cord or peripheral nerves by electrical, thermal, mechanical, and pharmaceutical stimulus. Although some preliminary efforts have been done, more attention must be paid by researchers, clinicians, designers, engineers, and manufacturers to the post amputation pain and its treatment methods.
文摘The development of chronic pain after amputations is not an uncommon event. In some cases the most disabling problem is represented by the symptom called dynamic mechanical allodynia, characterized by the painful sensation evoked by gently stroking the skin. Despite the growing interest in understanding pain mechanisms, little is known about the mechanism sustaining this peculiar type of pain. We present here the case of a 53-year-old female patient who complained of severe tactile allodynia in the hand after amputation of her left second finger, resistant to several medical and surgical treatments. In order to gain information about the pain mechanism, two neurodiagnostic skin biopsies were obtained from the area of tactile allodynia and from the contralateral, normal skin area. Skin biopsies showed an unexpected increased innervation of the allodynic skin compared to the contralateral, normal skin area(+ 80.1%). Hyperinnervation has been proposed as a mechanism of pain following nerve lesions, but the increased innervation described here could be also attributed to neuronal plasticity occurring in chronic inflammatory conditions. Independently from the uncertain cause of the epidermal hyperinnervation, in this patient we tried to reduce the elevated number of epidermal nerve fibres by treating the skin with topical capsaicin(0.075%) three times a day, and obtained a persistent pain relief. In conclusion, neurodiagnostic skin biopsy might represent an useful tool for detecting derangements of epidermal innervation in patients with dynamic mechanical allodynia and can help to select an individually tailored therapeutic strategy in such difficult clinical conditions. Further studies are needed to clarify this issue and try to gain better understanding of chronic pain mechanisms in patients who underwent finger amputation.
文摘AIM To assess whether the surgical apgar score(SAS) is a prognostic tool capable of identifying patients at risk of major complications following lower extremity amputations surgery.METHODS This was a single-center,retrospective observational cohort study conducted between January 2013 and April 2015. All patients who had either a primary transtibial amputation(TTA) or transfemoral amputation(TFA) conducted at our institution during the study period were assessed for inclusion. All TTA patients underwent a standardized one-stage operative procedure(ad modum Persson amputation) performed approximately 10 cm below the knee joint. All TTA procedures were performedwith sagittal flaps. TFA procedures were performed in one stage with amputation approximately 10 cm above the knee joint,performed with anterior/posterior flaps. Trained residents or senior consultants performed the surgical procedures. The SAS is based on intraoperative heart rate,blood pressure and blood loss. Intraoperative parameters of interest were collected by revising electronic health records. The first author of this study calculated the SAS. Data regarding major complications were not revealed to the author until after the calculation of SAS. The SAS results were arranged into four groups(SAS 0-4,SAS 5-6,SAS 7-8 and SAS 9-10). The cohort was then divided into two groups representing low-risk(SAS ≥ 7) and highrisk patients(SAS < 7) using a previously established threshold. The outcome of interest was the occurrence of major complications and death within 30-d of surgery.RESULTS A logistic regression model with SAS 9-10 as a reference showed a significant linear association between lower SAS and more postoperative complications [all patients: OR = 2.00(1.33-3.03),P = 0.001]. This effect was pronounced for TFA [OR = 2.61(1.52-4.47),P < 0.001]. A significant increase was observed for the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group for all patients [OR = 2.80(1.40-5.61),P = 0.004] and for the TFA sub-group [OR = 3.82(1.5-9.42),P = 0.004]. The AUC from the models were estimated as follows: All patients = [0.648(0.562-0.733),P = 0.001],for TFA patients = [0.710(0.606-0.813),P < 0.001] and for TTA patients = [0.472(0.383-0.672),P = 0.528]. This indicates moderate discriminatory power of the SAS in predicting postoperative complications among TFA patients.CONCLUSION SAS provides information regarding the potential development of complications following TFA. The SAS is especially useful when patients are divided into high- and low-risk groups.
文摘BACKGROUND To report the application of supermicroscopy combined with arterio-venolization without venous anastomosis for replantation of digits following traumatic amputation in young children.CASE SUMMARY In March 2016,we treated two children aged 2 years and 7 years with traumatic digit amputation,no venous anastomosis,and bilateral digital inherent arteries on the palmar side.Supermicroscopy combined with an arteriovenous technique was adopted to improve the replantation surgery.Postoperative management involved auxiliary treatments such as anticoagulation,composure,antiinflammatory drugs,and insulation.After treatment,the amputated fingers survived completely without major complications,with good recovery.CONCLUSION Supermicroscopy combined with arterio-venolization is a safe and effective approach to treat traumatic digit amputation in young children without venous anastomosis.
文摘BACKGROUND Malignant fibrous histiocytoma(MFH)is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas among adults.It is characterized by large size,high grade,and biological aggressiveness.There are many reports of MFH after local stimulation,such as bone fracture,implants,and chronic osteomyelitis.In this paper,we report a patient who developed MFH 6 years after amputation,suggesting that wound healing and mechanical force play a role in the local stimulation of this disease.CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old man complained of persistent pain in his residual mid-thigh.He had undergone amputation surgery due to a traffic accident 6 years prior.Physical examination showed tenderness but no abnormalities in appearance.Xray radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging supported the diagnosis of a tumor,and a biopsy confirmed that the lesion was MFH.The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and left hip disarticulation.During the 6-mo followup,there were no symptoms of recurrence.CONCLUSION Postsurgery MFH has been reported before,and many studies have attributed it to the biological effects of implants.Our case report shows that this disease can develop without an implant and thus highlights the importance of local stimulation.The wound-healing process and mechanical force can both promote this tumor,but whether they directly cause MFH needs further investigation.
文摘Background: Diabetic foot disease is a foot that exhibits any pathology that results directly from diabetic mellitus or any long-term chronic complication of diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors and indications for amputations in diabetics and to correlate these risks with mortality in our environment. Patients and methods: An audit of consecutive patients who were referred and had amputation as a result of diabetic foot diseases in a tertiary institution in Sokoto, northwest Nigeria over a 2-year period was done. Parameters studied using a predetermined protocol included the bio-data, socioeconomic status, vascular status, Meggit-Wagner grading status, indications for amputation and outcome. Results: There were nineteen amputations done in 19 patients with age range of 45 to 75 years and a mean age of 57.94 ±?8.92. There were more females (68%) than males (32%) giving a M:F ratio of 1:2. Forty-one percent of patients were housewives and 89.5% were of middle socioeconomic status. Seventy-three percent of the patients had no formal education while 31.6% has had diabetes for between 6 and 10 years. All the patients had comorbidity and 78.9% were Wagner's grade V. Ascending cellulitis and sepsis (68.4%) was the commonest indication for amputation. Trans femoral amputation was carried out in 47.4% and 21.1% had reamputation. A mortality rate of 15.8% was recorded and 52.6% defaulted from follow-up. There was no correlation between the risk factors and outcome in these patients (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Amputation was commonly done in the female diabetic housewife with no formal education. Educating these patients, improving their socioeconomic status will help them modify behaviours and identify foot at risk and complications.
