The lesser mealworm,Alphitobius diaperinus,is an invasive tenebrionid beetle and a vector of pathogens.Due to the emergence of insecticide resistance and consequent outbreaks that generate significant phytosanitary an...The lesser mealworm,Alphitobius diaperinus,is an invasive tenebrionid beetle and a vector of pathogens.Due to the emergence of insecticide resistance and consequent outbreaks that generate significant phytosanitary and energy costs for poultry farmers,it has become a major insect pest worldwide.To better understand the molecular mechanisms behind this resistance,we studied a strain of A.diaperinus from a poultry house in Brittany that was found to be highly resistant to theβ-cyfluthrin.The strain survivedβ-cyfluthrin exposures corresponding to more than 100 times the recommended dose.We used a comparative de novo RNA-Seq approach to explore genes expression in resistant versus sensitive strains.Our de novo transcriptomic analyses showed that responses toβ-cyfluthrin likely involved a whole set of resistance mechanisms.Genes related to detoxification,metabolic resistance,cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis and proteolysis were found to be constitutively overexpressed in the resistant compared to the sensitive strain.Follow-up enzymatic assays confirmed that the resistant strain exhibited high basal activities for detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and glutathione-S-transferase.The in-depth analysis of differentially expressed genes suggests the involvement of complex regulation of signaling pathways.Detailed knowledge of these resistance mechanisms is essential for the establishment of effective pest control.展开更多
Edible insects are advocated as sustainable and healthy food and feed.However,commercially produced insects are often low in n‐3 fatty acids and have suboptimal n‐6/n‐3 ratios.A certain amount and proportion of the...Edible insects are advocated as sustainable and healthy food and feed.However,commercially produced insects are often low in n‐3 fatty acids and have suboptimal n‐6/n‐3 ratios.A certain amount and proportion of these FAs is required to optimize human health.Flaxseed oil consists primarily(57%)out of alpha‐linolenic acid.An experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of flaxseed oil provision on fatty acid composition and to determine the quantity needed to attain a beneficial n‐6/n‐3 ratio.Three species were used in the experiment:house crickets(Acheta domesticus[L.]),lesser mealworms(Alphitobius diaperinus[Pfanzer])and black soldier flies(Hermetia illucens[L.]).These were provided with either a control diet or a diet enriched with 1%,2%,or 4%flaxseed oil during their larval/nymphal stage.Fatty acid profiles of diets and insects were determined via GC‐MS.The three species had distinct fatty acid profiles on all four diets,but responded similarly to flaxseed oil addition.For each percent added to the diet,the alpha‐linolenic acid content of the insects increased by 2.3%–2.7%.Four percent addition increased the n‐3 fatty acid content 10–20 fold in the three species and thereby strongly decreased n‐6/n‐3 ratios from 18–36 to 0.8–2.4.A ratio below 5 is considered optimal for human health and was achieved by 2%flaxseed oil inclusion for house crickets and lesser mealworms,and at 1%inclusion for black soldier flies.Adding a source of n‐3 fatty acids to insect diets can thus improve the nutritional quality of insects.展开更多
文摘The lesser mealworm,Alphitobius diaperinus,is an invasive tenebrionid beetle and a vector of pathogens.Due to the emergence of insecticide resistance and consequent outbreaks that generate significant phytosanitary and energy costs for poultry farmers,it has become a major insect pest worldwide.To better understand the molecular mechanisms behind this resistance,we studied a strain of A.diaperinus from a poultry house in Brittany that was found to be highly resistant to theβ-cyfluthrin.The strain survivedβ-cyfluthrin exposures corresponding to more than 100 times the recommended dose.We used a comparative de novo RNA-Seq approach to explore genes expression in resistant versus sensitive strains.Our de novo transcriptomic analyses showed that responses toβ-cyfluthrin likely involved a whole set of resistance mechanisms.Genes related to detoxification,metabolic resistance,cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis and proteolysis were found to be constitutively overexpressed in the resistant compared to the sensitive strain.Follow-up enzymatic assays confirmed that the resistant strain exhibited high basal activities for detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and glutathione-S-transferase.The in-depth analysis of differentially expressed genes suggests the involvement of complex regulation of signaling pathways.Detailed knowledge of these resistance mechanisms is essential for the establishment of effective pest control.
文摘Edible insects are advocated as sustainable and healthy food and feed.However,commercially produced insects are often low in n‐3 fatty acids and have suboptimal n‐6/n‐3 ratios.A certain amount and proportion of these FAs is required to optimize human health.Flaxseed oil consists primarily(57%)out of alpha‐linolenic acid.An experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of flaxseed oil provision on fatty acid composition and to determine the quantity needed to attain a beneficial n‐6/n‐3 ratio.Three species were used in the experiment:house crickets(Acheta domesticus[L.]),lesser mealworms(Alphitobius diaperinus[Pfanzer])and black soldier flies(Hermetia illucens[L.]).These were provided with either a control diet or a diet enriched with 1%,2%,or 4%flaxseed oil during their larval/nymphal stage.Fatty acid profiles of diets and insects were determined via GC‐MS.The three species had distinct fatty acid profiles on all four diets,but responded similarly to flaxseed oil addition.For each percent added to the diet,the alpha‐linolenic acid content of the insects increased by 2.3%–2.7%.Four percent addition increased the n‐3 fatty acid content 10–20 fold in the three species and thereby strongly decreased n‐6/n‐3 ratios from 18–36 to 0.8–2.4.A ratio below 5 is considered optimal for human health and was achieved by 2%flaxseed oil inclusion for house crickets and lesser mealworms,and at 1%inclusion for black soldier flies.Adding a source of n‐3 fatty acids to insect diets can thus improve the nutritional quality of insects.
