Shrublands serve as an important component of terrestrial ecosystems, and play an important role in structure and functions of alpine ecosystem.Accurate estimation of biomass is critical to examination of the producti...Shrublands serve as an important component of terrestrial ecosystems, and play an important role in structure and functions of alpine ecosystem.Accurate estimation of biomass is critical to examination of the productivity of alpine ecosystems, due to shrubification under climate change in past decades.In this study, 14 experimental plots and 42 quadrates of the shrubs Potentilla fruticosa and Caragana jubata were selected along altitudes gradients from 3220 to 3650 m a.s.l.(above sea level) on semi-sunny and semi-shady slope in Hulu watershed of Qilian Mountains, China.The foliage, woody component and total aboveground biomass per quadrate were examined using a selective destructive method, then the biomass were estimated via allometric equations based on measured parameters for two shrub species.The results showed that C.jubata accounted for 1–3 times more biomass(480.98 g/m2) than P.fruticosa(191.21 g/m2).The aboveground biomass of both the shrubs varied significantly with altitudinal gradient(P<0.05).Woody component accounted for the larger proportion than foliage component in the total aboveground biomass.The biomass on semi-sunnyslopes(200.27 g/m2 and 509.07 g/m2) was greater than on semi-shady slopes(182.14 g/m2 and 452.89g/m2) at the same altitude band for P.fruticosa and C.jubata.In contrast, the foliage biomass on semi-shady slopes(30.50 g/m2) was greater than on semi-sunny slopes(27.51 g/m2) for two shrubs.Biomass deceased with increasing altitude for P.fruticosa, whereas C.jubata showed a hump-shaped pattern with altitude.Allometric equations were obtained from the easily descriptive parameters of height(H), basal diameter(D) and crown area(C) for biomass of C.jubata and P.fruticosa.Although the equations type and variables comprising of the best model varied among the species, all equations related to biomass were significant(P < 0.005), with determination coefficients(R2) ranging from 0.81 to 0.96.The allometric equations satisfied the requirements of the model, and can be used to estimate the regional scale biomass of P.fruticosa and C.jubata in alpine ecosystems of the Qilian Mountains.展开更多
Though aboveground biomass(AGB) has an important contribution to the global carbon cycle,the information about storage and climatic effects of AGB is scare in Three-River Source Region(TRSR)shrub ecosystems. This stud...Though aboveground biomass(AGB) has an important contribution to the global carbon cycle,the information about storage and climatic effects of AGB is scare in Three-River Source Region(TRSR)shrub ecosystems. This study investigated AGB storage and its climatic controls in the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems using data collected from 23 sites on the Tibetan Plateau from 2011 to 2013. We estimated the AGB storage(both shrub layer biomass and grass layer biomass) in the alpine shrubs as 37.49 Tg, with an average density of 1447.31 g m^(-2). Biomass was primarily accumulated in the shrub layer, which accounted for 92% of AGB, while the grass layer accounted for only 8%. AGB significantly increased with the mean annual temperature(P < 0.05). The effects of the mean annual precipitation on AGB were not significant. These results suggest that temperature,rather than precipitation, has significantly effects on of aboveground vegetation growth in the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems. The actual and potential increase in AGB density was different due to global warming varies among different regions of the TRSR. We conclude that long-term monitoring of dynamic changes is necessary to improve the accuracy estimations of potential AGB carbon sequestration across the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems.展开更多
Leaf morphological and stoichiometric characteristics are considered to represent both the interior inheritable characters in the plant and its adaptations to specific exterior environments. Rhododendron agglutinatum,...Leaf morphological and stoichiometric characteristics are considered to represent both the interior inheritable characters in the plant and its adaptations to specific exterior environments. Rhododendron agglutinatum,an evergreen alpine shrub species,occupies a wide range of habitats above timberline in the Miyaluo Natural Reserve,southwestern China. Along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 3700 to 4150 m,we measured leaf morphological characters including leaf dry matter content(LDMC),leaf dry mass per unit area(LMA),and one leaf area(OLA),as well as carbon(C) and nutrient(N,P) contents in leaves of three different age groups(juvenile leaves,mature leaves and senescent leaves). We also calculated the stoichiometric relationships among carbon and nutrients(C/N,C/P and N/P). Results showed thatboth age and altitude affected the leaf morphological and stoichiometric properties of R. agglutinatum. Mature leaves possessed the highest LDMC,LMA and C contents both on a dry mass basis and on a unit area basis. Younger leaves possessed higher contents of nutrients. OLA as well as ratios between carbon and nutrients(C/N,C/P) increased with ages. Juvenile leaves possessed lowest ratio between nitrogen and phosphorus. In juvenile leaves,nutrients increased with altitudinal elevation,whereas other traits decreased. In mature leaves,nutrients and their ratios with carbon showed consistent trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude,whereas LMA and carbon on a unit area basis showed opposite trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude. In senescent leaves,only content of phosphorus on a unit area basis and N/P were found linearly correlated with altitude. Our results demonstrated a clear pattern of nutrient distribution with aging process inleaves and indicated that a high possibility of N limitation in this region. We also concluded that younger leaves could be more sensitive to climate changes due to a greater altitudinal influence on the leaf traits in younger leaves than those in elder leaves.展开更多
The identification of easily measured plant functional types (PFTs) that consistently predict grazing response would be a major advance.The responses to grazing of individual traits and PFTs were analyzed along a graz...The identification of easily measured plant functional types (PFTs) that consistently predict grazing response would be a major advance.The responses to grazing of individual traits and PFTs were analyzed along a grazing gradient in an alpine shrub meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Three response types were identified;grazing increaser (GI),grazing decreaser (GD),and neutral (NE) for both traits and PFTs.Seven traits were measured:plant height,economic group,cotyledon type,plant inclination,growth form,life cycle,and vegetative structure.The first five were significantly affected by grazing.Ordinal regressions for grazing response of the seven traits showed that the best single predictors of response were growth form (including the attributes "Scattered","Bunched" or "Closely Bunched"),and plant inclination ("Rosette","Prostrate",or "Erect"),followed by economic group ("Shrub","Grass","Sedge","Legume","Forb",or "Harmful") and plant height ("Tall","Medium",or "Small").Within the four optimal traits,the summed dominance ratio (SDR) of small plants,forbs,rosette and bunched plants,invariably increased,while that of tall plants,shrubs,grasses,and erect plants decreased,when grazing pressure was enhanced.Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified eleven explanatory PFTs based on 195 defined PFTs,by combining the different attributes of the four optimal traits.Among explanatory PFTs,the most valuable in predicting the community response to grazing were Tall×Shrub×Erect×Scattered and Small×Forb×Rosette,as these have the closest connections with grazing disturbance and include fewer species.Species richness,diversity,and community evenness,did not differ among grazing treatments because turnover occurred in component species and their relative abundances along the grazing gradient.We have demonstrated that a minimum set of PFTs resulting from optimal individual traits can provide consistent prediction of community responses to grazing in this region.This approach provides a more accurate indicator of change within a changing environment than do univariate measures of species diversity.We hope to provide a link between management practices and vegetation structure,forming a basis for future,large scale,plant trait comparisons.展开更多
Grazing by domestic herbivores is generally recognized as a major ecological factor and an important evolutionary force in grasslands, Grazing has both extensive and profound effects on individual plants and communiti...Grazing by domestic herbivores is generally recognized as a major ecological factor and an important evolutionary force in grasslands, Grazing has both extensive and profound effects on individual plants and communities, We investigated the response patterns of Polygonum viviparum species and the species diversity of an alpine shrub meadow in response to long-term livestock grazing by a field manipulative experiment controlling livestock numbers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, Here, we hypothesize that within a range of grazing pressure, grazing can alter relative allocation to different plant parts without changing total biomass for some plant species if there is life history trade-offs between plant traits, The same type of communities exposed to different grazing pressures may only alter relative species＇ abundances or species composition and not vary species diversity because plant species differ in resistant capability to herbivory, The results show that plant height and biomass of different organs differed among grazing treatments but total biomass remained constant, Biomass allocation and absolute investments to both reproduction and growth decreased and to belowground storage increased with increased grazing pressure, indicating the increasing in storage function was attained at a cost of reducing reproduction of bulbils and represented an optimal allocation and an adaptive response of the species to long- term aboveground damage, Moreover, our results showed multiform response types for either species groups or single species along the gradient of grazing intensity, Heavy grazing caused a 13,2% increase in species richness, There was difference in species composition of about 18%-20% among grazing treatment, Shannon-Wiener （H′） diversity index and species evenness （E） index did not differ among grazing treatments, These results support our hypothesis,展开更多
The aboveground biomass allocation and water relations in alpine shrubs can provide useful information on analyzing their ecological and hydrological functions in alpine regions. The objectives of this study were to c...The aboveground biomass allocation and water relations in alpine shrubs can provide useful information on analyzing their ecological and hydrological functions in alpine regions. The objectives of this study were to compare the aboveground biomass allocation, water storage ratio and distribution between foliage/woody components,and to investigate factors affecting aboveground biomass allocation and water storage ratio in alpine willow shrubs in the Qilian Mountains, China. Three experimental sites were selected along distance gradients from the riverside in the Hulu watershed in the Qilian Mountains. The foliage, woody component biomass, and water allocation of Salix cupularis Rehd.and Salix oritrepha Schneid. shrubs were measured using the selective destructive method. The results indicated that the foliage component had higher relative water and biomass storage than the woody component in the upper part of the crown in individual shrubs. However, the woody component was the major biomass and water storage component in the whole shrub level for S. cupularis and S.oritrepha. Moreover, the foliage/woody component biomass ratio decreased from the top to the basal level of shrubs. The relative water storage allocation was significantly affected by species types, but was not affected by sites and interaction between species and sites. Meanwhile, relative water storage was affectedby sites as well as by interaction between sites and species type.展开更多
Plant-derived carbon(C)inputs via foliar litter,root litter and root exudates are key drivers of soil organic C stocks.However,the responses of these three input pathways to climate warming have rarely been studied in...Plant-derived carbon(C)inputs via foliar litter,root litter and root exudates are key drivers of soil organic C stocks.However,the responses of these three input pathways to climate warming have rarely been studied in alpine shrublands.By employing a 3-year warming experiment(increased by 1.3℃),we investigated the effects of warming on the relative C contributions from foliar litter,root litter and root exudates from Sibiraea angustata,a dominant shrub species in an alpine shrubland on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.The soil organic C inputs from foliar litter,root litter and root exudates were 77.45,90.58 and 26.94 g C m^(-2),respectively.Warming only slightly increased the soil organic C inputs from foliar litter and root litter by 8.04 and 11.13 g C m^(-2),but significantly increased the root exudate C input by 15.40 g C m^(-2).Warming significantly increased the relative C contributions of root exudates to total C inputs by 4.6%but slightly decreased those of foliar litter and root litter by 2.5%and 2.1%,respectively.Our results highlight that climate warming may stimulate plant-derived C inputs into soils mainly through root exudates rather than litter in alpine shrublands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
To understand the diversity of culturable fungi in soil at alpine sites, Rhododendron fruticosa shrubland, Salix cupularis fruticosa shrubland, and Dasiphoru fruticosa shrubland of the Eastern Qilian Mountains were se...To understand the diversity of culturable fungi in soil at alpine sites, Rhododendron fruticosa shrubland, Salix cupularis fruticosa shrubland, and Dasiphoru fruticosa shrubland of the Eastern Qilian Mountains were selected to investigate. Three methods, including tradi- tional culturing, rDNA internal transcribed spacer （ITS） sequence analysis, and economical efficiency analysis, were carried out to estimate the diversity of soil culturable fungi of these three alpine shmblands. A total of 35 strains of culturable fungi were cultured by dilution plate technique and were analyzed by rDNA ITS sequence. The diversity indices such as species abundance （S）, Shannon-Wiener index （H）, Simpson dominance index （D）, and Pielou evenness index （3） of Rhododendron fruticosa shrubland, Salix cupularis fruticosa shrubland, and Dasiphoru fruticosa shrubland were ranged between 16 and 17, 2.66-2.71, 0.92, 0.95~）.97 respectively. The results showed that the diversity of soil fungi were abundant in these three types of alpine shrub grasslands, while further study should be done to explore their potential value.展开更多
This paper provides the information on nesting biology of 20 bird species in alpine shrub (4000-4700 m a.s.l.) or alpine meadow-wasteland habitats (4300-4700 m a.s.l.) in Lhasa region,Tibet.Of these species,three are ...This paper provides the information on nesting biology of 20 bird species in alpine shrub (4000-4700 m a.s.l.) or alpine meadow-wasteland habitats (4300-4700 m a.s.l.) in Lhasa region,Tibet.Of these species,three are endemic to the Tibetan plateau and 17 widespread in altitudes.The data on these taxa are all new to the high-altitude environments,especially the upper limit of their breeding distribution.A few species are firstly reported with respect to nesting information in the world.The study will contribute our knowledge for natural history of birds occurring in the harsh,extreme habitats.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91025011,91125013,41222001)the Project for Incubation of Specialists in Glaciology and Geocryology of National Natural Science Foundation of China(J1210003/J0109)
文摘Shrublands serve as an important component of terrestrial ecosystems, and play an important role in structure and functions of alpine ecosystem.Accurate estimation of biomass is critical to examination of the productivity of alpine ecosystems, due to shrubification under climate change in past decades.In this study, 14 experimental plots and 42 quadrates of the shrubs Potentilla fruticosa and Caragana jubata were selected along altitudes gradients from 3220 to 3650 m a.s.l.(above sea level) on semi-sunny and semi-shady slope in Hulu watershed of Qilian Mountains, China.The foliage, woody component and total aboveground biomass per quadrate were examined using a selective destructive method, then the biomass were estimated via allometric equations based on measured parameters for two shrub species.The results showed that C.jubata accounted for 1–3 times more biomass(480.98 g/m2) than P.fruticosa(191.21 g/m2).The aboveground biomass of both the shrubs varied significantly with altitudinal gradient(P<0.05).Woody component accounted for the larger proportion than foliage component in the total aboveground biomass.The biomass on semi-sunnyslopes(200.27 g/m2 and 509.07 g/m2) was greater than on semi-shady slopes(182.14 g/m2 and 452.89g/m2) at the same altitude band for P.fruticosa and C.jubata.In contrast, the foliage biomass on semi-shady slopes(30.50 g/m2) was greater than on semi-sunny slopes(27.51 g/m2) for two shrubs.Biomass deceased with increasing altitude for P.fruticosa, whereas C.jubata showed a hump-shaped pattern with altitude.Allometric equations were obtained from the easily descriptive parameters of height(H), basal diameter(D) and crown area(C) for biomass of C.jubata and P.fruticosa.Although the equations type and variables comprising of the best model varied among the species, all equations related to biomass were significant(P < 0.005), with determination coefficients(R2) ranging from 0.81 to 0.96.The allometric equations satisfied the requirements of the model, and can be used to estimate the regional scale biomass of P.fruticosa and C.jubata in alpine ecosystems of the Qilian Mountains.
基金funded by the National Science and Technology Support Project (Grant No.2014BAC05B01)National Program on Basic Work Project of China (Grant No.2015FY11030001)+1 种基金Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS (Grant No.XDA0505030304)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.40801076)
文摘Though aboveground biomass(AGB) has an important contribution to the global carbon cycle,the information about storage and climatic effects of AGB is scare in Three-River Source Region(TRSR)shrub ecosystems. This study investigated AGB storage and its climatic controls in the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems using data collected from 23 sites on the Tibetan Plateau from 2011 to 2013. We estimated the AGB storage(both shrub layer biomass and grass layer biomass) in the alpine shrubs as 37.49 Tg, with an average density of 1447.31 g m^(-2). Biomass was primarily accumulated in the shrub layer, which accounted for 92% of AGB, while the grass layer accounted for only 8%. AGB significantly increased with the mean annual temperature(P < 0.05). The effects of the mean annual precipitation on AGB were not significant. These results suggest that temperature,rather than precipitation, has significantly effects on of aboveground vegetation growth in the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems. The actual and potential increase in AGB density was different due to global warming varies among different regions of the TRSR. We conclude that long-term monitoring of dynamic changes is necessary to improve the accuracy estimations of potential AGB carbon sequestration across the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41071039)National Key Research and Development Program (No.2016YFC0502100)
文摘Leaf morphological and stoichiometric characteristics are considered to represent both the interior inheritable characters in the plant and its adaptations to specific exterior environments. Rhododendron agglutinatum,an evergreen alpine shrub species,occupies a wide range of habitats above timberline in the Miyaluo Natural Reserve,southwestern China. Along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 3700 to 4150 m,we measured leaf morphological characters including leaf dry matter content(LDMC),leaf dry mass per unit area(LMA),and one leaf area(OLA),as well as carbon(C) and nutrient(N,P) contents in leaves of three different age groups(juvenile leaves,mature leaves and senescent leaves). We also calculated the stoichiometric relationships among carbon and nutrients(C/N,C/P and N/P). Results showed thatboth age and altitude affected the leaf morphological and stoichiometric properties of R. agglutinatum. Mature leaves possessed the highest LDMC,LMA and C contents both on a dry mass basis and on a unit area basis. Younger leaves possessed higher contents of nutrients. OLA as well as ratios between carbon and nutrients(C/N,C/P) increased with ages. Juvenile leaves possessed lowest ratio between nitrogen and phosphorus. In juvenile leaves,nutrients increased with altitudinal elevation,whereas other traits decreased. In mature leaves,nutrients and their ratios with carbon showed consistent trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude,whereas LMA and carbon on a unit area basis showed opposite trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude. In senescent leaves,only content of phosphorus on a unit area basis and N/P were found linearly correlated with altitude. Our results demonstrated a clear pattern of nutrient distribution with aging process inleaves and indicated that a high possibility of N limitation in this region. We also concluded that younger leaves could be more sensitive to climate changes due to a greater altitudinal influence on the leaf traits in younger leaves than those in elder leaves.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30671490, and 31070382)
文摘The identification of easily measured plant functional types (PFTs) that consistently predict grazing response would be a major advance.The responses to grazing of individual traits and PFTs were analyzed along a grazing gradient in an alpine shrub meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Three response types were identified;grazing increaser (GI),grazing decreaser (GD),and neutral (NE) for both traits and PFTs.Seven traits were measured:plant height,economic group,cotyledon type,plant inclination,growth form,life cycle,and vegetative structure.The first five were significantly affected by grazing.Ordinal regressions for grazing response of the seven traits showed that the best single predictors of response were growth form (including the attributes "Scattered","Bunched" or "Closely Bunched"),and plant inclination ("Rosette","Prostrate",or "Erect"),followed by economic group ("Shrub","Grass","Sedge","Legume","Forb",or "Harmful") and plant height ("Tall","Medium",or "Small").Within the four optimal traits,the summed dominance ratio (SDR) of small plants,forbs,rosette and bunched plants,invariably increased,while that of tall plants,shrubs,grasses,and erect plants decreased,when grazing pressure was enhanced.Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified eleven explanatory PFTs based on 195 defined PFTs,by combining the different attributes of the four optimal traits.Among explanatory PFTs,the most valuable in predicting the community response to grazing were Tall×Shrub×Erect×Scattered and Small×Forb×Rosette,as these have the closest connections with grazing disturbance and include fewer species.Species richness,diversity,and community evenness,did not differ among grazing treatments because turnover occurred in component species and their relative abundances along the grazing gradient.We have demonstrated that a minimum set of PFTs resulting from optimal individual traits can provide consistent prediction of community responses to grazing in this region.This approach provides a more accurate indicator of change within a changing environment than do univariate measures of species diversity.We hope to provide a link between management practices and vegetation structure,forming a basis for future,large scale,plant trait comparisons.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30671490).
文摘Grazing by domestic herbivores is generally recognized as a major ecological factor and an important evolutionary force in grasslands, Grazing has both extensive and profound effects on individual plants and communities, We investigated the response patterns of Polygonum viviparum species and the species diversity of an alpine shrub meadow in response to long-term livestock grazing by a field manipulative experiment controlling livestock numbers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, Here, we hypothesize that within a range of grazing pressure, grazing can alter relative allocation to different plant parts without changing total biomass for some plant species if there is life history trade-offs between plant traits, The same type of communities exposed to different grazing pressures may only alter relative species＇ abundances or species composition and not vary species diversity because plant species differ in resistant capability to herbivory, The results show that plant height and biomass of different organs differed among grazing treatments but total biomass remained constant, Biomass allocation and absolute investments to both reproduction and growth decreased and to belowground storage increased with increased grazing pressure, indicating the increasing in storage function was attained at a cost of reducing reproduction of bulbils and represented an optimal allocation and an adaptive response of the species to long- term aboveground damage, Moreover, our results showed multiform response types for either species groups or single species along the gradient of grazing intensity, Heavy grazing caused a 13,2% increase in species richness, There was difference in species composition of about 18%-20% among grazing treatment, Shannon-Wiener （H′） diversity index and species evenness （E） index did not differ among grazing treatments, These results support our hypothesis,
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91025011, 91125013)National Science Fund for the Excellent Youth Scholars of China (Grant No. 41222001)
文摘The aboveground biomass allocation and water relations in alpine shrubs can provide useful information on analyzing their ecological and hydrological functions in alpine regions. The objectives of this study were to compare the aboveground biomass allocation, water storage ratio and distribution between foliage/woody components,and to investigate factors affecting aboveground biomass allocation and water storage ratio in alpine willow shrubs in the Qilian Mountains, China. Three experimental sites were selected along distance gradients from the riverside in the Hulu watershed in the Qilian Mountains. The foliage, woody component biomass, and water allocation of Salix cupularis Rehd.and Salix oritrepha Schneid. shrubs were measured using the selective destructive method. The results indicated that the foliage component had higher relative water and biomass storage than the woody component in the upper part of the crown in individual shrubs. However, the woody component was the major biomass and water storage component in the whole shrub level for S. cupularis and S.oritrepha. Moreover, the foliage/woody component biomass ratio decreased from the top to the basal level of shrubs. The relative water storage allocation was significantly affected by species types, but was not affected by sites and interaction between species and sites. Meanwhile, relative water storage was affectedby sites as well as by interaction between sites and species type.
基金supported by the Open Project from the Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(ESP1904,ESP2102)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of China West Normal University(18Q047)the Scientific Research Innovation Team Project of China West Normal University(CXTD2020-4).
文摘Plant-derived carbon(C)inputs via foliar litter,root litter and root exudates are key drivers of soil organic C stocks.However,the responses of these three input pathways to climate warming have rarely been studied in alpine shrublands.By employing a 3-year warming experiment(increased by 1.3℃),we investigated the effects of warming on the relative C contributions from foliar litter,root litter and root exudates from Sibiraea angustata,a dominant shrub species in an alpine shrubland on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.The soil organic C inputs from foliar litter,root litter and root exudates were 77.45,90.58 and 26.94 g C m^(-2),respectively.Warming only slightly increased the soil organic C inputs from foliar litter and root litter by 8.04 and 11.13 g C m^(-2),but significantly increased the root exudate C input by 15.40 g C m^(-2).Warming significantly increased the relative C contributions of root exudates to total C inputs by 4.6%but slightly decreased those of foliar litter and root litter by 2.5%and 2.1%,respectively.Our results highlight that climate warming may stimulate plant-derived C inputs into soils mainly through root exudates rather than litter in alpine shrublands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
文摘To understand the diversity of culturable fungi in soil at alpine sites, Rhododendron fruticosa shrubland, Salix cupularis fruticosa shrubland, and Dasiphoru fruticosa shrubland of the Eastern Qilian Mountains were selected to investigate. Three methods, including tradi- tional culturing, rDNA internal transcribed spacer （ITS） sequence analysis, and economical efficiency analysis, were carried out to estimate the diversity of soil culturable fungi of these three alpine shmblands. A total of 35 strains of culturable fungi were cultured by dilution plate technique and were analyzed by rDNA ITS sequence. The diversity indices such as species abundance （S）, Shannon-Wiener index （H）, Simpson dominance index （D）, and Pielou evenness index （3） of Rhododendron fruticosa shrubland, Salix cupularis fruticosa shrubland, and Dasiphoru fruticosa shrubland were ranged between 16 and 17, 2.66-2.71, 0.92, 0.95~）.97 respectively. The results showed that the diversity of soil fungi were abundant in these three types of alpine shrub grasslands, while further study should be done to explore their potential value.
基金the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 39800016,30170156,30270216,30370241,30425036,30670337,and 30830019)
文摘This paper provides the information on nesting biology of 20 bird species in alpine shrub (4000-4700 m a.s.l.) or alpine meadow-wasteland habitats (4300-4700 m a.s.l.) in Lhasa region,Tibet.Of these species,three are endemic to the Tibetan plateau and 17 widespread in altitudes.The data on these taxa are all new to the high-altitude environments,especially the upper limit of their breeding distribution.A few species are firstly reported with respect to nesting information in the world.The study will contribute our knowledge for natural history of birds occurring in the harsh,extreme habitats.
