This study investigates the relationships between exposures to ambient air pollution—specifically particulate matter 2.5 (PM_(2.5)) and its metabolites—and the risk of depression.Nonlinear and linear regression,Baye...This study investigates the relationships between exposures to ambient air pollution—specifically particulate matter 2.5 (PM_(2.5)) and its metabolites—and the risk of depression.Nonlinear and linear regression,Bayesian kernel machine regression,and toxicogenomic analysis were key approaches.PM_(2.5)exposure was positively associated with the risk of developing depression,whereas phenylglyoxylic acid exposure was negatively associated with depression risk.We found a significant overall relationship between ambient air pollution and depression,particularly at the 55th and 60th percentiles.Although statistical significance was not reached at the 65th percentile,there was a noticeable upward trend,indicating a potential association.Interestingly,no significant connection was found between a combination of metabolites from ambient air pollution and depression.PM_(2.5)and phenylglyoxylic acid emerged as the most influential compounds in the models,respectively.PM_(2.5)exposure altered the expression of 42 specific targets associated with depression,especially POMC,SCL6A4,IL6,and SOD2.The study identified specific pathways related to insulin secretion,energy metabolism,blood circulation,tube diameter,and maintenance of blood vessel diameter,as well as key molecular mechanisms involving hsa-miR-124-3p,hsa-miR-155-5p,hsa-miR-16-5p,and SP1.These mechanisms were found to underlie the etiology of depression associated with PM_(2.5)exposure.In conclusions,PM_(2.5)and phenylglyoxylic acid were found to be associated with depression.Further work is needed to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms by which these chemicals affect depression,especially pathways related to insulin secretion and blood circulation.展开更多
The rapid development in Beijing, the capital of China, has resulted in serious air pollution problems. Meanwhile great efforts have been made to improve the air quality, especially since 1998. The variation in air qu...The rapid development in Beijing, the capital of China, has resulted in serious air pollution problems. Meanwhile great efforts have been made to improve the air quality, especially since 1998. The variation in air quality under the interaction of pollution and control in this mega city has attracted much attention. We analyzed the changes in ambient air quality in Beijing since the 1980’s using the Daniel trend test based on data from long-term monitoring stations. The results showed that different pollutants displayed three trends： a decreasing trend, an increasing trend and a flat trend. SO2, dustfall, B[a]P, NO2 and PM10 fit decreasing trend pattern, while NOx showed an increasing trend, and CO, ozone pollution, total suspended particulate （TSP）, as well as Pb fit the flat trend. The cause of the general air pollution in Beijing has changed from being predominantly related to coal burning to mixed traffic exhaust and coal burning related pollution. Seasonally, the pollution level is typically higher during the heating season from November to the following March. The interaction between pollution sources change and implementation of air pollution control measures was the main driving factor that caused the variation in air quality. Changes of industrial structure and improved energy effciency, the use of clean energy and preferred use of clean coal, reduction in pollution sources, and implementation of advanced environmental standards have all contributed to the reduction in air pollution, particularly since 1998.展开更多
Objective To investigate the association between ambient air pollution and hospital emergency admissions in Beijing. Methods In this study, a semi-parametric generalized additive model （GAM） was used to evaluate the...Objective To investigate the association between ambient air pollution and hospital emergency admissions in Beijing. Methods In this study, a semi-parametric generalized additive model （GAM） was used to evaluate the specific influences of air pollutants （PM10, SO2, and NO2） on hospital emergency admissions with different lag structures from 2009 to 2011, the sex and age specific influences of air pollution and the modifying effect of seasons on air pollution to analyze the possible interaction. Results It was found that a 10μg/m3 increase in concentration of PMlo at lag 03 day, SO2 and NO2 at lag 0 day were associated with an increase of 0.88%, 0.76%, and 1.82% respectively in overall emergency admissions. A 10 lag/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 at lag 5 day were associated with an increase of 1.39%, 1.56%, and 1.18% respectively in cardiovascular disease emergency admissions. For lag 02, a 10 μg/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 were associated with 1.72%, 1.34%, and 2.57% increases respectively in respiratory disease emergency admissions. Conclusion This study further confirmed that short-term exposure to ambient air pollution was associated with increased risk of hospital emergency admissions in Beijing.展开更多
Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management.Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards.To understand the h...Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management.Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards.To understand the history of the development of China’s ambient air quality standards,this study analyzed the background associated with all previous formulations and revisions of the standards,classification of functional areas,standard grading,pollutants,and evolution of the standard limits over the past 40 years.The results show that since the initial release of the“Ambient Air Quality Standard”by China in 1982,it has been supplemented once,revised twice,and modified twice.The first ambient air quality standard specified the standard limits of six pollutants commonly found in ambient air.With the development of ambient air quality management,the number of pollutants has increased to ten.Since the release of the“Ambient Air Quality Standards”in 2012,the ambient air quality in China has significantly improved.However,the proportion of cities meeting these standards is still low.At present,China is suitably positioned to make the standards associated with 24 hr SO2concentrations more stringent such that it meets the values defined in the World Health Organization(WHO)interim target-2 and the WHO air quality guideline(AQG).We further suggested that the SO2standard should be revised promptly.Simultaneously,regions with a relatively high proportion of cities meeting the standard are encouraged to introduce more stringent interim target limits in due course to manage the local ambient air quality.展开更多
The dynamic contact resistances of HH52P electromagnetic relays are measured under different ambient air tem- perature. Their diagnostic parameters are extracted and determined. It is found that the ambient air temper...The dynamic contact resistances of HH52P electromagnetic relays are measured under different ambient air tem- perature. Their diagnostic parameters are extracted and determined. It is found that the ambient air temperature obviously influ- ences some parameters. In order to research its influence on the electrical contact reliability of electromagnetic relay, the statistic analysis is applied to study the static contact resistance, the max of the dynamic contact resistance and the bounce time. It is found that the ambient air temperature regularly influences the three parameters. Thoroughly, the phenomenon is studied and analyzed in the point of material science so as to probe into the essential matter of it.展开更多
Vanadium-catalyzed oxidative kinetic resolution（OKR） of methyl o-chloromandelate 2a,key intermediate of the well-known oral antiplatelet agent（S）-clopidogrel,was achieved by ambient air for the first time.The air ...Vanadium-catalyzed oxidative kinetic resolution（OKR） of methyl o-chloromandelate 2a,key intermediate of the well-known oral antiplatelet agent（S）-clopidogrel,was achieved by ambient air for the first time.The air oxidation system,which was composed of vanadium and tridentate Schiff base ligands derived from amino alcohols and salicylaldehyde derivatives,afforded an efficient and economic approach to the target intermediate with high enantioselectivities（99%ee）.展开更多
The total concentrations and component profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） in ambient air,surface soil and wheat grain collected from wheat fields near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in Northern ...The total concentrations and component profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） in ambient air,surface soil and wheat grain collected from wheat fields near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in Northern China were determined.Based on the specific isomeric ratios of paired species in ambient air,principle component analysis and multivariate linear regression,the main emission source of local PAHs was identified as a mixture of industrial and domestic coal combustion,biomass burning and traffic exhaust.The total organic carbon（TOC） fraction was considerably correlated with the total and individual PAH concentrations in surface soil.The total concentrations of PAHs in wheat grain were relatively low,with dominant low molecular weight constituents,and the compositional profile was more similar to that in ambient air than in topsoil.Combined with more significant results from partial correlation and linear regression models,the contribution from air PAHs to grain PAHs may be greater than that from soil PAHs.展开更多
The direct conversion of atmospheric CO_(2) into fuel via photocatalysis exhibits significant practical application value in advancing the carbon cycle.In this study,we established an electro-assisted photocatalytic s...The direct conversion of atmospheric CO_(2) into fuel via photocatalysis exhibits significant practical application value in advancing the carbon cycle.In this study,we established an electro-assisted photocatalytic system with dual compartments and interfaces,and coated Ag nanoparticles on the titanium nanotube arrays(TNTAs)by polydopamine modification.In the absence of sacrificial agent and alkali absorption liquid conditions,the stable,efficient and highly selective conversion of CO_(2) to CO at the gas-solid interface in ambient air was realized by photoelectric synergy.Specifically,with the assistance of potential,the CO formation rates reached 194.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) and 103.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation,respectively;the corresponding CO_(2) conversion rates in ambient air were 30%and 16%,respectively.The excellent catalytic effect is mainly attributed to the formation of P–N heterojunction during the catalytic process and the surface plasmon resonance effect.Additionally,the introduction of solid agar electrolytes effectively inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and improves the electron utilization rate.This system promotes the development of photocatalytic technology for practical applications and provides new insights and support for the carbon cycle.展开更多
Using data obtained with a full-scale sewage sludge composting facility, this paper studied the effects of ambient air temperature on the composting temperature with varying volume ratios of sewage sludge and recycled...Using data obtained with a full-scale sewage sludge composting facility, this paper studied the effects of ambient air temperature on the composting temperature with varying volume ratios of sewage sludge and recycled compost to bulking agent. Two volume ratios were examined experimentally, 1 ： 0 ： 1 and 3 ： 1 ： 2. The results show that composting temperature was influenced by ambient air temperature and the influence was more significant when composting was in the temperature rising process： composting temperature changed 2.4-6.5℃ when ambient air temperature changed 13℃. On the other hand, the influence was not significant when composting was in the high-temperature and/or temperature falling process： composting temperature changed 0.75-1.3℃ when ambient air temperature changed 8-15℃. Hysteresis effect was observed in composting temperature＇s responses to ambient air temperature. When the ventilation capability of pile was excellent（at a volume ratio of 1：0：1）, the hysteresis time was short and ranging 1.1-1.2 h. On the contrary, when the proportion of added bulking agent was low, therefore less porosity in the substrate（at a volume ratio of 3：1：2）, the hysteresis time was IonQ and ranging 1.9-3.1 h.展开更多
Objective Evidence that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution increases mortality among older adults,particularly those residing in low-level air pollution locations,remains scarce.This study investigated the po...Objective Evidence that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution increases mortality among older adults,particularly those residing in low-level air pollution locations,remains scarce.This study investigated the potential links between long-term low-level air pollution exposure and mortality among Chinese older adults.Methods A population-based study with 317,464 individuals aged≥65 years was conducted in Shenzhen,China during 2018 and 2020.Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and all-cause mortality,as the primary outcome,as well as non-accidental,cancer and cardiovascular mortality.Results Significant associations of PM1,PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_(2),CO,and O3 exposures with a higher risk of all-cause mortality were found.Adjusted odds ratio(OR)for each 1μg/m^(3) increment was 1.49[95%confidence interval(CI):1.46,1.53]for PM1,1.30(1.27,1.32)for PM_(2.5),1.05(1.04,1.06)for PM_(10),5.84(5.39,6.32)for SO_(2),1.04(1.04,1.05)for CO,and 1.02(1.00,1.03)for O3,respectively.Long-term PM1,PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_(2),and CO exposures also elevated the risks of non-accidental,cancer and cardiovascular mortality.Conclusion Long-term low-level air pollution exposure was associated with an increased mortality risk among Chinese older adults.展开更多
Benzene is a carcinogenic air pollutant for which European legislation has set an annual limit and criteria for the number of fixed monitoring sites within air quality networks(AQMN).However,due to the limited number ...Benzene is a carcinogenic air pollutant for which European legislation has set an annual limit and criteria for the number of fixed monitoring sites within air quality networks(AQMN).However,due to the limited number of fixed sites for benzene measurement,exposure data are lacking.Considering the relationship between benzene levels and other variables monitored within an AQMN,such as NO_(2),O_(3),temperature,solar radiation,and accumulated precipitation,this study proposes an approach for estimating benzene air concentrations from the related variables.Using the data of the aforementioned variables from23 fixed stations during 2016-2017,the proposed approach was able to forecast benzene concentration for 2018 with high confidence,providing enriched data on benzene exposure and its trends.Moreover,the spatial distribution of the estimated versus the most representative benzene levels was quite similar.Finally,an artificial neural network identified the most representative fixed benzene monitoring sites within the AQMN.展开更多
The impact of global climate change and air pollution on mental health has become a crucial public health issue.Increased public awareness of health,advancements in medical diagnosis and treatment,the way media outlet...The impact of global climate change and air pollution on mental health has become a crucial public health issue.Increased public awareness of health,advancements in medical diagnosis and treatment,the way media outlets report environmental changes and the variation in social resources affect psychological responses and adaptation methods to climate change and air pollution.In the context of climate change,extreme weather events seriously disrupt people's living environments,and unstable educational environments lead to an increase in mental health issues for students.Air pollution affects students'mental health by increasing the incidence of diseases while decreasing contact with nature,leading to problems such as anxiety,depression,and decreased cognitive function.We call for joint efforts to reduce pollutant emissions at the source,improve energy structures,strengthen environmental monitoring and governance,increase attention to the mental health issues of students,and help student groups build resilience;by establishing public policies,enhancing social support and adjusting lifestyles and habits,we can help students cope with the constantly changing environment and maintain a good level of mental health.Through these comprehensive measures,we can more effectively address the challenges of global climate change and air pollution and promote the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
Globally, air pollution is a significant cause of death, illness and social discomfort. The problem is particularly severe in Nigeria, the country with the highest number of premature deaths due to ambient particulate...Globally, air pollution is a significant cause of death, illness and social discomfort. The problem is particularly severe in Nigeria, the country with the highest number of premature deaths due to ambient particulate matter pollution in Sub Saharan region. It is especially worrying in Lagos, the country’s commercial capital and one of the world’s fastest growing megacities. Despite growing concerns about its deadly impacts, there is currently no reliable monetary estimate of the effects of ambient air pollution, nor a comprehensive control plan in Lagos. Using available ground-level monitored data and the most recent valuation techniques, this paper estimates that in 2018 alone, ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) caused about 11,200 premature deaths, and generated a health cost of US$2.1 billion in Lagos. This is equivalent to about 2.1 percent of Lagos’ GDP in the same year. These results call for an urgent plan of action to improve air quality in the city, with primary focus on the main pollution sources: road transport, industrial emissions, and power generation.展开更多
The paper analyzed the concentrations of trace metals in fine and respirable particulates (fine-PM<sub>1</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>;respirable-PM<sub>10</sub>) to determine baseline...The paper analyzed the concentrations of trace metals in fine and respirable particulates (fine-PM<sub>1</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>;respirable-PM<sub>10</sub>) to determine baseline concentrations in the ambient air and the factors impacting its distribution such as land use and time of year when levels may be concerning to public health. Measurements of particulates along with meteorological parameters were made at four sites over the heavily populated west coast of Trinidad (10<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>32'N, 61<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>18'W) during March ’15-May ’16, representing rural, urban, mixed background and industrial land uses. The study found mean levels of trace metals to be highest at the industrial and urban stations. Public health exceedances (referenced to the Canadian AAQ public health standards <a href="#ref23">(Ontario-MoE, 2012)</a>) were measured for beryllium, cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese and nickel (in PM<sub>10</sub>). Iron, manganese and nickel, most associated with particulates at the industrial station, were in frequent exceedance. Beryllium—concentrated in coarse PM (PM<sub>2.5-10</sub>) with only a single measured exceedance at the mixed background station likely poses minimal threat to the health of the nearby population. Cadmium—concentrated in fine PM which peaked once only at the rural station was likely due to an irregular event within a narrow timeframe during the time of sampling. Iron and manganese were frequently above the Canadian public health threshold, but predominated in the coarse PM fraction, suggesting localised sources. Nickel, concentrated in the fine PM fraction, was frequently in exceedance particularly at the industrial station. Cadmium and nickel are genotoxic and should be regulated in order to reduce the burden of toxic carcinogens to which the population can be exposed.展开更多
A systematic investigation of oxidation on a superconductive Fe Te_（0.5）Se_（0.5）thin film,which was grown on Nb-doped SrTiO_3（001） by pulsed laser deposition,has been carried out.The sample was exposed to ambien...A systematic investigation of oxidation on a superconductive Fe Te_（0.5）Se_（0.5）thin film,which was grown on Nb-doped SrTiO_3（001） by pulsed laser deposition,has been carried out.The sample was exposed to ambient air for one month for oxidation.Macroscopically,the exposed specimen lost its superconductivity due to oxidation.The specimen was subjected to in situ synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy（PES） and x-ray absorption spectroscopy（XAS） measurements following cycles of annealing and argon ion etching treatments to unravel what happened in the electronic structure and composition after exposure to air.By the spectroscopic measurements,we found that the as-grown FeTe_（0.5）Se_（0.5）superconductive thin film experienced an element selective substitution reaction.The oxidation preferentially proceeds through pumping out the Te and forming Fe–O bonds by O substitution of Te.In addition,our results certify that in situ vacuum annealing and low-energy argon ion etching methods combined with spectroscopy are suitable for depth element and valence analysis of layered structure superconductor materials.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the short-term effects of ambient air pollutants on outpatient visits for childhood allergic diseases.Daily data on ambient air pollutants(NO2,SO2,CO and PM2.5)and outpatient visits for ...This study aims to investigate the short-term effects of ambient air pollutants on outpatient visits for childhood allergic diseases.Daily data on ambient air pollutants(NO2,SO2,CO and PM2.5)and outpatient visits for childhood allergic diseases(asthma,atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis)were obtained in Shanghai,China from 2013 to 2014.The effects of ambient air pollutants were estimated for total outpatient visits for childhood allergic diseases,gender and age stratification and disease classification by using distributed lag non-linear model(DLNM).We found positive associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants and childhood allergic diseases.Girls and children aged 7 years old were more likely to be sensitive to ambient air pollutants.NO2 and SO2 showed stronger effects on asthma and atopic dermatitis,respectively.This study provides evidence that short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants can increase the risk of childhood allergic diseases.展开更多
Air Pollution is an escalating problem worldwide fuelled by increasing anthropogenic activities, speedy development, rapid industrialization, transportation, superfluous use of fossil fuel consumption, increasing glob...Air Pollution is an escalating problem worldwide fuelled by increasing anthropogenic activities, speedy development, rapid industrialization, transportation, superfluous use of fossil fuel consumption, increasing global power needs, etc. Also the diverse meteorological factors influence our environment to a great extent. Population explosion has led to remarkable increase in vehicular population. The use solely depends upon the lifestyle of the citizen. Any change in the lifestyle has a remarkable effect on the air we breathe. A comprehensive database for pollution levels from the year 2006 to 2010 was analyzed for a main traffic intersection and a non-traffic area in Delhi (India). The paper asserts that pollutant concentration levels on weekend are lower than those on weekdays (increase on Sundays with respect to weekdays is CO 2.98 times, PM2.5 1.18 times, NO 1.62 times, NO2 5.76 times, SO2 1.27 times and O3 1.15 times). The pollution levels have been found to attenuate on public holidays and weekends. Pollution can hence be related to the weekly cycle of human activities. Pollutions due to vehicular emissions on roads, rails, air or water all serve as major sources of pollution. Hence, viably possible solutions for pollution control can also be achieved by controlling the magnitude of traffic flow on roads.展开更多
Generation of baseline information about ambient air quality of any given region assumes significance, when the area is 1) an active mine site, 2) proposed to be mined out in future, and 3) industrialization in the ar...Generation of baseline information about ambient air quality of any given region assumes significance, when the area is 1) an active mine site, 2) proposed to be mined out in future, and 3) industrialization in the area is in fast pace. Ambient air quality monitoring (with respect to SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx and CO) was carried out in and around two mining complexes in western parts of Kachchh district in Gujarat to generate baseline air quality status of the area. This area has two major mine complexes and various large scale industrial projects (thermal power plants, cement plants and several ports and jetties) are also in pipeline. Ambient air sampling was carried out in eight locations within five km radial distance from two major mine sites, i.e. Panandhro and Mata-na-Madh, with four locations for each mine site. Air Quality Indexing was done for all the locations, since it is a simplest way for the prediction of ambient air quality status of any region with respect to industrial, residential and rural areas. Of the eight locations studied the air quality for six locations fell under fairly clean (Light Air Pollution, AQI 25-50) category, while the rest (rural areas in the region), had relatively better air quality and fell under clean (Clean Air, AQI 10-25) category.展开更多
To improve ambient air quality and return citizens blue sky and white clouds,national and local administrative departments all issue corresponding countermeasures to strictly prevent and control air pollution,reduce t...To improve ambient air quality and return citizens blue sky and white clouds,national and local administrative departments all issue corresponding countermeasures to strictly prevent and control air pollution,reduce total pollutant emission,and improve environmental management level. In this paper,taking Tianjin as an example,change situation of regional air pollution and its prevention and control management situation were summarized.展开更多
文摘This study investigates the relationships between exposures to ambient air pollution—specifically particulate matter 2.5 (PM_(2.5)) and its metabolites—and the risk of depression.Nonlinear and linear regression,Bayesian kernel machine regression,and toxicogenomic analysis were key approaches.PM_(2.5)exposure was positively associated with the risk of developing depression,whereas phenylglyoxylic acid exposure was negatively associated with depression risk.We found a significant overall relationship between ambient air pollution and depression,particularly at the 55th and 60th percentiles.Although statistical significance was not reached at the 65th percentile,there was a noticeable upward trend,indicating a potential association.Interestingly,no significant connection was found between a combination of metabolites from ambient air pollution and depression.PM_(2.5)and phenylglyoxylic acid emerged as the most influential compounds in the models,respectively.PM_(2.5)exposure altered the expression of 42 specific targets associated with depression,especially POMC,SCL6A4,IL6,and SOD2.The study identified specific pathways related to insulin secretion,energy metabolism,blood circulation,tube diameter,and maintenance of blood vessel diameter,as well as key molecular mechanisms involving hsa-miR-124-3p,hsa-miR-155-5p,hsa-miR-16-5p,and SP1.These mechanisms were found to underlie the etiology of depression associated with PM_(2.5)exposure.In conclusions,PM_(2.5)and phenylglyoxylic acid were found to be associated with depression.Further work is needed to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms by which these chemicals affect depression,especially pathways related to insulin secretion and blood circulation.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41030744)the Specialized Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology
文摘The rapid development in Beijing, the capital of China, has resulted in serious air pollution problems. Meanwhile great efforts have been made to improve the air quality, especially since 1998. The variation in air quality under the interaction of pollution and control in this mega city has attracted much attention. We analyzed the changes in ambient air quality in Beijing since the 1980’s using the Daniel trend test based on data from long-term monitoring stations. The results showed that different pollutants displayed three trends： a decreasing trend, an increasing trend and a flat trend. SO2, dustfall, B[a]P, NO2 and PM10 fit decreasing trend pattern, while NOx showed an increasing trend, and CO, ozone pollution, total suspended particulate （TSP）, as well as Pb fit the flat trend. The cause of the general air pollution in Beijing has changed from being predominantly related to coal burning to mixed traffic exhaust and coal burning related pollution. Seasonally, the pollution level is typically higher during the heating season from November to the following March. The interaction between pollution sources change and implementation of air pollution control measures was the main driving factor that caused the variation in air quality. Changes of industrial structure and improved energy effciency, the use of clean energy and preferred use of clean coal, reduction in pollution sources, and implementation of advanced environmental standards have all contributed to the reduction in air pollution, particularly since 1998.
基金supported by the Gong-Yi Program of China Meteorological Administration(GYHY201106034)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzuibky-2013-m03)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41075103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41075102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41305105)
文摘Objective To investigate the association between ambient air pollution and hospital emergency admissions in Beijing. Methods In this study, a semi-parametric generalized additive model （GAM） was used to evaluate the specific influences of air pollutants （PM10, SO2, and NO2） on hospital emergency admissions with different lag structures from 2009 to 2011, the sex and age specific influences of air pollution and the modifying effect of seasons on air pollution to analyze the possible interaction. Results It was found that a 10μg/m3 increase in concentration of PMlo at lag 03 day, SO2 and NO2 at lag 0 day were associated with an increase of 0.88%, 0.76%, and 1.82% respectively in overall emergency admissions. A 10 lag/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 at lag 5 day were associated with an increase of 1.39%, 1.56%, and 1.18% respectively in cardiovascular disease emergency admissions. For lag 02, a 10 μg/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 were associated with 1.72%, 1.34%, and 2.57% increases respectively in respiratory disease emergency admissions. Conclusion This study further confirmed that short-term exposure to ambient air pollution was associated with increased risk of hospital emergency admissions in Beijing.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2019YFC0214800,2020YFC1806303 and 2016YFC0208100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution(No.2021YSKY-06)。
文摘Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management.Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards.To understand the history of the development of China’s ambient air quality standards,this study analyzed the background associated with all previous formulations and revisions of the standards,classification of functional areas,standard grading,pollutants,and evolution of the standard limits over the past 40 years.The results show that since the initial release of the“Ambient Air Quality Standard”by China in 1982,it has been supplemented once,revised twice,and modified twice.The first ambient air quality standard specified the standard limits of six pollutants commonly found in ambient air.With the development of ambient air quality management,the number of pollutants has increased to ten.Since the release of the“Ambient Air Quality Standards”in 2012,the ambient air quality in China has significantly improved.However,the proportion of cities meeting these standards is still low.At present,China is suitably positioned to make the standards associated with 24 hr SO2concentrations more stringent such that it meets the values defined in the World Health Organization(WHO)interim target-2 and the WHO air quality guideline(AQG).We further suggested that the SO2standard should be revised promptly.Simultaneously,regions with a relatively high proportion of cities meeting the standard are encouraged to introduce more stringent interim target limits in due course to manage the local ambient air quality.
文摘The dynamic contact resistances of HH52P electromagnetic relays are measured under different ambient air tem- perature. Their diagnostic parameters are extracted and determined. It is found that the ambient air temperature obviously influ- ences some parameters. In order to research its influence on the electrical contact reliability of electromagnetic relay, the statistic analysis is applied to study the static contact resistance, the max of the dynamic contact resistance and the bounce time. It is found that the ambient air temperature regularly influences the three parameters. Thoroughly, the phenomenon is studied and analyzed in the point of material science so as to probe into the essential matter of it.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20472116) and 2009 intranational visiting doctoral student project of Ministry of Education.
文摘Vanadium-catalyzed oxidative kinetic resolution（OKR） of methyl o-chloromandelate 2a,key intermediate of the well-known oral antiplatelet agent（S）-clopidogrel,was achieved by ambient air for the first time.The air oxidation system,which was composed of vanadium and tridentate Schiff base ligands derived from amino alcohols and salicylaldehyde derivatives,afforded an efficient and economic approach to the target intermediate with high enantioselectivities（99%ee）.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation Committee of China(No.41390240)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB441101)+1 种基金the Science&Technology Basic Special Fund of China(No.2013FY111100-04)“111”Project(No.B14001)of Peking University(PKU)
文摘The total concentrations and component profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） in ambient air,surface soil and wheat grain collected from wheat fields near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in Northern China were determined.Based on the specific isomeric ratios of paired species in ambient air,principle component analysis and multivariate linear regression,the main emission source of local PAHs was identified as a mixture of industrial and domestic coal combustion,biomass burning and traffic exhaust.The total organic carbon（TOC） fraction was considerably correlated with the total and individual PAH concentrations in surface soil.The total concentrations of PAHs in wheat grain were relatively low,with dominant low molecular weight constituents,and the compositional profile was more similar to that in ambient air than in topsoil.Combined with more significant results from partial correlation and linear regression models,the contribution from air PAHs to grain PAHs may be greater than that from soil PAHs.
文摘The direct conversion of atmospheric CO_(2) into fuel via photocatalysis exhibits significant practical application value in advancing the carbon cycle.In this study,we established an electro-assisted photocatalytic system with dual compartments and interfaces,and coated Ag nanoparticles on the titanium nanotube arrays(TNTAs)by polydopamine modification.In the absence of sacrificial agent and alkali absorption liquid conditions,the stable,efficient and highly selective conversion of CO_(2) to CO at the gas-solid interface in ambient air was realized by photoelectric synergy.Specifically,with the assistance of potential,the CO formation rates reached 194.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) and 103.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation,respectively;the corresponding CO_(2) conversion rates in ambient air were 30%and 16%,respectively.The excellent catalytic effect is mainly attributed to the formation of P–N heterojunction during the catalytic process and the surface plasmon resonance effect.Additionally,the introduction of solid agar electrolytes effectively inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and improves the electron utilization rate.This system promotes the development of photocatalytic technology for practical applications and provides new insights and support for the carbon cycle.
文摘Using data obtained with a full-scale sewage sludge composting facility, this paper studied the effects of ambient air temperature on the composting temperature with varying volume ratios of sewage sludge and recycled compost to bulking agent. Two volume ratios were examined experimentally, 1 ： 0 ： 1 and 3 ： 1 ： 2. The results show that composting temperature was influenced by ambient air temperature and the influence was more significant when composting was in the temperature rising process： composting temperature changed 2.4-6.5℃ when ambient air temperature changed 13℃. On the other hand, the influence was not significant when composting was in the high-temperature and/or temperature falling process： composting temperature changed 0.75-1.3℃ when ambient air temperature changed 8-15℃. Hysteresis effect was observed in composting temperature＇s responses to ambient air temperature. When the ventilation capability of pile was excellent（at a volume ratio of 1：0：1）, the hysteresis time was short and ranging 1.1-1.2 h. On the contrary, when the proportion of added bulking agent was low, therefore less porosity in the substrate（at a volume ratio of 3：1：2）, the hysteresis time was IonQ and ranging 1.9-3.1 h.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.82273631)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Shenzhen City,Guangdong Province,China(grant no.JCYJ20220531094410024)the Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline Construction Fund,Guangdong Province,China(grant no.SZXK065).
文摘Objective Evidence that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution increases mortality among older adults,particularly those residing in low-level air pollution locations,remains scarce.This study investigated the potential links between long-term low-level air pollution exposure and mortality among Chinese older adults.Methods A population-based study with 317,464 individuals aged≥65 years was conducted in Shenzhen,China during 2018 and 2020.Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and all-cause mortality,as the primary outcome,as well as non-accidental,cancer and cardiovascular mortality.Results Significant associations of PM1,PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_(2),CO,and O3 exposures with a higher risk of all-cause mortality were found.Adjusted odds ratio(OR)for each 1μg/m^(3) increment was 1.49[95%confidence interval(CI):1.46,1.53]for PM1,1.30(1.27,1.32)for PM_(2.5),1.05(1.04,1.06)for PM_(10),5.84(5.39,6.32)for SO_(2),1.04(1.04,1.05)for CO,and 1.02(1.00,1.03)for O3,respectively.Long-term PM1,PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_(2),and CO exposures also elevated the risks of non-accidental,cancer and cardiovascular mortality.Conclusion Long-term low-level air pollution exposure was associated with an increased mortality risk among Chinese older adults.
文摘Benzene is a carcinogenic air pollutant for which European legislation has set an annual limit and criteria for the number of fixed monitoring sites within air quality networks(AQMN).However,due to the limited number of fixed sites for benzene measurement,exposure data are lacking.Considering the relationship between benzene levels and other variables monitored within an AQMN,such as NO_(2),O_(3),temperature,solar radiation,and accumulated precipitation,this study proposes an approach for estimating benzene air concentrations from the related variables.Using the data of the aforementioned variables from23 fixed stations during 2016-2017,the proposed approach was able to forecast benzene concentration for 2018 with high confidence,providing enriched data on benzene exposure and its trends.Moreover,the spatial distribution of the estimated versus the most representative benzene levels was quite similar.Finally,an artificial neural network identified the most representative fixed benzene monitoring sites within the AQMN.
文摘The impact of global climate change and air pollution on mental health has become a crucial public health issue.Increased public awareness of health,advancements in medical diagnosis and treatment,the way media outlets report environmental changes and the variation in social resources affect psychological responses and adaptation methods to climate change and air pollution.In the context of climate change,extreme weather events seriously disrupt people's living environments,and unstable educational environments lead to an increase in mental health issues for students.Air pollution affects students'mental health by increasing the incidence of diseases while decreasing contact with nature,leading to problems such as anxiety,depression,and decreased cognitive function.We call for joint efforts to reduce pollutant emissions at the source,improve energy structures,strengthen environmental monitoring and governance,increase attention to the mental health issues of students,and help student groups build resilience;by establishing public policies,enhancing social support and adjusting lifestyles and habits,we can help students cope with the constantly changing environment and maintain a good level of mental health.Through these comprehensive measures,we can more effectively address the challenges of global climate change and air pollution and promote the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
文摘Globally, air pollution is a significant cause of death, illness and social discomfort. The problem is particularly severe in Nigeria, the country with the highest number of premature deaths due to ambient particulate matter pollution in Sub Saharan region. It is especially worrying in Lagos, the country’s commercial capital and one of the world’s fastest growing megacities. Despite growing concerns about its deadly impacts, there is currently no reliable monetary estimate of the effects of ambient air pollution, nor a comprehensive control plan in Lagos. Using available ground-level monitored data and the most recent valuation techniques, this paper estimates that in 2018 alone, ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) caused about 11,200 premature deaths, and generated a health cost of US$2.1 billion in Lagos. This is equivalent to about 2.1 percent of Lagos’ GDP in the same year. These results call for an urgent plan of action to improve air quality in the city, with primary focus on the main pollution sources: road transport, industrial emissions, and power generation.
文摘The paper analyzed the concentrations of trace metals in fine and respirable particulates (fine-PM<sub>1</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>;respirable-PM<sub>10</sub>) to determine baseline concentrations in the ambient air and the factors impacting its distribution such as land use and time of year when levels may be concerning to public health. Measurements of particulates along with meteorological parameters were made at four sites over the heavily populated west coast of Trinidad (10<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>32'N, 61<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>18'W) during March ’15-May ’16, representing rural, urban, mixed background and industrial land uses. The study found mean levels of trace metals to be highest at the industrial and urban stations. Public health exceedances (referenced to the Canadian AAQ public health standards <a href="#ref23">(Ontario-MoE, 2012)</a>) were measured for beryllium, cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese and nickel (in PM<sub>10</sub>). Iron, manganese and nickel, most associated with particulates at the industrial station, were in frequent exceedance. Beryllium—concentrated in coarse PM (PM<sub>2.5-10</sub>) with only a single measured exceedance at the mixed background station likely poses minimal threat to the health of the nearby population. Cadmium—concentrated in fine PM which peaked once only at the rural station was likely due to an irregular event within a narrow timeframe during the time of sampling. Iron and manganese were frequently above the Canadian public health threshold, but predominated in the coarse PM fraction, suggesting localised sources. Nickel, concentrated in the fine PM fraction, was frequently in exceedance particularly at the industrial station. Cadmium and nickel are genotoxic and should be regulated in order to reduce the burden of toxic carcinogens to which the population can be exposed.
基金Project supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.1G2009312311750101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11375228,11204303,and U1332105)
文摘A systematic investigation of oxidation on a superconductive Fe Te_（0.5）Se_（0.5）thin film,which was grown on Nb-doped SrTiO_3（001） by pulsed laser deposition,has been carried out.The sample was exposed to ambient air for one month for oxidation.Macroscopically,the exposed specimen lost its superconductivity due to oxidation.The specimen was subjected to in situ synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy（PES） and x-ray absorption spectroscopy（XAS） measurements following cycles of annealing and argon ion etching treatments to unravel what happened in the electronic structure and composition after exposure to air.By the spectroscopic measurements,we found that the as-grown FeTe_（0.5）Se_（0.5）superconductive thin film experienced an element selective substitution reaction.The oxidation preferentially proceeds through pumping out the Te and forming Fe–O bonds by O substitution of Te.In addition,our results certify that in situ vacuum annealing and low-energy argon ion etching methods combined with spectroscopy are suitable for depth element and valence analysis of layered structure superconductor materials.
基金the Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(No.ZH2018QNA30)the Three Year Action Plan of Shanghai Public Health System Construction(No.GWV-10.1-XK05)。
文摘This study aims to investigate the short-term effects of ambient air pollutants on outpatient visits for childhood allergic diseases.Daily data on ambient air pollutants(NO2,SO2,CO and PM2.5)and outpatient visits for childhood allergic diseases(asthma,atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis)were obtained in Shanghai,China from 2013 to 2014.The effects of ambient air pollutants were estimated for total outpatient visits for childhood allergic diseases,gender and age stratification and disease classification by using distributed lag non-linear model(DLNM).We found positive associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants and childhood allergic diseases.Girls and children aged 7 years old were more likely to be sensitive to ambient air pollutants.NO2 and SO2 showed stronger effects on asthma and atopic dermatitis,respectively.This study provides evidence that short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants can increase the risk of childhood allergic diseases.
文摘Air Pollution is an escalating problem worldwide fuelled by increasing anthropogenic activities, speedy development, rapid industrialization, transportation, superfluous use of fossil fuel consumption, increasing global power needs, etc. Also the diverse meteorological factors influence our environment to a great extent. Population explosion has led to remarkable increase in vehicular population. The use solely depends upon the lifestyle of the citizen. Any change in the lifestyle has a remarkable effect on the air we breathe. A comprehensive database for pollution levels from the year 2006 to 2010 was analyzed for a main traffic intersection and a non-traffic area in Delhi (India). The paper asserts that pollutant concentration levels on weekend are lower than those on weekdays (increase on Sundays with respect to weekdays is CO 2.98 times, PM2.5 1.18 times, NO 1.62 times, NO2 5.76 times, SO2 1.27 times and O3 1.15 times). The pollution levels have been found to attenuate on public holidays and weekends. Pollution can hence be related to the weekly cycle of human activities. Pollutions due to vehicular emissions on roads, rails, air or water all serve as major sources of pollution. Hence, viably possible solutions for pollution control can also be achieved by controlling the magnitude of traffic flow on roads.
文摘Generation of baseline information about ambient air quality of any given region assumes significance, when the area is 1) an active mine site, 2) proposed to be mined out in future, and 3) industrialization in the area is in fast pace. Ambient air quality monitoring (with respect to SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx and CO) was carried out in and around two mining complexes in western parts of Kachchh district in Gujarat to generate baseline air quality status of the area. This area has two major mine complexes and various large scale industrial projects (thermal power plants, cement plants and several ports and jetties) are also in pipeline. Ambient air sampling was carried out in eight locations within five km radial distance from two major mine sites, i.e. Panandhro and Mata-na-Madh, with four locations for each mine site. Air Quality Indexing was done for all the locations, since it is a simplest way for the prediction of ambient air quality status of any region with respect to industrial, residential and rural areas. Of the eight locations studied the air quality for six locations fell under fairly clean (Light Air Pollution, AQI 25-50) category, while the rest (rural areas in the region), had relatively better air quality and fell under clean (Clean Air, AQI 10-25) category.
文摘To improve ambient air quality and return citizens blue sky and white clouds,national and local administrative departments all issue corresponding countermeasures to strictly prevent and control air pollution,reduce total pollutant emission,and improve environmental management level. In this paper,taking Tianjin as an example,change situation of regional air pollution and its prevention and control management situation were summarized.
