A sound fundamental knowledge of the agro morphological characteristics of amaranth accessions is crucial for promoting their use in food. This review aims to assess the genetic diversity within the collection to unde...A sound fundamental knowledge of the agro morphological characteristics of amaranth accessions is crucial for promoting their use in food. This review aims to assess the genetic diversity within the collection to understand the range of genetic variation. Thirty-two agromorphological parameters of Ten amaranth accessions were analyzed in Samanko conditions. Wide variability was present concerning leaf pigmentation (PigF), flower density index (IDF), seed color (CH), and Branching index (IR). Statistical analysis showed significant differences among accessions for morphological characters such as number of plants, leaf width, stem height, terminal inflorescence length of stem, axillary inflorescence length, 50% flowering and 1000 grain weight. It appears that the Axillary Inflorescence (LIA) and the Length of the Terminal Inflorescence are correlated (r = 0.82). Length of the inflorescence terminal of the stem (LITT) and the Length of the Terminal Basal Branches (LITBT) are associated (r = 0.75). Stem height presents a robust correlation (r = 0.447) with 50% flowering date. The length of the inflorescence Axillary was also highly correlated with the length of the inflorescence terminal of the stem (r = 0.904*). Ascending hierarchical classification revealed three distinct classes: C1: Madira 1, Madira 2, A2004, A2002;C2: TP5-sel, N’gourouma, Akeri, AC-NL;C3: AHTI, Akeri. “Akeri.” “TP5-sel,” and “N’gourouma” are associated with the weight of 1000 grains, the length of the terminal branches, and the shape of the terminal inflorescence. “Poly” and “AHTI” are quite similar and are associated with the parameters of the length of basal branches and length of a terminal inflorescence of the stem “Madira 1”;“Madira 2”, “A2004”, “A2002” on the correlation circle indicates that the height of the plants and the 50% flowering date. These results indicate a high possibility of genetic diversity among the amaranth accessions within the collection. The data can be exploited in future breeding programs to improve the species.展开更多
The wide distribution of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in the southern US became a serious weed control problem prior to the extensive use of glyphosate-resistant crops. Currently glyphosate-resistant populatio...The wide distribution of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in the southern US became a serious weed control problem prior to the extensive use of glyphosate-resistant crops. Currently glyphosate-resistant populations of Palmer amaranth occur in many areas of this geographic region creating an even more serious threat to crop production. Investigations were undertaken using four biotypes (one glyphosate-sensitive, one resistant from Georgia and two of unknown tolerance from Mississippi) of Palmer amaranth to assess bioassay techniques for the rapid detection and level of resistance in populations of this weed. These plants were characterized with respect to chlorophyll, betalain, and protein levels and immunological responses to an antibody of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) the target site of glyphosate. Only slight differences were found in four biotypes grown under greenhouse conditions regarding extractable soluble protein and chlorophyll content, but one biotype was found to be devoid of the red pigment, betalain. Measurement of early growth (seedling shoot elongation) of seedlings was a useful detection tool to determine glyphosate resistance. A leaf disc bioassay (using visual ratings and/or chlorophyll analysis) and an assay for shikimate accumulation were effective methods for determining herbicide resistance levels. The two unknown biotypes were found to be resistant to this herbicide. Some differences were found in the protein profiles of the biotypes, and western blots demonstrated a weak labeling of antibody in the glyphosate-sensitive biotype, whereas strong labeling occurred in the resistant plants. This latter point supports research by others, that increased copy number of the EPSPS gene (and increased EPSPS protein levels) is the resistance mechanism in this species. Results indicate the utility of certain bioassays for the determination of resistance and provide useful comparative information on the levels of inherent constituents among closely related plants.展开更多
Previously we found that a strain of Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) exhibited bioherbicidal activity against several important weeds, and that some commercial formulations of glyphosate applied with MV resulted in synerg...Previously we found that a strain of Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) exhibited bioherbicidal activity against several important weeds, and that some commercial formulations of glyphosate applied with MV resulted in synergistic interactions that improved weed control efficacy. We also found that MV had bioherbicidal activity against glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. We have also reported that some commercial formulations are inhibitory to MV. Our objectives were to test the effect of unformulated glyphosate (high purity, technical-grade glyphosate) alone and in combination with MV for bioherbicidal activity on glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant Palmer amaranth biotypes under greenhouse conditions and to examine technical-grade glyphosate on the growth of this bioherbicide. High purity glyphosate (without adjuvants/surfactants) was not toxic to MV growth and sporulation at concentrations up to 2.0 mM when grown on agar supplemented with the herbicide. Both biotypes were injured by MV and MV plus glyphosate treatments as early as 19 h after application (3 h after a dew period of 16 h). These injury effects increased and were more evident through the 6-day time course, when after 120 h the MV plus glyphosate treatment had killed all glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant plants. The interaction of glyphosate plus MV was synergistic toward the control of Palmer amaranth. Data strongly suggest that the active ingredient is responsible for the synergy previously found when this bioherbicide was combined with some commercial formulations of glyphosate. Results demonstrated that MV can control both glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible Palmer amaranth seedlings and act synergistically with high-purity glyphosate to provide improved weed control.展开更多
qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were utilized to investigate genetic stability of Palmer amaranth cloned plants over 10 generations. DNA from original parent P...qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were utilized to investigate genetic stability of Palmer amaranth cloned plants over 10 generations. DNA from original parent Palmer amaranth plants (grown from seeds) was re-analyzed using qPCR, and confidence levels for determining ΔΔCt (threshold crossing) values were established. ANOVA was used to determine variation (margin of error) of these ΔΔCt values. This margin of error was applied to qPCR analysis of DNA from eight individual parent plants and their descendants (10th generation) so that possible differences in EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) gene copy number could be ascertained. This method (and the associated error) indicated a lack of agreement in ΔΔCt values of DNA from plants of these two generations. qPCR analysis showed that in five out of eight clones, EPSPS gene copy number varied more than the calculated error (P = 0.05). A second technique to monitor genetic stability, RAPD was used to determine possible changes in genomic DNA due to extended cloning of these regenerated plants. RAPD analysis showed that four out of the eight clones differed when the profiles of the two generations were compared. Results show that qPCR and RAPD analysis point to the fact that several Palmer amaranth clones experienced changes in genome structure over 10 generations. Although the glyphosate resistance trait was retained, results suggest that during cloning studies, the genetic stability of macro-vegetatively propagated lines should be monitored.展开更多
Extensive acceptance of glyphosate-resistant (GR) row crops coupled with the simultaneous increase in glyphosate usage has sped the evolution of glyphosate resistance in economically important weeds. GR </span>&...Extensive acceptance of glyphosate-resistant (GR) row crops coupled with the simultaneous increase in glyphosate usage has sped the evolution of glyphosate resistance in economically important weeds. GR </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amaranthus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>palmeri</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> populations are widespread across the state with some exhibiting multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides such as pyrithiobac. A GR and ALS inhibitor-resistant accession was also resistant to the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibiting herbicide fomesafen. The PPO inhibitor resistance profile and multiple herbicide resistance mechanisms in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">this accession were investigated. In addition to fomesafen, resistance to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> postemergence applications of acifluorfen, lactofen, carfentrazone, and sulfentrazone was confirmed. There was no resistance to preemergence application of fomesafen, flumioxazin, or oxyfluorfen. Molecular analysis of the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ALS</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene indicated the presence of point mutations leading to single nucleotide substitutions at codons 197, 377, 574, and 653, resulting in proline-to-serine, arginine-to-glutamine, tryptophan-to-leucine, and serine-to-asparagine replacements, respectively. The resistant accession contained up to 87-fold more copies of the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">EPSPS</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene compared to a susceptible accession. A mutation leading to a deletion of glycine at codon 210 (ΔG210) of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">PPO2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene was also detected. These results indicate that the mechanism of resistance in the Palmer amaranth accession is target-site based, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">., altered target site for ALS and PPO inhibitor resistance and gene amplification for glyphosate resistance.展开更多
A comparative study of microsporogenesis in male-sterile and male-fertile grain amaranth was conducted using electron-microscopy.The onset of microsporogenesis breakdown in male-sterile is at the mononuclear pollen st...A comparative study of microsporogenesis in male-sterile and male-fertile grain amaranth was conducted using electron-microscopy.The onset of microsporogenesis breakdown in male-sterile is at the mononuclear pollen stage following the release of microspores from tetrads.Abnormality in the behavior of degenerated tapetum was observed, which failed to envelope individual microspores after their release, leading to an abnormal vacuolation in the mononuclear pollen grains.As a result, the normal thickening of pollen wall could not occur and pollen grains could not engorge, causing male sterility.展开更多
The aim of the study is to conduct comprehensive experiments and developments of innovative technologies to produce the oil extract of amaranth for their application as food additives in the food industry. To achieve ...The aim of the study is to conduct comprehensive experiments and developments of innovative technologies to produce the oil extract of amaranth for their application as food additives in the food industry. To achieve the aim, the following tasks were identified： （I） study the physicochemical, biochemical properties and the composition of amaranth seeds; （2） improving the methods for producing the oil extract of amaranth. This article is devoted to complex research of processes of manufacture of vegetable oils. Authors have developed scientific bases of improvement and an intensification of technological processes for production of oil from amaranth seeds. The authors have developed a new technology for extracting of oil from amaranth seeds using hexane as a solvent. The proposed method provides to obtain oil without great technical effort and keeps it all the nutrients that promote the highest taste of the product and with little labor and time costs.展开更多
A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of drought induced at different phenological stages on growth, biomass production and yield performance of grain amaranth Amaranthus cruentus G6. After eme...A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of drought induced at different phenological stages on growth, biomass production and yield performance of grain amaranth Amaranthus cruentus G6. After emergence seedlings were exposed to different soil water regimes： constant adequate moisture （W1） and drought （W2） throughout the growing period, drought initiated at crop inflorescence formation （W3）, drought condition during pre-inflorescence formation （W4） and treatment W5 where drought condition occurred in the period from the beginning of inflorescence formation to the beginning of flowering. Crop samples were taken at the maturity. The growth and yield performance of amaranth were assessed by measuring root length, stem height and inflorescence length, and by evaluating fresh and dry weight of plant parts, grain yield and harvest index. Drought stress initiated at different phenological stages affected the evaluated morphological parameters, assimilate allocation and grain yield. Drought throughout the growing period resulted in grain and biomass yield reduction for 51% and 50%, respectively. Water deficit during inflorescence formation appears to be critical growing stage influencing grain yield, while soil drying in the vegetative growth stages improve the assimilate allocation to the above-ground biomass and particularly to the grain.展开更多
The objective of the present study was to gain better insight into the physiological mechanisms on the effects of copper （Cu） on photosynthesis and active oxygen metabolism in three-colored amaranth plant （Amaranth...The objective of the present study was to gain better insight into the physiological mechanisms on the effects of copper （Cu） on photosynthesis and active oxygen metabolism in three-colored amaranth plant （Amaranthus tricolor）. Three- colored amaranth seedlings were subjected to different Cu levels in soils during the entire experimental period. The parameters of growth, photosynthesis, mineral elements contents, and active oxygen metabolism were investigated using plant physiological methods. The results showed that 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg^-1 treatments decreased the whole plant biomass to 91 and 73% of the control, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and the stomatal conductance （gs） were similarly reduced in the third leaves of three-colored amaranth seedlings treated with 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg^-1 soil, respectively. None of the investigated Cu levels decreased the internal CO2 concentration （Ci）. The effect of Cu on the potential efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv/Fm） was negligible, whereas the effect of Cu on the PS Ⅱ quantum efficiency （ΦPS Ⅱ） after plant adaptation in actinic irradiation was more noticeable. On the other hand, decreases in water percentage, contents of photosynthetic pigments and mineral elements including Fe, K, and Mg, and significant increase in the Cu content were observed in the third leaves of Cu-treated plants. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities as well as the proline （Pro） content significantly increased in the third leaves of the three-colored amaranth seedlings treated with 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg^-1 soil, while catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） activities as well as the contents of carotenoid （Car）, glutathione （GSH）, and ascorbic acid （AsA） decreased, and accompanied by the increases in the contents of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）, superoxide anion （O2^-）, and malondialdehyde （MDA）, and electrolyte leakage. As a result of the imbalance of active oxygen metabolism, Pn and ΦPS Ⅱ decreased, and peroxidization enhanced under levels of 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg^-1 soil. Finally, the growth of three-colored amaranth plant was significantly inhibited.展开更多
The kinetics of K+ absorption and the utilization of both applied K and K in a calcareous alluvisol with low available K by different genotypes of grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), an ancient pseudo-cereal that produc...The kinetics of K+ absorption and the utilization of both applied K and K in a calcareous alluvisol with low available K by different genotypes of grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), an ancient pseudo-cereal that produces a large biomass and a rich source of healthy nutrients and mineral elements, were studied by means of ion depletion technique and pot experiments. Grain amaranth had a high affinity for K+ uptake in comparison with corn and cotton. However, there were differences among Amaranthus spp. in K absorption and utilization. Some cultivars such as R104, CX-4, Du001, Hy015 and Hr029 which had a higher rate of K absorption and stronger affinity for K+ were typical varieties with high K-use efficiency (KUE). The results showed that high KUE cultivars grew quickly, possessed stronger ability to take up soil slowly available K and mineral K, and did not respond to K fertilization in the soil with low available K. Correspondingly, grain amaranth cultivars CX-77, Cr024, Vd001, Re003 and Sn003 were relatively low in KUE. Compared with high KUE cultivars, they took up more soil available K and both of their dry matter accumulation and K uptake responded to K applied significantly.展开更多
The potential harm of soil cadmium pollution to ecological environment and human health has been increasingly widely concerned. Phytoremediation, as a kind of new and effective technology, has become an important meth...The potential harm of soil cadmium pollution to ecological environment and human health has been increasingly widely concerned. Phytoremediation, as a kind of new and effective technology, has become an important method for cleaning up cadmium in contaminated sites. The amaranth （Amaranthus mangostanus L.） is widely distributed and has abundant varieties in China, its rapid growth and large biomass can be served as candidate for cadmium hyperaccumulators for phytoremediation. To obtain cadmium hyper-accumulator, Cd uptake in 23 amaranth cultivars from different ecological region was investigated under hydroponic culture condition. Meanwhile, pot experiment was established to probe phytoremediation potentiality of Cd contaminated soil by amaranth. Three treatment （Cd 5, 10, and 25 mg kg^-1） were imposed to red soil, yellow brown soil, and vegetable soil. The results showed that under hydroponic culture with Cd 3 mg L^-1, the cadmium concentration in the shoots of the cultivar Tianxingmi reached 260 mg kg^-1, and its total cadmium uptake was the highest among various cultivars. In the treatment Cd 25 mg kg^-1, the cadmium concentration in the shoots of the cultivar Tianxingmi reached 212 mg kg^-1, while bioaccumulation factor and shoot purification rate reached 8.50 and 3.8%, respectively. Further, the total biomass and shoot biomass were not decreased significantly under Cd exposure. These results suggested that cultivar Tianxingmi is a typical Cd hyperaccumulator, and can be expected to be used in phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil.展开更多
The growth of clones of seven Amaranthus palmeri x A. spinosus hybrids was compared to type specimens of A. palmeri and A. spinosus. The hybrids came from the field where they were originally discovered and clones of ...The growth of clones of seven Amaranthus palmeri x A. spinosus hybrids was compared to type specimens of A. palmeri and A. spinosus. The hybrids came from the field where they were originally discovered and clones of the type specimens and hybrids were established under greenhouse conditions and used to compare growth rates. A. palmeri had the highest growth rate and A. spinosus the lowest growth rate based on height, node counts, and dry weight accumulation. A. palmeri also had the greatest number of days to flowering and A. spinosus the fewest. Hybrids had intermediary growth rates and days to flowering, but differed from each other with regard to sex identity. The hybrids were either dioecious like A. palmeri or, if monoecious, had patterns unlike A. spinosus. Spine length and texture also varied in hybrids and some were without spines. Hybrid 16Ci was short compared to all others and had succulent leaves and stems, which easily separated from the plant body. These hybridizations resulted in morphologically distinct types with acquisition of physical traits intermediate to the type specimens which may drive evolution of these species.展开更多
Amaranthus cruentus is one of the sixty Amaranthus species of world. It is widely grown as a green leafy vegetable and for its grain in many tropical countries of Africa, Central and South American, Canada, Mexico and...Amaranthus cruentus is one of the sixty Amaranthus species of world. It is widely grown as a green leafy vegetable and for its grain in many tropical countries of Africa, Central and South American, Canada, Mexico and parts of Asia. Depleted soil fertility under intensive cultivation is a major limitation to production of the vegetable. The study investigated the effects of two types of poultry manure on biomass yield and nutrient uptake of Amaranth cruentus in a greenhouse at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 2011. The experiment was a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial arranged into a Randomized Completely Block Design and replicated three times. The factors were two soil types, two sources of poultry manure and urea, and N rates at 0, 60 and 120 kg⋅N⋅ha−1. Nitrogen uptake by the plants that treated with poultry manure from Canada (PMC) and Urea was 172.5 vs. 171.4 mg⋅pot−1 and 169.5 vs. 163.7 mg⋅pot−1 respectively which were significantly greater than the poultry manure from Nigeria (PMN), 100.6 mg⋅pot−1 and 110.0 mg⋅pot−1 for Red River and Glenhope soil series, respectively. Nitrogen uptake was similar at the N rates of 60 and 120 kg⋅N⋅ha−1 (140.7 vs. 155.6 mg⋅pot−1) in the Red River soil, while N uptake at 120 kg⋅N⋅ha−1 was greater than at 60 kg⋅N⋅ha−1 in Glenhope soil. Shoot dry matter of the vegetable grown in soils treated with PMC and urea was significantly greater than from PMN in Red River soil (10.1, 9.6 and 6.7 g⋅pot−1) and in Glenhope soil (8.8, 8.1 and 6.4 g⋅pot−1). Phosphorus, K, Ca and Mg uptake at 60 and 120 kg⋅</展开更多
The electropolymerized film of amaranth was prepared on the surface of graphite pencil electrode（GPE） using cyclic voltammetric technique.This poly（amaranth） film coated electrode exhibited an excellent electrocat...The electropolymerized film of amaranth was prepared on the surface of graphite pencil electrode（GPE） using cyclic voltammetric technique.This poly（amaranth） film coated electrode exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the detection of dopamine（DA） in the presence of uric acid（UA） in 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0.The effect of interference study was carried out using differential pulse voltammetric technique.The poly（amaranth） modified GPE was applied for the detection of DA in dopamine injection with satisfactory results.展开更多
Previously we found two biotypes of Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) in a population of this economically important weed that were resistant to glyphosate but differed with respect to pigmentation. One biotype was...Previously we found two biotypes of Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) in a population of this economically important weed that were resistant to glyphosate but differed with respect to pigmentation. One biotype was typically red-pigmented (betacyanin) while the other was green, with no visual appearance of red hue on any plant part at any growth stage. We have also reported that a strain of Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) exhibited bioherbicidal activity against several important weeds including glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. In greenhouse tests, MV was applied to these two biotypes (red and green) at two ages (3-week- and 6-week-old) and effects of this fungus monitored over a 5-day time course. Initial symptoms of MV (16 to 24 h after inoculation) were: epinastic curvature, wilting and development of lesions on leaves and stems. Generally, the younger plants tended to be more sensitive to MV than older plants. Bioherbicidal damage increased with time leading to necrosis and plant mortality and increasing disease progress. Severe loss of fresh weight occurred in both biotypes as compared to untreated plants. Results indicated that MV was effective on both biotypes, but effects on growth reduction and disease progression were more rapid and generally greater in the green biotype, suggesting that compounds responsible for red pigmentation may be more potent as defense against pathogen attack.展开更多
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors are one of the few remaining postemergence herbicide options for controlling Palmer amaranth in soybean growing areas of Mississippi, USA. Most Palmer amaranth populations i...Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors are one of the few remaining postemergence herbicide options for controlling Palmer amaranth in soybean growing areas of Mississippi, USA. Most Palmer amaranth populations in Mississippi are resistant to both glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibitors. Resistance to PPO inhibiting herbicides in Palmer amaranth has very recently been reported in Arkansas, Tennessee, and isolated pockets of Mississippi. A significant proportion of reports of PPO inhibitor failures in Mississippi are not considered to be resistance-related at this time. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate factors affecting the efficacy of fomesafen on Palmer amaranth including: quality of spray carrier (water), formulations, adjuvant, rainfastness, and nozzle type. All water samples and formulation combinations provided >95% control of Palmer amaranth 3 WAT. Some combinations of water samples and formulations did not result in complete control of the treated plants, with one or two individuals surviving 3 WAT. Formulation 1 provided 99% control compared to 95% from formulation 2. Irrespective of combinations of herbicide, adjuvant and height, control of Palmer amaranth was ≥91%. Formulation 1 provided 94% control compared to 88% from formulation 2. The adjuvant x height interaction was significant, owing to a 10% reduction in control of larger plants (86%) compared to smaller plants (96%) in presence of COC. COC provided better control (93%) than NIS (88%). Simulated rainfall applied ≥60 min after herbicide application did not adversely affect efficacy on Palmer amaranth when formulation 1 was applied in combination with NIS, with control ranging from 94% to 100%. Formulation 1 with COC provided ≥93% control at all rainfall application times, except 30 min after herbicide treatment, which resulted in 79% control. Formulation 2 provided better control with COC (79% to 100%) than NIS (71% to 90%), in general, across the rainfall treatments applied at various times following herbicide application. All nozzle and weed height combinations resulted in 89% or better control of Palmer amaranth. In summary, water quality, formulation, adjuvant, rainfastness, or nozzle type did not affect the activity of fomesafen under optimal application conditions in the greenhouse.展开更多
Amaranth has become an unconventional crop that interesting of scientists and researchers due to its unique nutritional properties, in addition to bear the water lack and be suitable for all types of soil. The objecti...Amaranth has become an unconventional crop that interesting of scientists and researchers due to its unique nutritional properties, in addition to bear the water lack and be suitable for all types of soil. The objective of this study was to utilize amaranth flour in preparation of high nutritional value bakery products, crackers and tortilla produced by using amaranth flour instead of corn flour (w/w) by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels substitution. The prepared products were evaluated for its chemical composition, minerals content, amino acids composition, fatty acid composition, color analysis, biological active compounds analysis and sensory evaluation. Results showed that substitution with amaranth flour increased protein, fat, ash and fiber. As for minerals and amino acid, it indicated that the formula No. 3 (25% corn flour/75% amaranth flour) in crackers and the formula No. 2 (50% corn flour/50% amaranth flour) in tortilla contained higher amount of minerals such as iron, calcium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, copper and phosphorus, and of the essential amino acids such as Leucine, Lysine and valine. On the other hand the formula No. 3 in crackers had the highest unsaturated fatty acids content and lowest of total saturated fatty acids content. While the formula No. 2 in tortilla had the highest saturated fatty acids content and lowest of unsaturated fatty acids content. The results also showed that the incorporation of amaranth flour in the preparation of the crackers and tortilla led to significantly decreased yellowness and lightness compared with control. Also, results indicated that crackers and tortilla which prepared with amaranth flour exhibited higher antioxidant activity than control formulas. Concerning sensory evaluation of crackers, results showed significant decrease in appearance, color and overall acceptability while, tortilla had significant decrease in general appearance, color and total score at all formulas. Based on the results obtained here, amaranth is a rich source of bioactive compounds and due to its nutritional benefits, it can be used in the development and enhancement of functional foods.展开更多
文摘A sound fundamental knowledge of the agro morphological characteristics of amaranth accessions is crucial for promoting their use in food. This review aims to assess the genetic diversity within the collection to understand the range of genetic variation. Thirty-two agromorphological parameters of Ten amaranth accessions were analyzed in Samanko conditions. Wide variability was present concerning leaf pigmentation (PigF), flower density index (IDF), seed color (CH), and Branching index (IR). Statistical analysis showed significant differences among accessions for morphological characters such as number of plants, leaf width, stem height, terminal inflorescence length of stem, axillary inflorescence length, 50% flowering and 1000 grain weight. It appears that the Axillary Inflorescence (LIA) and the Length of the Terminal Inflorescence are correlated (r = 0.82). Length of the inflorescence terminal of the stem (LITT) and the Length of the Terminal Basal Branches (LITBT) are associated (r = 0.75). Stem height presents a robust correlation (r = 0.447) with 50% flowering date. The length of the inflorescence Axillary was also highly correlated with the length of the inflorescence terminal of the stem (r = 0.904*). Ascending hierarchical classification revealed three distinct classes: C1: Madira 1, Madira 2, A2004, A2002;C2: TP5-sel, N’gourouma, Akeri, AC-NL;C3: AHTI, Akeri. “Akeri.” “TP5-sel,” and “N’gourouma” are associated with the weight of 1000 grains, the length of the terminal branches, and the shape of the terminal inflorescence. “Poly” and “AHTI” are quite similar and are associated with the parameters of the length of basal branches and length of a terminal inflorescence of the stem “Madira 1”;“Madira 2”, “A2004”, “A2002” on the correlation circle indicates that the height of the plants and the 50% flowering date. These results indicate a high possibility of genetic diversity among the amaranth accessions within the collection. The data can be exploited in future breeding programs to improve the species.
文摘The wide distribution of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in the southern US became a serious weed control problem prior to the extensive use of glyphosate-resistant crops. Currently glyphosate-resistant populations of Palmer amaranth occur in many areas of this geographic region creating an even more serious threat to crop production. Investigations were undertaken using four biotypes (one glyphosate-sensitive, one resistant from Georgia and two of unknown tolerance from Mississippi) of Palmer amaranth to assess bioassay techniques for the rapid detection and level of resistance in populations of this weed. These plants were characterized with respect to chlorophyll, betalain, and protein levels and immunological responses to an antibody of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) the target site of glyphosate. Only slight differences were found in four biotypes grown under greenhouse conditions regarding extractable soluble protein and chlorophyll content, but one biotype was found to be devoid of the red pigment, betalain. Measurement of early growth (seedling shoot elongation) of seedlings was a useful detection tool to determine glyphosate resistance. A leaf disc bioassay (using visual ratings and/or chlorophyll analysis) and an assay for shikimate accumulation were effective methods for determining herbicide resistance levels. The two unknown biotypes were found to be resistant to this herbicide. Some differences were found in the protein profiles of the biotypes, and western blots demonstrated a weak labeling of antibody in the glyphosate-sensitive biotype, whereas strong labeling occurred in the resistant plants. This latter point supports research by others, that increased copy number of the EPSPS gene (and increased EPSPS protein levels) is the resistance mechanism in this species. Results indicate the utility of certain bioassays for the determination of resistance and provide useful comparative information on the levels of inherent constituents among closely related plants.
文摘Previously we found that a strain of Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) exhibited bioherbicidal activity against several important weeds, and that some commercial formulations of glyphosate applied with MV resulted in synergistic interactions that improved weed control efficacy. We also found that MV had bioherbicidal activity against glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. We have also reported that some commercial formulations are inhibitory to MV. Our objectives were to test the effect of unformulated glyphosate (high purity, technical-grade glyphosate) alone and in combination with MV for bioherbicidal activity on glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant Palmer amaranth biotypes under greenhouse conditions and to examine technical-grade glyphosate on the growth of this bioherbicide. High purity glyphosate (without adjuvants/surfactants) was not toxic to MV growth and sporulation at concentrations up to 2.0 mM when grown on agar supplemented with the herbicide. Both biotypes were injured by MV and MV plus glyphosate treatments as early as 19 h after application (3 h after a dew period of 16 h). These injury effects increased and were more evident through the 6-day time course, when after 120 h the MV plus glyphosate treatment had killed all glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant plants. The interaction of glyphosate plus MV was synergistic toward the control of Palmer amaranth. Data strongly suggest that the active ingredient is responsible for the synergy previously found when this bioherbicide was combined with some commercial formulations of glyphosate. Results demonstrated that MV can control both glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible Palmer amaranth seedlings and act synergistically with high-purity glyphosate to provide improved weed control.
文摘qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were utilized to investigate genetic stability of Palmer amaranth cloned plants over 10 generations. DNA from original parent Palmer amaranth plants (grown from seeds) was re-analyzed using qPCR, and confidence levels for determining ΔΔCt (threshold crossing) values were established. ANOVA was used to determine variation (margin of error) of these ΔΔCt values. This margin of error was applied to qPCR analysis of DNA from eight individual parent plants and their descendants (10th generation) so that possible differences in EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) gene copy number could be ascertained. This method (and the associated error) indicated a lack of agreement in ΔΔCt values of DNA from plants of these two generations. qPCR analysis showed that in five out of eight clones, EPSPS gene copy number varied more than the calculated error (P = 0.05). A second technique to monitor genetic stability, RAPD was used to determine possible changes in genomic DNA due to extended cloning of these regenerated plants. RAPD analysis showed that four out of the eight clones differed when the profiles of the two generations were compared. Results show that qPCR and RAPD analysis point to the fact that several Palmer amaranth clones experienced changes in genome structure over 10 generations. Although the glyphosate resistance trait was retained, results suggest that during cloning studies, the genetic stability of macro-vegetatively propagated lines should be monitored.
文摘Extensive acceptance of glyphosate-resistant (GR) row crops coupled with the simultaneous increase in glyphosate usage has sped the evolution of glyphosate resistance in economically important weeds. GR </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amaranthus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>palmeri</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> populations are widespread across the state with some exhibiting multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides such as pyrithiobac. A GR and ALS inhibitor-resistant accession was also resistant to the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibiting herbicide fomesafen. The PPO inhibitor resistance profile and multiple herbicide resistance mechanisms in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">this accession were investigated. In addition to fomesafen, resistance to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> postemergence applications of acifluorfen, lactofen, carfentrazone, and sulfentrazone was confirmed. There was no resistance to preemergence application of fomesafen, flumioxazin, or oxyfluorfen. Molecular analysis of the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ALS</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene indicated the presence of point mutations leading to single nucleotide substitutions at codons 197, 377, 574, and 653, resulting in proline-to-serine, arginine-to-glutamine, tryptophan-to-leucine, and serine-to-asparagine replacements, respectively. The resistant accession contained up to 87-fold more copies of the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">EPSPS</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene compared to a susceptible accession. A mutation leading to a deletion of glycine at codon 210 (ΔG210) of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">PPO2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene was also detected. These results indicate that the mechanism of resistance in the Palmer amaranth accession is target-site based, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">., altered target site for ALS and PPO inhibitor resistance and gene amplification for glyphosate resistance.
文摘A comparative study of microsporogenesis in male-sterile and male-fertile grain amaranth was conducted using electron-microscopy.The onset of microsporogenesis breakdown in male-sterile is at the mononuclear pollen stage following the release of microspores from tetrads.Abnormality in the behavior of degenerated tapetum was observed, which failed to envelope individual microspores after their release, leading to an abnormal vacuolation in the mononuclear pollen grains.As a result, the normal thickening of pollen wall could not occur and pollen grains could not engorge, causing male sterility.
文摘The aim of the study is to conduct comprehensive experiments and developments of innovative technologies to produce the oil extract of amaranth for their application as food additives in the food industry. To achieve the aim, the following tasks were identified： （I） study the physicochemical, biochemical properties and the composition of amaranth seeds; （2） improving the methods for producing the oil extract of amaranth. This article is devoted to complex research of processes of manufacture of vegetable oils. Authors have developed scientific bases of improvement and an intensification of technological processes for production of oil from amaranth seeds. The authors have developed a new technology for extracting of oil from amaranth seeds using hexane as a solvent. The proposed method provides to obtain oil without great technical effort and keeps it all the nutrients that promote the highest taste of the product and with little labor and time costs.
文摘A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of drought induced at different phenological stages on growth, biomass production and yield performance of grain amaranth Amaranthus cruentus G6. After emergence seedlings were exposed to different soil water regimes： constant adequate moisture （W1） and drought （W2） throughout the growing period, drought initiated at crop inflorescence formation （W3）, drought condition during pre-inflorescence formation （W4） and treatment W5 where drought condition occurred in the period from the beginning of inflorescence formation to the beginning of flowering. Crop samples were taken at the maturity. The growth and yield performance of amaranth were assessed by measuring root length, stem height and inflorescence length, and by evaluating fresh and dry weight of plant parts, grain yield and harvest index. Drought stress initiated at different phenological stages affected the evaluated morphological parameters, assimilate allocation and grain yield. Drought throughout the growing period resulted in grain and biomass yield reduction for 51% and 50%, respectively. Water deficit during inflorescence formation appears to be critical growing stage influencing grain yield, while soil drying in the vegetative growth stages improve the assimilate allocation to the above-ground biomass and particularly to the grain.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China （Y504256）.
文摘The objective of the present study was to gain better insight into the physiological mechanisms on the effects of copper （Cu） on photosynthesis and active oxygen metabolism in three-colored amaranth plant （Amaranthus tricolor）. Three- colored amaranth seedlings were subjected to different Cu levels in soils during the entire experimental period. The parameters of growth, photosynthesis, mineral elements contents, and active oxygen metabolism were investigated using plant physiological methods. The results showed that 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg^-1 treatments decreased the whole plant biomass to 91 and 73% of the control, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and the stomatal conductance （gs） were similarly reduced in the third leaves of three-colored amaranth seedlings treated with 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg^-1 soil, respectively. None of the investigated Cu levels decreased the internal CO2 concentration （Ci）. The effect of Cu on the potential efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv/Fm） was negligible, whereas the effect of Cu on the PS Ⅱ quantum efficiency （ΦPS Ⅱ） after plant adaptation in actinic irradiation was more noticeable. On the other hand, decreases in water percentage, contents of photosynthetic pigments and mineral elements including Fe, K, and Mg, and significant increase in the Cu content were observed in the third leaves of Cu-treated plants. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities as well as the proline （Pro） content significantly increased in the third leaves of the three-colored amaranth seedlings treated with 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg^-1 soil, while catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） activities as well as the contents of carotenoid （Car）, glutathione （GSH）, and ascorbic acid （AsA） decreased, and accompanied by the increases in the contents of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）, superoxide anion （O2^-）, and malondialdehyde （MDA）, and electrolyte leakage. As a result of the imbalance of active oxygen metabolism, Pn and ΦPS Ⅱ decreased, and peroxidization enhanced under levels of 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg^-1 soil. Finally, the growth of three-colored amaranth plant was significantly inhibited.
文摘The kinetics of K+ absorption and the utilization of both applied K and K in a calcareous alluvisol with low available K by different genotypes of grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), an ancient pseudo-cereal that produces a large biomass and a rich source of healthy nutrients and mineral elements, were studied by means of ion depletion technique and pot experiments. Grain amaranth had a high affinity for K+ uptake in comparison with corn and cotton. However, there were differences among Amaranthus spp. in K absorption and utilization. Some cultivars such as R104, CX-4, Du001, Hy015 and Hr029 which had a higher rate of K absorption and stronger affinity for K+ were typical varieties with high K-use efficiency (KUE). The results showed that high KUE cultivars grew quickly, possessed stronger ability to take up soil slowly available K and mineral K, and did not respond to K fertilization in the soil with low available K. Correspondingly, grain amaranth cultivars CX-77, Cr024, Vd001, Re003 and Sn003 were relatively low in KUE. Compared with high KUE cultivars, they took up more soil available K and both of their dry matter accumulation and K uptake responded to K applied significantly.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research (973) Program of China (2002CB410809)
文摘The potential harm of soil cadmium pollution to ecological environment and human health has been increasingly widely concerned. Phytoremediation, as a kind of new and effective technology, has become an important method for cleaning up cadmium in contaminated sites. The amaranth （Amaranthus mangostanus L.） is widely distributed and has abundant varieties in China, its rapid growth and large biomass can be served as candidate for cadmium hyperaccumulators for phytoremediation. To obtain cadmium hyper-accumulator, Cd uptake in 23 amaranth cultivars from different ecological region was investigated under hydroponic culture condition. Meanwhile, pot experiment was established to probe phytoremediation potentiality of Cd contaminated soil by amaranth. Three treatment （Cd 5, 10, and 25 mg kg^-1） were imposed to red soil, yellow brown soil, and vegetable soil. The results showed that under hydroponic culture with Cd 3 mg L^-1, the cadmium concentration in the shoots of the cultivar Tianxingmi reached 260 mg kg^-1, and its total cadmium uptake was the highest among various cultivars. In the treatment Cd 25 mg kg^-1, the cadmium concentration in the shoots of the cultivar Tianxingmi reached 212 mg kg^-1, while bioaccumulation factor and shoot purification rate reached 8.50 and 3.8%, respectively. Further, the total biomass and shoot biomass were not decreased significantly under Cd exposure. These results suggested that cultivar Tianxingmi is a typical Cd hyperaccumulator, and can be expected to be used in phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil.
文摘The growth of clones of seven Amaranthus palmeri x A. spinosus hybrids was compared to type specimens of A. palmeri and A. spinosus. The hybrids came from the field where they were originally discovered and clones of the type specimens and hybrids were established under greenhouse conditions and used to compare growth rates. A. palmeri had the highest growth rate and A. spinosus the lowest growth rate based on height, node counts, and dry weight accumulation. A. palmeri also had the greatest number of days to flowering and A. spinosus the fewest. Hybrids had intermediary growth rates and days to flowering, but differed from each other with regard to sex identity. The hybrids were either dioecious like A. palmeri or, if monoecious, had patterns unlike A. spinosus. Spine length and texture also varied in hybrids and some were without spines. Hybrid 16Ci was short compared to all others and had succulent leaves and stems, which easily separated from the plant body. These hybridizations resulted in morphologically distinct types with acquisition of physical traits intermediate to the type specimens which may drive evolution of these species.
文摘Amaranthus cruentus is one of the sixty Amaranthus species of world. It is widely grown as a green leafy vegetable and for its grain in many tropical countries of Africa, Central and South American, Canada, Mexico and parts of Asia. Depleted soil fertility under intensive cultivation is a major limitation to production of the vegetable. The study investigated the effects of two types of poultry manure on biomass yield and nutrient uptake of Amaranth cruentus in a greenhouse at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 2011. The experiment was a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial arranged into a Randomized Completely Block Design and replicated three times. The factors were two soil types, two sources of poultry manure and urea, and N rates at 0, 60 and 120 kg⋅N⋅ha−1. Nitrogen uptake by the plants that treated with poultry manure from Canada (PMC) and Urea was 172.5 vs. 171.4 mg⋅pot−1 and 169.5 vs. 163.7 mg⋅pot−1 respectively which were significantly greater than the poultry manure from Nigeria (PMN), 100.6 mg⋅pot−1 and 110.0 mg⋅pot−1 for Red River and Glenhope soil series, respectively. Nitrogen uptake was similar at the N rates of 60 and 120 kg⋅N⋅ha−1 (140.7 vs. 155.6 mg⋅pot−1) in the Red River soil, while N uptake at 120 kg⋅N⋅ha−1 was greater than at 60 kg⋅N⋅ha−1 in Glenhope soil. Shoot dry matter of the vegetable grown in soils treated with PMC and urea was significantly greater than from PMN in Red River soil (10.1, 9.6 and 6.7 g⋅pot−1) and in Glenhope soil (8.8, 8.1 and 6.4 g⋅pot−1). Phosphorus, K, Ca and Mg uptake at 60 and 120 kg⋅</
文摘The electropolymerized film of amaranth was prepared on the surface of graphite pencil electrode（GPE） using cyclic voltammetric technique.This poly（amaranth） film coated electrode exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the detection of dopamine（DA） in the presence of uric acid（UA） in 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0.The effect of interference study was carried out using differential pulse voltammetric technique.The poly（amaranth） modified GPE was applied for the detection of DA in dopamine injection with satisfactory results.
文摘Previously we found two biotypes of Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) in a population of this economically important weed that were resistant to glyphosate but differed with respect to pigmentation. One biotype was typically red-pigmented (betacyanin) while the other was green, with no visual appearance of red hue on any plant part at any growth stage. We have also reported that a strain of Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) exhibited bioherbicidal activity against several important weeds including glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. In greenhouse tests, MV was applied to these two biotypes (red and green) at two ages (3-week- and 6-week-old) and effects of this fungus monitored over a 5-day time course. Initial symptoms of MV (16 to 24 h after inoculation) were: epinastic curvature, wilting and development of lesions on leaves and stems. Generally, the younger plants tended to be more sensitive to MV than older plants. Bioherbicidal damage increased with time leading to necrosis and plant mortality and increasing disease progress. Severe loss of fresh weight occurred in both biotypes as compared to untreated plants. Results indicated that MV was effective on both biotypes, but effects on growth reduction and disease progression were more rapid and generally greater in the green biotype, suggesting that compounds responsible for red pigmentation may be more potent as defense against pathogen attack.
文摘Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors are one of the few remaining postemergence herbicide options for controlling Palmer amaranth in soybean growing areas of Mississippi, USA. Most Palmer amaranth populations in Mississippi are resistant to both glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibitors. Resistance to PPO inhibiting herbicides in Palmer amaranth has very recently been reported in Arkansas, Tennessee, and isolated pockets of Mississippi. A significant proportion of reports of PPO inhibitor failures in Mississippi are not considered to be resistance-related at this time. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate factors affecting the efficacy of fomesafen on Palmer amaranth including: quality of spray carrier (water), formulations, adjuvant, rainfastness, and nozzle type. All water samples and formulation combinations provided >95% control of Palmer amaranth 3 WAT. Some combinations of water samples and formulations did not result in complete control of the treated plants, with one or two individuals surviving 3 WAT. Formulation 1 provided 99% control compared to 95% from formulation 2. Irrespective of combinations of herbicide, adjuvant and height, control of Palmer amaranth was ≥91%. Formulation 1 provided 94% control compared to 88% from formulation 2. The adjuvant x height interaction was significant, owing to a 10% reduction in control of larger plants (86%) compared to smaller plants (96%) in presence of COC. COC provided better control (93%) than NIS (88%). Simulated rainfall applied ≥60 min after herbicide application did not adversely affect efficacy on Palmer amaranth when formulation 1 was applied in combination with NIS, with control ranging from 94% to 100%. Formulation 1 with COC provided ≥93% control at all rainfall application times, except 30 min after herbicide treatment, which resulted in 79% control. Formulation 2 provided better control with COC (79% to 100%) than NIS (71% to 90%), in general, across the rainfall treatments applied at various times following herbicide application. All nozzle and weed height combinations resulted in 89% or better control of Palmer amaranth. In summary, water quality, formulation, adjuvant, rainfastness, or nozzle type did not affect the activity of fomesafen under optimal application conditions in the greenhouse.
文摘Amaranth has become an unconventional crop that interesting of scientists and researchers due to its unique nutritional properties, in addition to bear the water lack and be suitable for all types of soil. The objective of this study was to utilize amaranth flour in preparation of high nutritional value bakery products, crackers and tortilla produced by using amaranth flour instead of corn flour (w/w) by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels substitution. The prepared products were evaluated for its chemical composition, minerals content, amino acids composition, fatty acid composition, color analysis, biological active compounds analysis and sensory evaluation. Results showed that substitution with amaranth flour increased protein, fat, ash and fiber. As for minerals and amino acid, it indicated that the formula No. 3 (25% corn flour/75% amaranth flour) in crackers and the formula No. 2 (50% corn flour/50% amaranth flour) in tortilla contained higher amount of minerals such as iron, calcium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, copper and phosphorus, and of the essential amino acids such as Leucine, Lysine and valine. On the other hand the formula No. 3 in crackers had the highest unsaturated fatty acids content and lowest of total saturated fatty acids content. While the formula No. 2 in tortilla had the highest saturated fatty acids content and lowest of unsaturated fatty acids content. The results also showed that the incorporation of amaranth flour in the preparation of the crackers and tortilla led to significantly decreased yellowness and lightness compared with control. Also, results indicated that crackers and tortilla which prepared with amaranth flour exhibited higher antioxidant activity than control formulas. Concerning sensory evaluation of crackers, results showed significant decrease in appearance, color and overall acceptability while, tortilla had significant decrease in general appearance, color and total score at all formulas. Based on the results obtained here, amaranth is a rich source of bioactive compounds and due to its nutritional benefits, it can be used in the development and enhancement of functional foods.
