BACKGROUND The adoption of telehealth services surged after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,revolutionizing traditional healthcare delivery models.Amazon Clinic's recent nationwide launch marks a significant...BACKGROUND The adoption of telehealth services surged after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,revolutionizing traditional healthcare delivery models.Amazon Clinic's recent nationwide launch marks a significant milestone in this trend.This study aims to offer a strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats(SWOT)analysis of Amazon Clinic and compare its features with leading virtual healthcare platforms.AIM To evaluate Amazon Clinic's telehealth services through a SWOT analysis and compare its features with other leading virtual healthcare platforms.METHODS The initial search terms included were,amazon clinic odds ratio(OR)amwell OR Teladoc OR Walmart virtual health service OR CVS minute clinic OR CirrusMD OR brightside health,from 2000 to 2023.This search yielded 111 articles,from which duplicates were removed,and unrelated titles were filtered out.Eight articles were retained for a final review,including comparative studies,usability research,retrospective analyses,observational studies,and review articles.The data was organized and analyzed using Rayyan software and summarized in a table and PRISMA flowcharts.RESULTS The review included eight articles focusing on various aspects of telehealth.Comparative studies highlighted differences between Teladoc and traditional physician offices,noting lower diagnostic imaging orders and antibiotic prescriptions for Teladoc.User demographics for Teladoc showed younger,less engaged patients.Usability studies emphasized the importance of website design for telemedicine adoption.Tele-mental health platforms like Brightside showed superior outcomes in treating depression compared to traditional methods.Telemedicine for specialized fields like skin reconstruction demonstrated cost efficiency and reduced waiting times.The SWOT analysis identified Amazon Clinic's strengths,such as its vast consumer base and transparent pricing,and weaknesses like the lack of pediatric care.Opportunities included potential partnerships and service expansions,while threats involved competition and regulatory challenges.CONCLUSION Amazon Clinic's entry into the telehealth sector represents a significant development with various strengths and opportunities.However,it faces challenges from established healthcare providers and regulatory landscapes.The future success of Amazon Clinic will depend on strategic collaborations,addressing service gaps,and navigating competition and regulations.Telemedicine's impact will hinge on its ability to effectively leverage these opportunities and overcome inherent challenges in the ever-evolving healthcare landscape.展开更多
Fish constitutes the main protein source for the Amazonian population.However,the impact of different anthropogenic activities on trace element and metal accumulation in fish and their risks for human health at a regi...Fish constitutes the main protein source for the Amazonian population.However,the impact of different anthropogenic activities on trace element and metal accumulation in fish and their risks for human health at a regional scale remain largely unexplored.Here we assessed exposure levels of 10 trace elements andmetals(Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb,and Hg)in 56 samples belonging to 11 different species of fish from the Brazilian Amazon.We studied the relationship between exposure levels,fish origin,and fish feeding habits,and assessed toxicological and carcinogenic risks for the Amazonian population.No significant correlation was found between sampling site and exposure levels to the studied elements,but a significant difference was found between the accumulation of some metals and the position of the fish species in the food chain.The concentrations of Cr and Hg in fish flesh were found to exceed the Brazilian limits for human consumption.This study shows that current fish consumption patterns can lead to estimated daily intakes of Hg,As and Cr that exceed the oral reference dose,thus posing a toxicological concern.Furthermore,carcinogenic risks may be expected due to the continued exposure to Cr and As.The results of this study show that the consumption of wild caught fish in the Amazon region should be controlled.Moreover,continued monitoring of trace element and metal contamination in fish and on the health of the Amazonian population is recommended,particularly for riverine and indigenous communities.展开更多
Deforestation is the purpose of converting forest into land and reforestation compared to deforestation is very low.That’s why closely and accurately deforestation monitoring using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite...Deforestation is the purpose of converting forest into land and reforestation compared to deforestation is very low.That’s why closely and accurately deforestation monitoring using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite images for better vision is required.This paper proposes an effective image fusion technique that combines S-1/2 data to improve the deforested areas.Based on review,Optical and SAR image fusion produces high-resolution images for better de-forestation monitoring.To enhance the S-1/2 images,preprocessing is needed as per requirements and then,collocation between the two different types of images to mitigate the image registration problem,and after that,apply an image fu-sion machine learning approach,PCA-Wavelet.As per analysis,PCA helps to maintain spatial resolution,and Wavelet helps to preserve spectral resolution,gives better-fused images compared to other techniques.As per results,2019 S-2 pre-22 processed collocated image enhances 42.2508 km deforested area,S-1 preprocessed collocated image enhances 23.7918 km^(2) deforested area,and after fusion of the 2019 S-1/2 images,it enhances 16.5335 km deforested area.Similarly,the 20232 S-2 preprocessed collocated image enhances 49.2216 km deforested area,S-1 preprocessed collocated image enhances 2223.8459 km deforested area after fusion of the 2023 S-1/2 images,enhancing 35.9185 km deforested area.These im-provements show that combining data sources gives a clearer and more reliable picture of forest loss over time.The overall paper objective is to apply effective techniques for image fusion of Brazil’s Amazon Forest and analyze the difference between collocated image pixels and fused image pixels for accurate analysis of deforested area.展开更多
Despite significant Brazilian social programs to expand energy access,approximately one million people in rural Amazonia still lack electricity.Moreover,the existing rural electricity grid in the region is inadequate ...Despite significant Brazilian social programs to expand energy access,approximately one million people in rural Amazonia still lack electricity.Moreover,the existing rural electricity grid in the region is inadequate for supporting efficient small-scale production systems due to both the poor quality and high cost of supplied energy.In parallel,traditional wooden bridges in the Amazon have been progressively replaced by more durable concrete structures in recent years.In this context,this study explores the application of very low-head hydropower installations in the Amazon,focusing on integrating axial-flow turbines beneath small concrete bridges.The methodology involves analyzing flow duration curves and key hydraulic parameters upstream and downstream to design a micro-hydropower system comprising two or more units,thereby maximizing annual energy generation.Additionally,the study assesses the applicability of the minimum pressure coefficient criterion to improve the efficiency of very low-head turbines.This design criterion is first validated against an existing experimental study featuring a propeller turbine with a simple curved plate blade.The proposed methodology is then applied to a case study involving a small dam-bridge with a head variation from 1.4 to 2.4 m and a flow rate ranging from 0.23 to 0.92 m^(3)/s.The optimal configuration achieves an energy output of 26.2 MWh/year with an efficiency of up to 86%.展开更多
The Amazon basin plays a crucial role in biodiversity and carbon storage,but its local rainfall is anticipated to decrease under globalwarming.Carbon dioxide removal(CDR)is being considered as a method to mitigate the...The Amazon basin plays a crucial role in biodiversity and carbon storage,but its local rainfall is anticipated to decrease under globalwarming.Carbon dioxide removal(CDR)is being considered as a method to mitigate the impact of global warming.However,the specific effects of CDR on Amazon rainfall have not been well understood.Here,an idealized CDR experiment reveals that the reduced rainfall over the Amazon basin does not recover.Significantly weaker rainfall is found during the ramp-down period compared to the ramp-up period at the same CO_(2)concentration.This response is associated with the enhanced El Niño-like warming in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the CDR period.This warming pattern has dual effects:weakening the zonal circulation and causing anomalous descent directly over the Amazon basin,while also triggering a stationary Rossby wave train that propagated downstream and generated anomalous ascent over the Sargasso Sea.This anomalous ascent induces anomalous descent and weakens moisture transport over the Amazon basin by the local meridional circulation.Consequently,precipitation is reduced over the Amazon basin in response to the weakened zonal and meridional circulation.Our findings indicate that even if the atmospheric CO_(2)concentration is lowered,the Amazon basin will remain susceptible to drought.Effective local climate adaptation strategies are urgently needed to address the vulnerability of this critical ecosystem.展开更多
The process of turning forest area into land is known as deforestation or forest degradation. Reforestation as a fraction of deforestation is extremely low. For improved qualitative and quantitative classification, we...The process of turning forest area into land is known as deforestation or forest degradation. Reforestation as a fraction of deforestation is extremely low. For improved qualitative and quantitative classification, we used Sentinel-1 dataset of State of Para, Brazil to precisely and closely monitor deforestation between June 2019 and June 2023. This research aimed to find out suitable model for classification called Satellite Imaging analysis by Transpose deep neural transformation network (SIT-net) using mathematical model based on Band math approach to classify deforestation applying transpose deep neural network. The main advantage of proposed model is easy to handle SAR images. The study concludes that SAR satellite gives high-resolution images to improve deforestation monitoring and proposed model takes less computational time compared to other techniques.展开更多
Impact engineering encompasses many events of our lives.Examples include vehicle collisions,catastrophic collapse of infrastructures from explosion,ballistic impact of armour,hitting cricket balls in sports,falling of...Impact engineering encompasses many events of our lives.Examples include vehicle collisions,catastrophic collapse of infrastructures from explosion,ballistic impact of armour,hitting cricket balls in sports,falling off a bicycle.In such an event,an engineer needs to understand and quantify complex issues like identifying the impact loadings,obtaining material properties at high strain rates and evaluating structural responses and consequences.This engineering field receives great interests from industry and the research community.Several monographs have been published over the decades and related journals,such as the International Journal of Impact Engineering and Defence Technology,have been established and disseminate the latest research findings.展开更多
The Amazon basin has experienced an extreme drought that started in the austral summer of 2022-23 and extends into 2024. This drought started earlier than other previous droughts. Although some rain fell during the au...The Amazon basin has experienced an extreme drought that started in the austral summer of 2022-23 and extends into 2024. This drought started earlier than other previous droughts. Although some rain fell during the austral summer, totals remained below average. Higher temperatures during austral winter and spring 2023, which affected most of Central South America, then aggravated drought conditions. This coincided with an intense El Niño and abnormally warm tropical North Atlantic Ocean temperatures since mid-2023. Decreased rainfall across the Amazon basin, negative anomalies in evapotranspiration (derived from latent heat) and soil moisture indicators, as well as increased temperatures during the dry-to-wet transition season, September-October-November (SON) 2023, combined to delay the onset of the wet season in the hydrological year 2023-24 by nearly two months and caused it to be uncharacteristically weak. SON 2023 registered a precipitation deficit of the order of 50 to 100 mm/month, and temperatures +3˚C higher than usual in Amazonia, leading to reduced evapotranspiration and soil moisture indicators. These processes, in turn, determined an exceptionally late onset and a lengthening of the dry season, affecting the 2023-2024 hydrological year. These changes were aggravated by a heat wave from June to December 2023. Drought-heat compound events and their consequences are the most critical natural threats to society. River levels reached record lows, or dried up completely, affecting Amazonian ecosystems. Increased risk of wildfires is another concern exacerbated by these conditions.展开更多
Customer churns remains a key focus in this research, using artificial intelligence-based technique of machine learning. Research is based on the feature-based analysis four main features were used that are selected o...Customer churns remains a key focus in this research, using artificial intelligence-based technique of machine learning. Research is based on the feature-based analysis four main features were used that are selected on the basis of our customer churn to deduct the meaning full analysis of the data set. Data-set is taken from the Kaggle that is about the fine food review having more than half a million records in it. This research remains on feature based analysis that is further concluded using confusion matrix. In this research we are using confusion matrix to conclude the customer churn results. Such specific analysis helps e-commerce business for real time growth in their specific products focusing more sales and to analyze which product is getting outage. Moreover, after applying the techniques, Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbour perform better than the random forest in this particular scenario. Using confusion matrix for obtaining the results three things are obtained that are precision, recall and accuracy. The result explains feature-based analysis on fine food reviews, Amazon at customer churn Support Vector Machine performed better as in overall comparison.展开更多
The Arapaima gigas, despite being an air breather, its gill structure is quite close to water breathers, especially in early stages of development. The effects of Amazonian waters is well notices in other Teleostei ex...The Arapaima gigas, despite being an air breather, its gill structure is quite close to water breathers, especially in early stages of development. The effects of Amazonian waters is well notices in other Teleostei expose to BW （black water）, and WW （white water）. However, information about hematological adjustments and its implications to ionic regulation patters are scarce. Therefore, our aim was to analyzed A. gigas hematological parameters when exposed to BW and WW providing suitable hematological data concerning about physiological responses in Amazonian waters. Fish were acclimated in three separated ponds containing BW, WW and well water as control （C）. Blood samples were taken from the caudal vessel in order to perform measurement assays on levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, corpuscular hemoglobin, corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose, cholesterol and protein. Our findings corroborate the hypothesis stating that BW does interfere on fish adaptation specialy in smallfish （-100 g）. However in largefish （-1,000 g） neither WW or BW can interfere on plasma profile of analysed fish. Despite black water systems being considered a barrier constraining the dispersion of several species, this seems not to be a problem for this specie which has kept its ion-regulatory mechanisms even in black waters.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND The adoption of telehealth services surged after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,revolutionizing traditional healthcare delivery models.Amazon Clinic's recent nationwide launch marks a significant milestone in this trend.This study aims to offer a strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats(SWOT)analysis of Amazon Clinic and compare its features with leading virtual healthcare platforms.AIM To evaluate Amazon Clinic's telehealth services through a SWOT analysis and compare its features with other leading virtual healthcare platforms.METHODS The initial search terms included were,amazon clinic odds ratio(OR)amwell OR Teladoc OR Walmart virtual health service OR CVS minute clinic OR CirrusMD OR brightside health,from 2000 to 2023.This search yielded 111 articles,from which duplicates were removed,and unrelated titles were filtered out.Eight articles were retained for a final review,including comparative studies,usability research,retrospective analyses,observational studies,and review articles.The data was organized and analyzed using Rayyan software and summarized in a table and PRISMA flowcharts.RESULTS The review included eight articles focusing on various aspects of telehealth.Comparative studies highlighted differences between Teladoc and traditional physician offices,noting lower diagnostic imaging orders and antibiotic prescriptions for Teladoc.User demographics for Teladoc showed younger,less engaged patients.Usability studies emphasized the importance of website design for telemedicine adoption.Tele-mental health platforms like Brightside showed superior outcomes in treating depression compared to traditional methods.Telemedicine for specialized fields like skin reconstruction demonstrated cost efficiency and reduced waiting times.The SWOT analysis identified Amazon Clinic's strengths,such as its vast consumer base and transparent pricing,and weaknesses like the lack of pediatric care.Opportunities included potential partnerships and service expansions,while threats involved competition and regulatory challenges.CONCLUSION Amazon Clinic's entry into the telehealth sector represents a significant development with various strengths and opportunities.However,it faces challenges from established healthcare providers and regulatory landscapes.The future success of Amazon Clinic will depend on strategic collaborations,addressing service gaps,and navigating competition and regulations.Telemedicine's impact will hinge on its ability to effectively leverage these opportunities and overcome inherent challenges in the ever-evolving healthcare landscape.
基金supported by the National Geographic Society through an early career grant to A.Rico (EC-59809C-19)Support Programme-PlanGenT (CIDEGENT/2020/043)of the Generalitat ValencianaR.Oliveira acknowledges"Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo"-FAPESP (Project 2018/03108-0).
文摘Fish constitutes the main protein source for the Amazonian population.However,the impact of different anthropogenic activities on trace element and metal accumulation in fish and their risks for human health at a regional scale remain largely unexplored.Here we assessed exposure levels of 10 trace elements andmetals(Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb,and Hg)in 56 samples belonging to 11 different species of fish from the Brazilian Amazon.We studied the relationship between exposure levels,fish origin,and fish feeding habits,and assessed toxicological and carcinogenic risks for the Amazonian population.No significant correlation was found between sampling site and exposure levels to the studied elements,but a significant difference was found between the accumulation of some metals and the position of the fish species in the food chain.The concentrations of Cr and Hg in fish flesh were found to exceed the Brazilian limits for human consumption.This study shows that current fish consumption patterns can lead to estimated daily intakes of Hg,As and Cr that exceed the oral reference dose,thus posing a toxicological concern.Furthermore,carcinogenic risks may be expected due to the continued exposure to Cr and As.The results of this study show that the consumption of wild caught fish in the Amazon region should be controlled.Moreover,continued monitoring of trace element and metal contamination in fish and on the health of the Amazonian population is recommended,particularly for riverine and indigenous communities.
文摘Deforestation is the purpose of converting forest into land and reforestation compared to deforestation is very low.That’s why closely and accurately deforestation monitoring using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite images for better vision is required.This paper proposes an effective image fusion technique that combines S-1/2 data to improve the deforested areas.Based on review,Optical and SAR image fusion produces high-resolution images for better de-forestation monitoring.To enhance the S-1/2 images,preprocessing is needed as per requirements and then,collocation between the two different types of images to mitigate the image registration problem,and after that,apply an image fu-sion machine learning approach,PCA-Wavelet.As per analysis,PCA helps to maintain spatial resolution,and Wavelet helps to preserve spectral resolution,gives better-fused images compared to other techniques.As per results,2019 S-2 pre-22 processed collocated image enhances 42.2508 km deforested area,S-1 preprocessed collocated image enhances 23.7918 km^(2) deforested area,and after fusion of the 2019 S-1/2 images,it enhances 16.5335 km deforested area.Similarly,the 20232 S-2 preprocessed collocated image enhances 49.2216 km deforested area,S-1 preprocessed collocated image enhances 2223.8459 km deforested area after fusion of the 2023 S-1/2 images,enhancing 35.9185 km deforested area.These im-provements show that combining data sources gives a clearer and more reliable picture of forest loss over time.The overall paper objective is to apply effective techniques for image fusion of Brazil’s Amazon Forest and analyze the difference between collocated image pixels and fused image pixels for accurate analysis of deforested area.
基金funded by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),project number 408034/2022−0.
文摘Despite significant Brazilian social programs to expand energy access,approximately one million people in rural Amazonia still lack electricity.Moreover,the existing rural electricity grid in the region is inadequate for supporting efficient small-scale production systems due to both the poor quality and high cost of supplied energy.In parallel,traditional wooden bridges in the Amazon have been progressively replaced by more durable concrete structures in recent years.In this context,this study explores the application of very low-head hydropower installations in the Amazon,focusing on integrating axial-flow turbines beneath small concrete bridges.The methodology involves analyzing flow duration curves and key hydraulic parameters upstream and downstream to design a micro-hydropower system comprising two or more units,thereby maximizing annual energy generation.Additionally,the study assesses the applicability of the minimum pressure coefficient criterion to improve the efficiency of very low-head turbines.This design criterion is first validated against an existing experimental study featuring a propeller turbine with a simple curved plate blade.The proposed methodology is then applied to a case study involving a small dam-bridge with a head variation from 1.4 to 2.4 m and a flow rate ranging from 0.23 to 0.92 m^(3)/s.The optimal configuration achieves an energy output of 26.2 MWh/year with an efficiency of up to 86%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42141019,42175055,and 42261144687)the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research program(No.2019QZKK0102)。
文摘The Amazon basin plays a crucial role in biodiversity and carbon storage,but its local rainfall is anticipated to decrease under globalwarming.Carbon dioxide removal(CDR)is being considered as a method to mitigate the impact of global warming.However,the specific effects of CDR on Amazon rainfall have not been well understood.Here,an idealized CDR experiment reveals that the reduced rainfall over the Amazon basin does not recover.Significantly weaker rainfall is found during the ramp-down period compared to the ramp-up period at the same CO_(2)concentration.This response is associated with the enhanced El Niño-like warming in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the CDR period.This warming pattern has dual effects:weakening the zonal circulation and causing anomalous descent directly over the Amazon basin,while also triggering a stationary Rossby wave train that propagated downstream and generated anomalous ascent over the Sargasso Sea.This anomalous ascent induces anomalous descent and weakens moisture transport over the Amazon basin by the local meridional circulation.Consequently,precipitation is reduced over the Amazon basin in response to the weakened zonal and meridional circulation.Our findings indicate that even if the atmospheric CO_(2)concentration is lowered,the Amazon basin will remain susceptible to drought.Effective local climate adaptation strategies are urgently needed to address the vulnerability of this critical ecosystem.
文摘The process of turning forest area into land is known as deforestation or forest degradation. Reforestation as a fraction of deforestation is extremely low. For improved qualitative and quantitative classification, we used Sentinel-1 dataset of State of Para, Brazil to precisely and closely monitor deforestation between June 2019 and June 2023. This research aimed to find out suitable model for classification called Satellite Imaging analysis by Transpose deep neural transformation network (SIT-net) using mathematical model based on Band math approach to classify deforestation applying transpose deep neural network. The main advantage of proposed model is easy to handle SAR images. The study concludes that SAR satellite gives high-resolution images to improve deforestation monitoring and proposed model takes less computational time compared to other techniques.
文摘Impact engineering encompasses many events of our lives.Examples include vehicle collisions,catastrophic collapse of infrastructures from explosion,ballistic impact of armour,hitting cricket balls in sports,falling off a bicycle.In such an event,an engineer needs to understand and quantify complex issues like identifying the impact loadings,obtaining material properties at high strain rates and evaluating structural responses and consequences.This engineering field receives great interests from industry and the research community.Several monographs have been published over the decades and related journals,such as the International Journal of Impact Engineering and Defence Technology,have been established and disseminate the latest research findings.
文摘The Amazon basin has experienced an extreme drought that started in the austral summer of 2022-23 and extends into 2024. This drought started earlier than other previous droughts. Although some rain fell during the austral summer, totals remained below average. Higher temperatures during austral winter and spring 2023, which affected most of Central South America, then aggravated drought conditions. This coincided with an intense El Niño and abnormally warm tropical North Atlantic Ocean temperatures since mid-2023. Decreased rainfall across the Amazon basin, negative anomalies in evapotranspiration (derived from latent heat) and soil moisture indicators, as well as increased temperatures during the dry-to-wet transition season, September-October-November (SON) 2023, combined to delay the onset of the wet season in the hydrological year 2023-24 by nearly two months and caused it to be uncharacteristically weak. SON 2023 registered a precipitation deficit of the order of 50 to 100 mm/month, and temperatures +3˚C higher than usual in Amazonia, leading to reduced evapotranspiration and soil moisture indicators. These processes, in turn, determined an exceptionally late onset and a lengthening of the dry season, affecting the 2023-2024 hydrological year. These changes were aggravated by a heat wave from June to December 2023. Drought-heat compound events and their consequences are the most critical natural threats to society. River levels reached record lows, or dried up completely, affecting Amazonian ecosystems. Increased risk of wildfires is another concern exacerbated by these conditions.
文摘Customer churns remains a key focus in this research, using artificial intelligence-based technique of machine learning. Research is based on the feature-based analysis four main features were used that are selected on the basis of our customer churn to deduct the meaning full analysis of the data set. Data-set is taken from the Kaggle that is about the fine food review having more than half a million records in it. This research remains on feature based analysis that is further concluded using confusion matrix. In this research we are using confusion matrix to conclude the customer churn results. Such specific analysis helps e-commerce business for real time growth in their specific products focusing more sales and to analyze which product is getting outage. Moreover, after applying the techniques, Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbour perform better than the random forest in this particular scenario. Using confusion matrix for obtaining the results three things are obtained that are precision, recall and accuracy. The result explains feature-based analysis on fine food reviews, Amazon at customer churn Support Vector Machine performed better as in overall comparison.
文摘The Arapaima gigas, despite being an air breather, its gill structure is quite close to water breathers, especially in early stages of development. The effects of Amazonian waters is well notices in other Teleostei expose to BW （black water）, and WW （white water）. However, information about hematological adjustments and its implications to ionic regulation patters are scarce. Therefore, our aim was to analyzed A. gigas hematological parameters when exposed to BW and WW providing suitable hematological data concerning about physiological responses in Amazonian waters. Fish were acclimated in three separated ponds containing BW, WW and well water as control （C）. Blood samples were taken from the caudal vessel in order to perform measurement assays on levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, corpuscular hemoglobin, corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose, cholesterol and protein. Our findings corroborate the hypothesis stating that BW does interfere on fish adaptation specialy in smallfish （-100 g）. However in largefish （-1,000 g） neither WW or BW can interfere on plasma profile of analysed fish. Despite black water systems being considered a barrier constraining the dispersion of several species, this seems not to be a problem for this specie which has kept its ion-regulatory mechanisms even in black waters.
