Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge comp...Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost （MSC） on the solubility and pIant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaC12, CH3COONH4, CH3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid （DTPA） and ethylene diamJne tetraacetic acid （EDTA） were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent （DTPA and EDTA） extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties （including organic matter, pH and DOC） have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.展开更多
This paper presents theoretical investigations of lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)to develop a completed LBM theory.Based on H-theorem with Lagrangian multiplier method,an amended theoretical equilibrium distribution fun...This paper presents theoretical investigations of lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)to develop a completed LBM theory.Based on H-theorem with Lagrangian multiplier method,an amended theoretical equilibrium distribution function(EDF)is derived,which modifies the current Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution(MBD)to include the total internal energy as its parameter.This modification allows the three conservation laws derived directly from lattice Boltzmann equation(LBE)without additional small-parameter expansions adopted in references.From this amended theoretical EDF,an improved LBM is developed,in which the total internal energy like the mass density and mean velocity is a new macroscopic variable to be updated for different times and cells during simulations.The developed method provides a means to consider external forces and energy generation sources as generalised forces in LBM simulations.The corresponding model and implementation process of the improved LBM are presented with its performance theoretically investigated.Analytically hand-workable examples are given to illustrate its applications and to confirm its validity.The paper will excite more researchers and scientists of this area to numerically practice the new theory and method dealing with complex physical problems,from which it is expected to further advance LBM benefiting science and engineering.展开更多
Interferometric phase filtering is one of the key steps in interferometricsynthetic aperture radar (InSAR/SAR). However, the ideal filtering results are difficult toobtain due to dense fringe and low coherence regions...Interferometric phase filtering is one of the key steps in interferometricsynthetic aperture radar (InSAR/SAR). However, the ideal filtering results are difficult toobtain due to dense fringe and low coherence regions. Moreover, the InSAR/SAR datarange is relatively large, so the efficiency of interferential phase filtering is one of themajor problems. In this letter, we proposed an interferometric phase filtering methodbased on an amended matrix pencil and linear window mean filter. The combination ofthe matrix pencil and the linear mean filter are introduced to the interferometric phasefiltering for the first time. First, the interferometric signal is analyzed, and theinterferometric phase filtering is transformed into a local frequency estimation problem.Then, the local frequency is estimated using an amended matrix pencil at a window. Thelocal frequency can represent terrain changes, thus suggesting that the frequency can beaccurately estimated even in dense fringe regions. Finally, the local frequency is filteredby using a linear window mean filter, and the filtered phase is recovered. The proposedmethod is calculated by some matrices. Therefore, the computational complexity isreduced, and the efficiency of the interferometric phase filtering is improved.Experiments are conducted with simulated and real InSAR data. The proposed methodexhibits a better filtering effect and an ideal efficiency as compared with the traditionalfiltering method.展开更多
A conventional complex variable boundary integral equation （CVBIE） in plane elasticity is provided. After using the Somigliana identity between a particular fundamental stress field and a physical stress field, an a...A conventional complex variable boundary integral equation （CVBIE） in plane elasticity is provided. After using the Somigliana identity between a particular fundamental stress field and a physical stress field, an additional integral equality is obtained. By adding both sides of this integral equality to both sides of the conventional CVBIE, the amended boundary integral equation （BIE） is obtained. The method based on the discretization of the amended BIE is called the amended influence matrix method. With this method, for the Neumann boundary value problem （BVP） of an interior region, a unique solution for the displacement can be obtained. Several numerical examples are provided to prove the efficiency of the suggested method.展开更多
A pot research has been conducted in Horticultural Department Nursery, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry, Duhok University, during the period of May 15, 2012-Sep. 1, 2012. The study involved in testing the effects ...A pot research has been conducted in Horticultural Department Nursery, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry, Duhok University, during the period of May 15, 2012-Sep. 1, 2012. The study involved in testing the effects of two amended organic media （loam ＋ sheep manure and loam ＋ peat moss （1：1）） and different concentrations of seaweed （sea force 2） extract including （0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mL/L） on growth and flowering of Periwinkle （Vinca rosea） plant. The results showed that growing vinca plants in peat moss medium and spraying sea force 2 extract with low concentrations especially 0.5 mL/L resulted in positive significant difference in vegetative and flowering characteristics.展开更多
Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related ...Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.展开更多
Article 1. The Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Member) is the highest academic title of life tenure and honor established by the State in the field of science and technology.
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the heavy metal accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) plant grown in chromated copper arsenate (CCA) soil amended with treated composted sewage biosolid. The initial concent...A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the heavy metal accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) plant grown in chromated copper arsenate (CCA) soil amended with treated composted sewage biosolid. The initial concentrations of chromium, copper, arsenate in the CCA soil and sewage biosolid were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. These were found to be, in CCA soil: 365.8 ± 6.18, 109.22 ± 14.04, 28.22 ± 3.8 and in sewage biosolid: 35 ± 1.06, 1.0 ± 0.02, 0 mg·kg-1 respectively. The concentration of Cr, Cu and As determined in both the roots and shoots generally decreased with increase in percentage amendment concentration and number of days (20 and 40 days after planting). At 20 days, the total metal concentration ranges in roots were As (5.54 ± 0.03 - 6.69 ± 1.14), Cr (9.59 ± 0.02 - 13.22 ± 0.03), Cu (2.28 ± 0.06 - 4.53 ± 0.37) mg·kg-1 while at 40 days the values were As (5.60 ± 0.19 - 6.08 ± 0.01), Cr (9.47 ± 0.04 - 10.95 ± 0.09), Cu (3.94 ± 0.19 - 4.64 ± 0.07) mg·kg-1. For the shoot system, the concentrations of the metals at 20 days were As (5.28 ± 0.03 - 5.90 ± 0.13), Cr (9.30 ± 0.05 - 10.07 ± 0.06), Cu (3.64 ± 0.12 - 4.72 ± 0.15) mg/kg while at 40 days the values obtained were As (5.28 ± 0.03 - 5.9 ± 0.13), Cr (9.69 ± 0.14 - 10.07 ± 0.03), Cu (2.94 ± 0.72 - 4.53 ± 0.03) mg·kg-1. The roots accumulated the three heavy metals more than the shoot system at all treatments used. Concentration of arsenic, chromium and copper in the plants decreased with increasing percentage amendments. The results suggest relatively low bioavailability of the three metals in CCA soil treated with high percentages of sewage biosolid as an amendment.展开更多
Subtropical recent alluvial soils are low in organic carbon(C).Thus,increasing organic C is a major challenge to sustain soil fertility.Biochar amendment could be an option as biochar is a C-rich pyrolyzed material,wh...Subtropical recent alluvial soils are low in organic carbon(C).Thus,increasing organic C is a major challenge to sustain soil fertility.Biochar amendment could be an option as biochar is a C-rich pyrolyzed material,which is slowly decomposed in soil.We investigated C mineralization(CO_(2)-C evolution)in two types of soils(recent and old alluvial soils)amended with two feedstocks(sugarcane bagasse and rice husk)(1%,weight/weight),as well as their biochars and aged biochars under a controlled environment(25±2℃)over 85 d.For the recent alluvial soil(charland soil),the highest absolute cumulative CO_(2)-C evolution was observed in the sugarcane bagasse treatment(1140 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil)followed by the rice husk treatment(1090 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil);the lowest amount(150 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil)was observed in the aged rice husk biochar treatment.Similarly,for the old alluvial soil(farmland soil),the highest absolute cumulative CO_(2)-C evolution(1290 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil)was observed in the sugarcane bagasse treatment and then in the rice husk treatment(1270 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil);the lowest amount(200 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil)was in the aged rice husk biochar treatment.Aged sugarcane bagasse and rice husk biochar treatments reduced absolute cumulative CO_(2)-C evolution by 10%and 36%,respectively,compared with unamended recent alluvial soil,and by 10%and 18%,respectively,compared with unamended old alluvial soil.Both absolute and normalized C mineralization were similar between the sugarcane bagasse and rice husk treatments,between the biochar treatments,and between the aged biochar treatments.In both soils,the feedstock treatments resulted in the highest cumulative CO_(2)-C evolution,followed by the biochar treatments and then the aged biochar treatments.The absolute and normalized CO_(2)-C evolution and the mineralization rate constant of the stable C pool(K_(s))were lower in the recent alluvial soil compared with those in the old alluvial soil.The biochars and aged biochars had a negative priming effect in both soils,but the effect was more prominent in the recent alluvial soil.These results would have good implications for improving organic matter content in organic C-poor alluvial soils.展开更多
A field investigation was conducted to assess the breakdown of azadirachtin A in a tropical coastal savanna soil amended with neem leaves （NL） combined with poultry manure （PM） or cow dung （CD） using gas chromat...A field investigation was conducted to assess the breakdown of azadirachtin A in a tropical coastal savanna soil amended with neem leaves （NL） combined with poultry manure （PM） or cow dung （CD） using gas chromatography. Samples in polythene bags 15 cm long and 4.8 cm in diameter were randomly placed to a depth of 14 cm in the soil, and azadirachtin A concentration was assessed on days 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84. Azadirachtin A degradation in the soil followed first-order reaction kinetics with different half-lives obtained for varying combinations of the amendments. Higher neem amendment levels of 100 g gave shorter half-lives of azadirachtin A than the lower levels of 50 g. Within the 50 g NL group the additions of the poultry manure and the cow dung gave significantly shorter （P 〈0.05） half-lives of azadirachtin A than the sole neem amendment, whereas in the 100 g NL group only additions of 10 g CD and 10 g PM were significantly less （P 〈 0.05） than the sole neem amendment. Different changes resulting from the kind and quantity of animal manure added were observed in the half-lives of azadirachtin A. The 100 g NL group had significantly higher （P 〈0.05） moisture content, which, coupled with the likely differeaces in microbial biomass, could be the major factor responsible for variations in the half-llfe of the compound. Therefore, the quantity of the neem leaves applied and the addition of animal manure affected the breakdown of azadirachtin A in the soil amended with neem leaves.展开更多
In the present work, potential groundwater pollution by methabenzthiazuron （MTBU） and the effect of three different amendments （composted sheep manure, composted pine bark and spent coffee grounds） on its mobility...In the present work, potential groundwater pollution by methabenzthiazuron （MTBU） and the effect of three different amendments （composted sheep manure, composted pine bark and spent coffee grounds） on its mobility were investigated under laboratory conditions. The efficiency of ZnO and TiO2 suspensions in the photocatalytic degradation of MTBU in leaching water was also investigated. The relative and cumulative breakthrough curves were obtained from disturbed soil columns. The presence and/or addition of organic matter drastically reduced the movement of the herbicide. On other hand, photocatalytic experiments showed that the addition of ZnO and TiO2 strongly enhances the degradation rate of this herbicide compared with the results of photolytic experiments under artificial light. ZnO appeared to be more effective in MTBU oxidation than TiO2. The results obtained point to the interest of using organic wastes and heterogeneous photocatalysis for reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage.展开更多
A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound（VOC） emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days unde...A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound（VOC） emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days under non-flooded and flooded conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone,2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the 10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils under the non-flooded condition（5924 ng C/（kg·hr）） was significantly higher than that under the flooded condition（2211 ng C/（kg·hr））. One ＂peak emission window＂ appeared at days 0–44 or 4–44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（DGGE） showed that a relative increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and γ-Proteobacteria but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils.展开更多
Three new worldwide calendars are proposed and compared in this paper. None of them requires any departure from an existing tradition to divide years on lean and leap. Although all three are pretty accurate, it is dem...Three new worldwide calendars are proposed and compared in this paper. None of them requires any departure from an existing tradition to divide years on lean and leap. Although all three are pretty accurate, it is demonstrated that the Julian calendar with one additional amendment is the simplest and the most suitable for implementation.展开更多
In Japan, floods occur frequently in urban areas because non-infiltrating areas are seeing increased urbanization. To prevent floods, urban basins must improve the infiltration capacity and water retention of the whol...In Japan, floods occur frequently in urban areas because non-infiltrating areas are seeing increased urbanization. To prevent floods, urban basins must improve the infiltration capacity and water retention of the whole basin. There are several basic technologies for river basin management, such as infiltration trenches or rainwater storage. However, a method of soil amendment that prevents flood disasters has not been established. This study aims to evaluate the infiltration capacity of soil amendments using bamboo charcoal and humus. A constant-head infiltration test and rainfall simulation were conducted to evaluate the properties of the soil amendments. The constant-head infiltration test＇s results showed that soils mixed with 30% humus had the greatest potential for influencing initial and final infiltration rates, and the more the mixing rates of bamboo charcoal and humus were increased, the higher the water retention capacity. The results of the rainfall simulation showed that soils mixed with 30% humus had the highest final infiltration rates and lowest multiplication spillage. To reduce the runoff volume using soil amendment technology, it is important to delay overland flow, and the hydraulic properties of the soils mixed with bamboo charcoal and humus were as effective as those of granite soils.展开更多
Information on soil test phosphorus (P) in soil treated with organic amendments is important to a sound management of manure additions to agricultural fields. This study compared the recovery of cow manure, chicken ma...Information on soil test phosphorus (P) in soil treated with organic amendments is important to a sound management of manure additions to agricultural fields. This study compared the recovery of cow manure, chicken manure, city compost P relative to triple super phosphate P (TSP) for an acidic soil with different antecedent soil test P (STP). Phosphorus was added at rates of 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg P kg-1 soil based on total P. The soil was incubated at field capacity for 1, 4, 8 and 16 weeks (wk) after which they were extracted using NaHCO3 (Olsen) Mehlich-3, Kelowna and Bray & Kurtz-1 extractants. Regardless of extractants, after 1 wk incubation, the highest STP source was the TSP and the least was the city compost. Soil Test P increased with the addition of amendments from different P sources. Among the amendments, soil test P in TSP amended soil gradually decreased but in the city compost amended soil slightly in- creased with incubation time, whereas the changes of soil test P with time in the cow and chicken manures amended soil was very negligible. Across the amendments and rates of P additions, the value of extractable P with Olsen was of 55 mg ?kg-1 (16%), with Mehlich-3 was of 112 mg ?kg-1 (32%), with Kelowna was of 88 mg ?kg-1 (24%) and with Bray & Kurtz was of 104 mg ?kg-1 (29% of total added P). The P extraction efficiency was in the order: NaHCO3 Kelowna < Bray & Kurtz-1 < Mehlich-3. This study indicates that P in organic amendments reflects plant available P through the entire incubation period but P in the TSP are likely to under estimate after 8 wk of incubation.展开更多
Biochar application is known to improve soil quality,enhance nutrient bioavailability,and increase carbon retention.However,its effects on ecoenzymatic activities and stoichiometric relationships in saline-alkali soil...Biochar application is known to improve soil quality,enhance nutrient bioavailability,and increase carbon retention.However,its effects on ecoenzymatic activities and stoichiometric relationships in saline-alkali soils remain poorly understood.This study examines how biochar amendments influence microbial stoichiometry,nutrient limitations,and carbon use efficiency in saline-alkali soils.We compared two types of biochar-acid-modified biochar(pH 2.3)and alkaline biochar(pH 8.8)-at application rates of 1%,2%,and 5%in soils planted with Medicago sativa L.Our results demonstrated that alkaline biochar increased enzymatic C:N stoichiometry at higher rates,while acid-modified biochar decreased it at lower rates.Both biochar types reduced enzymatic C:P and N:P stoichiometry;alkaline biochar shifted microbial metabolism from nitrogen to phosphorus limitation,while acid-modified biochar alleviated nitrogen limitation at rates of 2%and 5%.Furthermore,alkaline biochar at rates of 2%and 5%reduced microbial carbon limitation and enhanced carbon use efficiency,whereas acid-modified biochar did not.Microbial carbon use efficiency was consistently higher with alkaline biochar than with acid-modified biochar at equivalent application rates.These findings highlight that the impact of biochar on soil microbial processes depends on the biochar feedstock type,with differences in surface adsorption properties,nutrient supply,pH,and liming effects driving changes in soil properties,microbial community dynamics,and plant growth.Our study offers insights into optimizing nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration in saline-alkali soils,demonstrating the potential of biochar in sustainable soil management.展开更多
Panax species are globally recognized for their high medicinal and economic value,yet large-scale cultivation is constrained by high production costs,progressive soil acidification,and persistent soil-borne diseases.A...Panax species are globally recognized for their high medicinal and economic value,yet large-scale cultivation is constrained by high production costs,progressive soil acidification,and persistent soil-borne diseases.Although various soil improvement strategies have been tested,a comprehensive synthesis of their comparative effectiveness has been lacking.Here,we conducted a meta-analysis of 1381 observations from 54 independent studies to evaluate the effects of conventional fertilizers,microbial fertilizers,organic amendments,and inorganic amendments on Panax cultivation.Our results demonstrate that microbial fertilizers,organic amendments,and inorganic amendments significantly increased soil pH,thereby ameliorating soil acidification.Among them,organic amendments significantly enhanced the content of soil organic carbon,available nitrogen,and available phosphorus,alongside a notable increase in microbial diversity(Chao1 and ACE indices,which increased by 9%and 17%,respectively).Moreover,our analysis revealed that while microbial fertilizers,organic amendments,and inorganic amendments(except conventional fertilizers)reduced the disease index of Panax plants,organic amendments demonstrated absolute superiority in promoting plant height,root dry weight,root fresh weight,and root length.By quantitatively integrating multi-source evidence,this study provides novel mechanistic insights and practical recommendations that extend beyond local practices,offering guidance for sustainable ginseng cultivation and broader medicinal plant production systems worldwide.展开更多
State Administration for Market Regulation and National Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 758 voluntary national standards and 6 voluntary national standards with amendment.
Long-term manure application has the potential to alleviate soil acidification, and increase carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, thus improving cropland fertility. However, the mechanisms behind greenhouse...Long-term manure application has the potential to alleviate soil acidification, and increase carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, thus improving cropland fertility. However, the mechanisms behind greenhouse gas N_(2)O emissions from acidic soil mediated by long-term manure application remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated N_(2)O emission and its linkage with gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, as well as nitrifying and denitrifying microbes in an acidic upland soil subjected to 36-year fertilization treatments, including an unfertilized control(CK), inorganic fertilizer(F), 2× rate of inorganic fertilizer(2F), manure(M), and the combination of inorganic fertilizer and manure(FM) treatments. Compared to the CK treatment(1.34 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)), fertilization strongly increased N_(2)O emissions by 34-fold on average, with more pronounced increases in the manure-amendment(10.6-169 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)) than those in the inorganic fertilizer treatments(3.26-5.51 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)). The manure amendment-stimulated N_(2)O emissions were highly associated with increased soil pH, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, substrate availability(e.g., particulate organic carbon, NO_(3)^(-)and available phosphorus), gross N mineralization rates, denitrifier abundances and the(nirK+nirS)/nosZ ratio. These findings suggest that the increased N_(2)O emissions primarily resulted from alleviated acidification, increased substrate availability and improved soil structure, thus enhancing microbial N mineralization and favoring N_(2)O^(-)producing denitrifiers over N_(2)O consumers. Moreover, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) rather than ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) positively correlated with soil NO_(3)^(-)concentration and N_(2)O emissions, indicating that nitrification indirectly contributed to N_(2)O production by supplying NO_(3)^(-)for denitrification. Collectively, manure amendment potentially stimulates N_(2)O emissions, primarily resulting from alleviated soil acidification and increased substrate availability, thus enhancing N mineralization and denitrifier-mediated N_(2)O production. Our findings suggest that consideration should be given to the greenhouse gas budgets of agricultural ecosystems when applying manure for managing the pH and fertility of acidic soils.展开更多
Organic material combined with inorganic fertilizer has been shown to greatly improve crop yield and maintain soil fertility globally. However, it remains unclear if crop yield and soil fertility can be sustained in t...Organic material combined with inorganic fertilizer has been shown to greatly improve crop yield and maintain soil fertility globally. However, it remains unclear if crop yield and soil fertility can be sustained in the long term under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Three long-term field trials were conducted to investigate the effects of organic amendments on the grain sustainable yield index(SYI), soil fertility index(SFI)and nutrient balance in maize–wheat cropping systems of central and southern China during 1991–2019. Five treatments were included in the trials: 1) no fertilization(control);2) balanced mineral fertilization(NPK);3) NPK plus manure(NPKM);4) high dose of NPK plus manure(1.5NPKM);and 5) NPK plus crop straw(NPKS). Over time, the grain yields of wheat and maize showed an increasing trend in all four fertilization treatments at the Yangling(YL) and Zhengzhou(ZZ) locations, while they declined at Qiyang(QY). The grain yield in the NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments gradually exceeded that of the NPK and NPKS treatments at the QY site. The largest SYI was recorded in the NPKM treatment across the three sites, suggesting that inorganic fertilizer combined with manure can effectively improve crop yield sustainability. Higher SYI values were recorded at the YL and ZZ sites than at the QY site, possibly because the soil was more acid at QY. The key factors affecting grain yield were soil available phosphorus(AP) and available potassium(AK) at the YL and ZZ sites, and pH and AP at the QY site.All fertilization treatments resulted in soil N and P surpluses at the three sites, but soil K surpluses were recorded only at the QY site. The SFI was greater in the 1.5NPKM, NPKM and NPKS treatments than in the NPK treatment by 13.3–40.0 and 16.4–63.6% at the YL and ZZ sites, respectively, and was significantly higher in the NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments than in the NPK and NPKS treatments at the QY site. A significant, positive linear relationship was found between SFI and crop yield, and SYI and nutrient balance, indicating that grain yield and its sustainability significantly increased with increasing soil fertility. The apparent N, P and K balances positively affected SFI.This study suggests that the appropriate amount of manure mixed with mineral NPK fertilizer is beneficial to the development of sustainable agriculture, which effectively increases the crop yield and yield sustainability by improving soil fertility.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571051, 51178209)
文摘Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost （MSC） on the solubility and pIant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaC12, CH3COONH4, CH3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid （DTPA） and ethylene diamJne tetraacetic acid （EDTA） were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent （DTPA and EDTA） extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties （including organic matter, pH and DOC） have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.
基金The author acknowledges the School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,HUST,providing the finance support managed by Guoxiang Hou,enabling author to visit HUST to tackle LBM.Thanks also are given to Yuehong Qian of Soochow University for providing some references involved in the paper.
文摘This paper presents theoretical investigations of lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)to develop a completed LBM theory.Based on H-theorem with Lagrangian multiplier method,an amended theoretical equilibrium distribution function(EDF)is derived,which modifies the current Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution(MBD)to include the total internal energy as its parameter.This modification allows the three conservation laws derived directly from lattice Boltzmann equation(LBE)without additional small-parameter expansions adopted in references.From this amended theoretical EDF,an improved LBM is developed,in which the total internal energy like the mass density and mean velocity is a new macroscopic variable to be updated for different times and cells during simulations.The developed method provides a means to consider external forces and energy generation sources as generalised forces in LBM simulations.The corresponding model and implementation process of the improved LBM are presented with its performance theoretically investigated.Analytically hand-workable examples are given to illustrate its applications and to confirm its validity.The paper will excite more researchers and scientists of this area to numerically practice the new theory and method dealing with complex physical problems,from which it is expected to further advance LBM benefiting science and engineering.
基金The authors would like to thank the support by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant[Number 41774026]the Satellite Mapping Technology and Application,National Administration of Surveying,Mapping and Geoinformation Key Laboratory under Grant[Number KLSMTA-201708].
文摘Interferometric phase filtering is one of the key steps in interferometricsynthetic aperture radar (InSAR/SAR). However, the ideal filtering results are difficult toobtain due to dense fringe and low coherence regions. Moreover, the InSAR/SAR datarange is relatively large, so the efficiency of interferential phase filtering is one of themajor problems. In this letter, we proposed an interferometric phase filtering methodbased on an amended matrix pencil and linear window mean filter. The combination ofthe matrix pencil and the linear mean filter are introduced to the interferometric phasefiltering for the first time. First, the interferometric signal is analyzed, and theinterferometric phase filtering is transformed into a local frequency estimation problem.Then, the local frequency is estimated using an amended matrix pencil at a window. Thelocal frequency can represent terrain changes, thus suggesting that the frequency can beaccurately estimated even in dense fringe regions. Finally, the local frequency is filteredby using a linear window mean filter, and the filtered phase is recovered. The proposedmethod is calculated by some matrices. Therefore, the computational complexity isreduced, and the efficiency of the interferometric phase filtering is improved.Experiments are conducted with simulated and real InSAR data. The proposed methodexhibits a better filtering effect and an ideal efficiency as compared with the traditionalfiltering method.
文摘A conventional complex variable boundary integral equation （CVBIE） in plane elasticity is provided. After using the Somigliana identity between a particular fundamental stress field and a physical stress field, an additional integral equality is obtained. By adding both sides of this integral equality to both sides of the conventional CVBIE, the amended boundary integral equation （BIE） is obtained. The method based on the discretization of the amended BIE is called the amended influence matrix method. With this method, for the Neumann boundary value problem （BVP） of an interior region, a unique solution for the displacement can be obtained. Several numerical examples are provided to prove the efficiency of the suggested method.
文摘A pot research has been conducted in Horticultural Department Nursery, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry, Duhok University, during the period of May 15, 2012-Sep. 1, 2012. The study involved in testing the effects of two amended organic media （loam ＋ sheep manure and loam ＋ peat moss （1：1）） and different concentrations of seaweed （sea force 2） extract including （0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mL/L） on growth and flowering of Periwinkle （Vinca rosea） plant. The results showed that growing vinca plants in peat moss medium and spraying sea force 2 extract with low concentrations especially 0.5 mL/L resulted in positive significant difference in vegetative and flowering characteristics.
文摘Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.
文摘Article 1. The Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Member) is the highest academic title of life tenure and honor established by the State in the field of science and technology.
文摘A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the heavy metal accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) plant grown in chromated copper arsenate (CCA) soil amended with treated composted sewage biosolid. The initial concentrations of chromium, copper, arsenate in the CCA soil and sewage biosolid were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. These were found to be, in CCA soil: 365.8 ± 6.18, 109.22 ± 14.04, 28.22 ± 3.8 and in sewage biosolid: 35 ± 1.06, 1.0 ± 0.02, 0 mg·kg-1 respectively. The concentration of Cr, Cu and As determined in both the roots and shoots generally decreased with increase in percentage amendment concentration and number of days (20 and 40 days after planting). At 20 days, the total metal concentration ranges in roots were As (5.54 ± 0.03 - 6.69 ± 1.14), Cr (9.59 ± 0.02 - 13.22 ± 0.03), Cu (2.28 ± 0.06 - 4.53 ± 0.37) mg·kg-1 while at 40 days the values were As (5.60 ± 0.19 - 6.08 ± 0.01), Cr (9.47 ± 0.04 - 10.95 ± 0.09), Cu (3.94 ± 0.19 - 4.64 ± 0.07) mg·kg-1. For the shoot system, the concentrations of the metals at 20 days were As (5.28 ± 0.03 - 5.90 ± 0.13), Cr (9.30 ± 0.05 - 10.07 ± 0.06), Cu (3.64 ± 0.12 - 4.72 ± 0.15) mg/kg while at 40 days the values obtained were As (5.28 ± 0.03 - 5.9 ± 0.13), Cr (9.69 ± 0.14 - 10.07 ± 0.03), Cu (2.94 ± 0.72 - 4.53 ± 0.03) mg·kg-1. The roots accumulated the three heavy metals more than the shoot system at all treatments used. Concentration of arsenic, chromium and copper in the plants decreased with increasing percentage amendments. The results suggest relatively low bioavailability of the three metals in CCA soil treated with high percentages of sewage biosolid as an amendment.
基金the BARC(Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council)for awarding a postgraduate scholarship with research support to the first author through the NATP(National Agricultural Technology Program)Phase-ⅡProject。
文摘Subtropical recent alluvial soils are low in organic carbon(C).Thus,increasing organic C is a major challenge to sustain soil fertility.Biochar amendment could be an option as biochar is a C-rich pyrolyzed material,which is slowly decomposed in soil.We investigated C mineralization(CO_(2)-C evolution)in two types of soils(recent and old alluvial soils)amended with two feedstocks(sugarcane bagasse and rice husk)(1%,weight/weight),as well as their biochars and aged biochars under a controlled environment(25±2℃)over 85 d.For the recent alluvial soil(charland soil),the highest absolute cumulative CO_(2)-C evolution was observed in the sugarcane bagasse treatment(1140 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil)followed by the rice husk treatment(1090 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil);the lowest amount(150 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil)was observed in the aged rice husk biochar treatment.Similarly,for the old alluvial soil(farmland soil),the highest absolute cumulative CO_(2)-C evolution(1290 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil)was observed in the sugarcane bagasse treatment and then in the rice husk treatment(1270 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil);the lowest amount(200 mg CO_(2)-C kg^(-1)soil)was in the aged rice husk biochar treatment.Aged sugarcane bagasse and rice husk biochar treatments reduced absolute cumulative CO_(2)-C evolution by 10%and 36%,respectively,compared with unamended recent alluvial soil,and by 10%and 18%,respectively,compared with unamended old alluvial soil.Both absolute and normalized C mineralization were similar between the sugarcane bagasse and rice husk treatments,between the biochar treatments,and between the aged biochar treatments.In both soils,the feedstock treatments resulted in the highest cumulative CO_(2)-C evolution,followed by the biochar treatments and then the aged biochar treatments.The absolute and normalized CO_(2)-C evolution and the mineralization rate constant of the stable C pool(K_(s))were lower in the recent alluvial soil compared with those in the old alluvial soil.The biochars and aged biochars had a negative priming effect in both soils,but the effect was more prominent in the recent alluvial soil.These results would have good implications for improving organic matter content in organic C-poor alluvial soils.
基金Project supported by the Centre for School and Community Science and Technology Studies (SACOST), University of Education, Winneba, Ghana.
文摘A field investigation was conducted to assess the breakdown of azadirachtin A in a tropical coastal savanna soil amended with neem leaves （NL） combined with poultry manure （PM） or cow dung （CD） using gas chromatography. Samples in polythene bags 15 cm long and 4.8 cm in diameter were randomly placed to a depth of 14 cm in the soil, and azadirachtin A concentration was assessed on days 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84. Azadirachtin A degradation in the soil followed first-order reaction kinetics with different half-lives obtained for varying combinations of the amendments. Higher neem amendment levels of 100 g gave shorter half-lives of azadirachtin A than the lower levels of 50 g. Within the 50 g NL group the additions of the poultry manure and the cow dung gave significantly shorter （P 〈0.05） half-lives of azadirachtin A than the sole neem amendment, whereas in the 100 g NL group only additions of 10 g CD and 10 g PM were significantly less （P 〈 0.05） than the sole neem amendment. Different changes resulting from the kind and quantity of animal manure added were observed in the half-lives of azadirachtin A. The 100 g NL group had significantly higher （P 〈0.05） moisture content, which, coupled with the likely differeaces in microbial biomass, could be the major factor responsible for variations in the half-llfe of the compound. Therefore, the quantity of the neem leaves applied and the addition of animal manure affected the breakdown of azadirachtin A in the soil amended with neem leaves.
基金financial support from Ramón and Cajal Subprogram,the Instituto Nacional de Investigacióny Tecnologīa Agraria y Alimentaria(ProjectRTA2011-00022-00-00)the Ministerio de Espana de Ciencia e Innovación(Project AGL2010-20458-C02-01)
文摘In the present work, potential groundwater pollution by methabenzthiazuron （MTBU） and the effect of three different amendments （composted sheep manure, composted pine bark and spent coffee grounds） on its mobility were investigated under laboratory conditions. The efficiency of ZnO and TiO2 suspensions in the photocatalytic degradation of MTBU in leaching water was also investigated. The relative and cumulative breakthrough curves were obtained from disturbed soil columns. The presence and/or addition of organic matter drastically reduced the movement of the herbicide. On other hand, photocatalytic experiments showed that the addition of ZnO and TiO2 strongly enhances the degradation rate of this herbicide compared with the results of photolytic experiments under artificial light. ZnO appeared to be more effective in MTBU oxidation than TiO2. The results obtained point to the interest of using organic wastes and heterogeneous photocatalysis for reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41025012,41103067,41571130031 and 41273095)
文摘A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound（VOC） emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days under non-flooded and flooded conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone,2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the 10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils under the non-flooded condition（5924 ng C/（kg·hr）） was significantly higher than that under the flooded condition（2211 ng C/（kg·hr））. One ＂peak emission window＂ appeared at days 0–44 or 4–44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（DGGE） showed that a relative increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and γ-Proteobacteria but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils.
文摘Three new worldwide calendars are proposed and compared in this paper. None of them requires any departure from an existing tradition to divide years on lean and leap. Although all three are pretty accurate, it is demonstrated that the Julian calendar with one additional amendment is the simplest and the most suitable for implementation.
文摘In Japan, floods occur frequently in urban areas because non-infiltrating areas are seeing increased urbanization. To prevent floods, urban basins must improve the infiltration capacity and water retention of the whole basin. There are several basic technologies for river basin management, such as infiltration trenches or rainwater storage. However, a method of soil amendment that prevents flood disasters has not been established. This study aims to evaluate the infiltration capacity of soil amendments using bamboo charcoal and humus. A constant-head infiltration test and rainfall simulation were conducted to evaluate the properties of the soil amendments. The constant-head infiltration test＇s results showed that soils mixed with 30% humus had the greatest potential for influencing initial and final infiltration rates, and the more the mixing rates of bamboo charcoal and humus were increased, the higher the water retention capacity. The results of the rainfall simulation showed that soils mixed with 30% humus had the highest final infiltration rates and lowest multiplication spillage. To reduce the runoff volume using soil amendment technology, it is important to delay overland flow, and the hydraulic properties of the soils mixed with bamboo charcoal and humus were as effective as those of granite soils.
文摘Information on soil test phosphorus (P) in soil treated with organic amendments is important to a sound management of manure additions to agricultural fields. This study compared the recovery of cow manure, chicken manure, city compost P relative to triple super phosphate P (TSP) for an acidic soil with different antecedent soil test P (STP). Phosphorus was added at rates of 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg P kg-1 soil based on total P. The soil was incubated at field capacity for 1, 4, 8 and 16 weeks (wk) after which they were extracted using NaHCO3 (Olsen) Mehlich-3, Kelowna and Bray & Kurtz-1 extractants. Regardless of extractants, after 1 wk incubation, the highest STP source was the TSP and the least was the city compost. Soil Test P increased with the addition of amendments from different P sources. Among the amendments, soil test P in TSP amended soil gradually decreased but in the city compost amended soil slightly in- creased with incubation time, whereas the changes of soil test P with time in the cow and chicken manures amended soil was very negligible. Across the amendments and rates of P additions, the value of extractable P with Olsen was of 55 mg ?kg-1 (16%), with Mehlich-3 was of 112 mg ?kg-1 (32%), with Kelowna was of 88 mg ?kg-1 (24%) and with Bray & Kurtz was of 104 mg ?kg-1 (29% of total added P). The P extraction efficiency was in the order: NaHCO3 Kelowna < Bray & Kurtz-1 < Mehlich-3. This study indicates that P in organic amendments reflects plant available P through the entire incubation period but P in the TSP are likely to under estimate after 8 wk of incubation.
基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42101057&32171580)Science and Technology Plan of Gansu Province(24JRRA412)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(lzujbky-2021-ey03)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,Qinghai University(2024-KF-04).
文摘Biochar application is known to improve soil quality,enhance nutrient bioavailability,and increase carbon retention.However,its effects on ecoenzymatic activities and stoichiometric relationships in saline-alkali soils remain poorly understood.This study examines how biochar amendments influence microbial stoichiometry,nutrient limitations,and carbon use efficiency in saline-alkali soils.We compared two types of biochar-acid-modified biochar(pH 2.3)and alkaline biochar(pH 8.8)-at application rates of 1%,2%,and 5%in soils planted with Medicago sativa L.Our results demonstrated that alkaline biochar increased enzymatic C:N stoichiometry at higher rates,while acid-modified biochar decreased it at lower rates.Both biochar types reduced enzymatic C:P and N:P stoichiometry;alkaline biochar shifted microbial metabolism from nitrogen to phosphorus limitation,while acid-modified biochar alleviated nitrogen limitation at rates of 2%and 5%.Furthermore,alkaline biochar at rates of 2%and 5%reduced microbial carbon limitation and enhanced carbon use efficiency,whereas acid-modified biochar did not.Microbial carbon use efficiency was consistently higher with alkaline biochar than with acid-modified biochar at equivalent application rates.These findings highlight that the impact of biochar on soil microbial processes depends on the biochar feedstock type,with differences in surface adsorption properties,nutrient supply,pH,and liming effects driving changes in soil properties,microbial community dynamics,and plant growth.Our study offers insights into optimizing nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration in saline-alkali soils,demonstrating the potential of biochar in sustainable soil management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42388101,82403271)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo Municipality(No.2024J420)Ningbo Top Talent Project(No.215-432094250).
文摘Panax species are globally recognized for their high medicinal and economic value,yet large-scale cultivation is constrained by high production costs,progressive soil acidification,and persistent soil-borne diseases.Although various soil improvement strategies have been tested,a comprehensive synthesis of their comparative effectiveness has been lacking.Here,we conducted a meta-analysis of 1381 observations from 54 independent studies to evaluate the effects of conventional fertilizers,microbial fertilizers,organic amendments,and inorganic amendments on Panax cultivation.Our results demonstrate that microbial fertilizers,organic amendments,and inorganic amendments significantly increased soil pH,thereby ameliorating soil acidification.Among them,organic amendments significantly enhanced the content of soil organic carbon,available nitrogen,and available phosphorus,alongside a notable increase in microbial diversity(Chao1 and ACE indices,which increased by 9%and 17%,respectively).Moreover,our analysis revealed that while microbial fertilizers,organic amendments,and inorganic amendments(except conventional fertilizers)reduced the disease index of Panax plants,organic amendments demonstrated absolute superiority in promoting plant height,root dry weight,root fresh weight,and root length.By quantitatively integrating multi-source evidence,this study provides novel mechanistic insights and practical recommendations that extend beyond local practices,offering guidance for sustainable ginseng cultivation and broader medicinal plant production systems worldwide.
文摘State Administration for Market Regulation and National Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 758 voluntary national standards and 6 voluntary national standards with amendment.
基金financially supported by the National Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Project of China (2021FY100501)the Youth Innovation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Y2023QC16)。
文摘Long-term manure application has the potential to alleviate soil acidification, and increase carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, thus improving cropland fertility. However, the mechanisms behind greenhouse gas N_(2)O emissions from acidic soil mediated by long-term manure application remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated N_(2)O emission and its linkage with gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, as well as nitrifying and denitrifying microbes in an acidic upland soil subjected to 36-year fertilization treatments, including an unfertilized control(CK), inorganic fertilizer(F), 2× rate of inorganic fertilizer(2F), manure(M), and the combination of inorganic fertilizer and manure(FM) treatments. Compared to the CK treatment(1.34 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)), fertilization strongly increased N_(2)O emissions by 34-fold on average, with more pronounced increases in the manure-amendment(10.6-169 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)) than those in the inorganic fertilizer treatments(3.26-5.51 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)). The manure amendment-stimulated N_(2)O emissions were highly associated with increased soil pH, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, substrate availability(e.g., particulate organic carbon, NO_(3)^(-)and available phosphorus), gross N mineralization rates, denitrifier abundances and the(nirK+nirS)/nosZ ratio. These findings suggest that the increased N_(2)O emissions primarily resulted from alleviated acidification, increased substrate availability and improved soil structure, thus enhancing microbial N mineralization and favoring N_(2)O^(-)producing denitrifiers over N_(2)O consumers. Moreover, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) rather than ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) positively correlated with soil NO_(3)^(-)concentration and N_(2)O emissions, indicating that nitrification indirectly contributed to N_(2)O production by supplying NO_(3)^(-)for denitrification. Collectively, manure amendment potentially stimulates N_(2)O emissions, primarily resulting from alleviated soil acidification and increased substrate availability, thus enhancing N mineralization and denitrifier-mediated N_(2)O production. Our findings suggest that consideration should be given to the greenhouse gas budgets of agricultural ecosystems when applying manure for managing the pH and fertility of acidic soils.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42177341)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shanxi,China(202203021222138).
文摘Organic material combined with inorganic fertilizer has been shown to greatly improve crop yield and maintain soil fertility globally. However, it remains unclear if crop yield and soil fertility can be sustained in the long term under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Three long-term field trials were conducted to investigate the effects of organic amendments on the grain sustainable yield index(SYI), soil fertility index(SFI)and nutrient balance in maize–wheat cropping systems of central and southern China during 1991–2019. Five treatments were included in the trials: 1) no fertilization(control);2) balanced mineral fertilization(NPK);3) NPK plus manure(NPKM);4) high dose of NPK plus manure(1.5NPKM);and 5) NPK plus crop straw(NPKS). Over time, the grain yields of wheat and maize showed an increasing trend in all four fertilization treatments at the Yangling(YL) and Zhengzhou(ZZ) locations, while they declined at Qiyang(QY). The grain yield in the NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments gradually exceeded that of the NPK and NPKS treatments at the QY site. The largest SYI was recorded in the NPKM treatment across the three sites, suggesting that inorganic fertilizer combined with manure can effectively improve crop yield sustainability. Higher SYI values were recorded at the YL and ZZ sites than at the QY site, possibly because the soil was more acid at QY. The key factors affecting grain yield were soil available phosphorus(AP) and available potassium(AK) at the YL and ZZ sites, and pH and AP at the QY site.All fertilization treatments resulted in soil N and P surpluses at the three sites, but soil K surpluses were recorded only at the QY site. The SFI was greater in the 1.5NPKM, NPKM and NPKS treatments than in the NPK treatment by 13.3–40.0 and 16.4–63.6% at the YL and ZZ sites, respectively, and was significantly higher in the NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments than in the NPK and NPKS treatments at the QY site. A significant, positive linear relationship was found between SFI and crop yield, and SYI and nutrient balance, indicating that grain yield and its sustainability significantly increased with increasing soil fertility. The apparent N, P and K balances positively affected SFI.This study suggests that the appropriate amount of manure mixed with mineral NPK fertilizer is beneficial to the development of sustainable agriculture, which effectively increases the crop yield and yield sustainability by improving soil fertility.
