Speech is a highly coordinated process that requires precise control over vocal tract morphology/motion to produce intelligible sounds while simultaneously generating unique exhaled flow patterns.The schlieren imaging...Speech is a highly coordinated process that requires precise control over vocal tract morphology/motion to produce intelligible sounds while simultaneously generating unique exhaled flow patterns.The schlieren imaging technique visualizes airflows with subtle density variations.It is hypothesized that speech flows captured by schlieren,when analyzed using a hybrid of convolutional neural network(CNN)and long short-term memory(LSTM)network,can recognize alphabet pronunciations,thus facilitating automatic speech recognition and speech disorder therapy.This study evaluates the feasibility of using a CNN-based video classification network to differentiate speech flows corresponding to the first four alphabets:/A/,/B/,/C/,and/D/.A schlieren optical system was developed,and the speech flows of alphabet pronunciations were recorded for two participants at an acquisition rate of 60 frames per second.A total of 640 video clips,each lasting 1 s,were utilized to train and test a hybrid CNN-LSTM network.Acoustic analyses of the recorded sounds were conducted to understand the phonetic differences among the four alphabets.The hybrid CNN-LSTM network was trained separately on four datasets of varying sizes(i.e.,20,30,40,50 videos per alphabet),all achieving over 95%accuracy in classifying videos of the same participant.However,the network’s performance declined when tested on speech flows from a different participant,with accuracy dropping to around 44%,indicating significant inter-participant variability in alphabet pronunciation.Retraining the network with videos from both participants improved accuracy to 93%on the second participant.Analysis of misclassified videos indicated that factors such as low video quality and disproportional head size affected accuracy.These results highlight the potential of CNN-assisted speech recognition and speech therapy using articulation flows,although challenges remain in expanding the alphabet set and participant cohort.展开更多
About one tenth of the world’s population cannot read and write sufficiently. Cognitive abilities, such as selective attention and crystallized as well as fluid intelligence, have been defined as crucial factors for ...About one tenth of the world’s population cannot read and write sufficiently. Cognitive abilities, such as selective attention and crystallized as well as fluid intelligence, have been defined as crucial factors for the acquisition of written language skills. However, it is unclear whether these abilities are necessary also for the alphabetization of adults. Before and after a one-year alphabetization course, we compared the attention and intelligence of 47 illiterate individuals to 41 matched literate controls who did not take part in the alphabetization course. Illiterate individuals improved in selective attention and crystallized intelligence from before to after the alphabetization course;however, they did not reach the same level of functioning as literate controls. In addition, the fluid intelligence of illiterates did not improve. More importantly, when controlling for attention improvement, we found that improvement in crystallized intelligence was associated with alphabetization above and beyond the influence of attention. Our results suggest that alphabetization is closely related to improvements in attention and crystallized intelligence. Specifically, socio-cultural, knowledge- specific learning processes improve during the acquisition of written language skills and may not depend on only the enhancement of the ability to attend to relevant stimuli. Alphabetization programs may, therefore, benefit from distinct considerations of attentional, intellectual, and literacy related skill acquisitions.展开更多
With the rising global prevalence in diabetes, healthcare systems are facing a growing challenge to provide efficient and effective diabetes care management in the face of spiralling treatment costs. Diabetes is a maj...With the rising global prevalence in diabetes, healthcare systems are facing a growing challenge to provide efficient and effective diabetes care management in the face of spiralling treatment costs. Diabetes is a major cause of premature mortality and associated with devastating complications especially if managed poorly. Although diabetes care is improving in England and Wales, recent audit data suggests care remains imperfect with wide geographical variations in quality. Diabetes care is expensive with a sizeable amount of available expenditure used for treating the complications of diabetes. A target driven, long-term, multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity. The alphabet strategy is a novel approach to effective diabetes care provision, aiming to address patient education and empowerment, provide consistent comprehensive care delivered in a timely fashion, and allowing multidisciplinary team work.展开更多
The text watermarking is a feasible method to protect the copyright from being copied and tampered. In this paper, a text zero-watermarking algorithm is proposed based on the connection between the Chinese characters ...The text watermarking is a feasible method to protect the copyright from being copied and tampered. In this paper, a text zero-watermarking algorithm is proposed based on the connection between the Chinese characters and the Chinese phonetic alphabets. According to the predefined interval threshold, the proposed algorithm extracts the characteristics of the text content by valuing on the basis of the custom of Chinese phonetic alphabets. After being chaotic transformed, the algorithm combines the text characteristics with the embedded watermarking information in the Chinese text. The experimental results show that the watermarking＇s capability of preventing tampering is up to 0.1%, which demonstrates the strong robustness and resistance to aggressive behavior of the algorithm.展开更多
Background Augmented reality(AR),virtual reality(VR),and remote-controlled devices are driving the need for a better 5 G infrastructure to support faster data transmission.In this study,mobile AR is emphasized as a vi...Background Augmented reality(AR),virtual reality(VR),and remote-controlled devices are driving the need for a better 5 G infrastructure to support faster data transmission.In this study,mobile AR is emphasized as a viable and widespread solution that can be easily scaled to millions of end-users and educators because it is lightweight and low-cost and can be implemented in a cross-platform manner.Low-efficiency smart devices and high latencies for real-time interactions via regular mobile networks are primary barriers to the use of AR in education.New 5 G cellular networks can mitigate some of these issues via network slicing,device-to-device communication,and mobile edge computing.Methods In this study,we use a new technology to solve some of these problems.The proposed software monitors image targets on a printed book and renders 3 D objects and alphabetic models.In addition,the application considers phonetics.The sound(phonetic)and 3 D representation of a letter are played as soon as the image target is detected.3 D models of the Turkish alphabet are created by using Adobe Photoshop with Unity 3 D and Vuforia SDK.Results The proposed application teaches Turkish alphabets and phonetics by using 3 D object models,3 D letters,and 3 D phrases,including letters and sounds.展开更多
In this paper,a Maximum Likelihood(ML) approach,implemented by Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm,is proposed to blind separation of convolutively mixed discrete sources.In order to carry out the expectation proce...In this paper,a Maximum Likelihood(ML) approach,implemented by Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm,is proposed to blind separation of convolutively mixed discrete sources.In order to carry out the expectation procedure of the EM algorithm with a less computational load,the algorithm named Iterative Maximum Likelihood algorithm(IML) is proposed to calculate the likelihood and recover the source signals.An important feature of the ML approach is that it has robust performance in noise environments by treating the covariance matrix of the additive Gaussian noise as a parameter.Another striking feature of the ML approach is that it is possible to separate more sources than sensors by exploiting the finite alphabet property of the sources.Simulation results show that the proposed ML approach works well either in determined mixtures or underdetermined mixtures.Furthermore,the performance of the proposed ML algorithm is close to the performance with perfect knowledge of the channel filters.展开更多
Chronic disease management requires achievement of critical individualised targets to mitigate again long-term morbidity and premature mortality associated with diabetes mellitus.The responsibility for this lies with ...Chronic disease management requires achievement of critical individualised targets to mitigate again long-term morbidity and premature mortality associated with diabetes mellitus.The responsibility for this lies with both the patient and health care professionals.Care plans have been introduced in many healthcare settings to provide a patient-centred approach that is both evidence-based to deliver positive clinical outcomes and allow individualised care.The Alphabet strategy(AS) for diabetes is based around such a care plan and has been evidenced to deliver high clinical standards in both well-resourced and underresourced settings.Additional patient educational resources include special care plans for those people with diabetes undertaking fasting during Ramadan,Preconception Care, Prevention and Remission of Diabetes.The Strategy and Care Plan has facilitated evidence-based,cost-efficient multifactorial intervention with an improvement in the National Diabetes Audit targets for blood pressure,cholesterol levels and glycated haemoglobin.Many of these attainments were of the standard seen in intensively treated cohorts of key randomized controlled trials in diabetes care such as the Steno-2 and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study.This is despite working in a relatively under-resourced service within the United Kingdom National Health Service.The AS for diabetes care is a useful tool to consider for planning care, education of people with diabetes and healthcare professional.During the time of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic the risk factors for the increased mortality observed have to be addressed aggressively.The AS has the potential to help with this aspiration.展开更多
HoPLLS (Hierarchy of protein loop-lock structures) (http://leah.haifa.ac.il/~skogan/Apache/mydata1/main.html) is a web server that identifies closed loops-a structural basis for protein domain hierarchy. The server is...HoPLLS (Hierarchy of protein loop-lock structures) (http://leah.haifa.ac.il/~skogan/Apache/mydata1/main.html) is a web server that identifies closed loops-a structural basis for protein domain hierarchy. The server is based on the loop-and-lock theory for structural organisation of natural proteins. We describe this web server, the algorithms for the decomposition of a 3D protein into loops and the results of scientific investigations into a structural “alphabet” of loops and locks.展开更多
In this paper a novel approach of English Phonetic Alphabet applicable to Chinese people was introduced. This novel English Phonetic Alphabet was specially designed in line with the characteristics of radio telephone ...In this paper a novel approach of English Phonetic Alphabet applicable to Chinese people was introduced. This novel English Phonetic Alphabet was specially designed in line with the characteristics of radio telephone frequency communication in China and pronunciation habit and English level of most of Chinese people;which not only can improve the voice quality and guarantee accurate transfer of information, but also is integrated with the pronunciation characteristics of Chinese language, with the functions to avoid the uncommon, easily confusing and difficultly pronouncing English words, and efficiently improve the wireless communication efficiency.展开更多
A graph G is super-edge-connected,for short super-λ,if every minimum edge-cut consists of edges adjacent to a vertex of minimum degree.Alphabet overlap graph G（k,d,s）is undirected,simple graph with vertex set V={v...A graph G is super-edge-connected,for short super-λ,if every minimum edge-cut consists of edges adjacent to a vertex of minimum degree.Alphabet overlap graph G（k,d,s）is undirected,simple graph with vertex set V={v｜v=1（）kv…v;vi∈{1,2,…,d},i=1,…,k}.Two vertices u=（u1…uk）and v=（v1…vk）are adjacent if and only if us＋i=vi or vs＋i=ui（i=1,…,k-s）.In particular G（k,d,1）is just an undirected de Bruijn graph.In this paper,we show that the diameter of G（k,d,s）is k s,the girth is 3.Finally,we prove that G（k,d,s）（s≥k/2）is super-λ.展开更多
The notion of a communication channel is one of the key notions in information theory but like the notion “information” it has not any general mathematical definition. The existing examples of the communication chan...The notion of a communication channel is one of the key notions in information theory but like the notion “information” it has not any general mathematical definition. The existing examples of the communication channels: the Gaussian ones;the binary symmetric ones;the ones with symbol drop-out and drop-in;the ones with error packets etc., characterize the distortions which take place in information conducted through the corresponding channel.展开更多
The statistical theory of language translation is used to compare how a literary character speaks to different audiences by diversifying two important linguistic communication channels: the “sentences channel” and t...The statistical theory of language translation is used to compare how a literary character speaks to different audiences by diversifying two important linguistic communication channels: the “sentences channel” and the “interpunctions channel”. The theory can “measure” how the author shapes a character speaking to different audiences, by modulating deep-language parameters. To show its power, we have applied the theory to the literary corpus of Maria Valtorta, an Italian mystic of the XX-century. The likeness index , ranging from 0 to 1, allows to “measure” how two linguistic channels are similar, therefore implying that a character speaks to different audiences in the same way. A 6-dB difference between the signal-to-noise ratios of two channels already gives I<sub>L</sub> ≈ 0.5, a threshold below which the two channels depend very little on each other, therefore implying that the character addresses different audiences differently. In conclusion, multiple linguistic channels can describe the “fine tuning” that a literary author uses to diversify characters or distinguish the behavior of the same character in different situations. The theory can be applied to literary corpora written in any alphabetical language.展开更多
We study the short-term memory capacity of ancient readers of the original New Testament written in Greek, of its translations to Latin and to modern languages. To model it, we consider the number of words between any...We study the short-term memory capacity of ancient readers of the original New Testament written in Greek, of its translations to Latin and to modern languages. To model it, we consider the number of words between any two contiguous interpunctions I<sub>p</sub>, because this parameter can model how the human mind memorizes “chunks” of information. Since I<sub>P</sub> can be calculated for any alphabetical text, we can perform experiments—otherwise impossible— with ancient readers by studying the literary works they used to read. The “experiments” compare the I<sub>P</sub> of texts of a language/translation to those of another language/translation by measuring the minimum average probability of finding joint readers (those who can read both texts because of similar short-term memory capacity) and by defining an “overlap index”. We also define the population of universal readers, people who can read any New Testament text in any language. Future work is vast, with many research tracks, because alphabetical literatures are very large and allow many experiments, such as comparing authors, translations or even texts written by artificial intelligence tools.展开更多
In order to deepen our rational understanding of Chinese characters,it is necessary to reexamine the value of it today.The reason why Chinese characters can keep vital is that it fits the unique thinking mode and aest...In order to deepen our rational understanding of Chinese characters,it is necessary to reexamine the value of it today.The reason why Chinese characters can keep vital is that it fits the unique thinking mode and aesthetic standards of the Han People.In the meantime,it intervenes in Chinese ontology by improving the resolution ratio of information trans,and objectively performs the function of the fourth element of language.展开更多
In the age of rapid technological change in human society,incessant technologies appear and play vital roles in civilization and the development of society.Among these effective technologies,the alphabet technology is...In the age of rapid technological change in human society,incessant technologies appear and play vital roles in civilization and the development of society.Among these effective technologies,the alphabet technology is one of the seminal ideas which is more than a writing system,but also a system for organizing information.This paper attempts to analyze the ways that the alphabet technology serves to alter the societies and the long-term impacts of it.展开更多
文摘Speech is a highly coordinated process that requires precise control over vocal tract morphology/motion to produce intelligible sounds while simultaneously generating unique exhaled flow patterns.The schlieren imaging technique visualizes airflows with subtle density variations.It is hypothesized that speech flows captured by schlieren,when analyzed using a hybrid of convolutional neural network(CNN)and long short-term memory(LSTM)network,can recognize alphabet pronunciations,thus facilitating automatic speech recognition and speech disorder therapy.This study evaluates the feasibility of using a CNN-based video classification network to differentiate speech flows corresponding to the first four alphabets:/A/,/B/,/C/,and/D/.A schlieren optical system was developed,and the speech flows of alphabet pronunciations were recorded for two participants at an acquisition rate of 60 frames per second.A total of 640 video clips,each lasting 1 s,were utilized to train and test a hybrid CNN-LSTM network.Acoustic analyses of the recorded sounds were conducted to understand the phonetic differences among the four alphabets.The hybrid CNN-LSTM network was trained separately on four datasets of varying sizes(i.e.,20,30,40,50 videos per alphabet),all achieving over 95%accuracy in classifying videos of the same participant.However,the network’s performance declined when tested on speech flows from a different participant,with accuracy dropping to around 44%,indicating significant inter-participant variability in alphabet pronunciation.Retraining the network with videos from both participants improved accuracy to 93%on the second participant.Analysis of misclassified videos indicated that factors such as low video quality and disproportional head size affected accuracy.These results highlight the potential of CNN-assisted speech recognition and speech therapy using articulation flows,although challenges remain in expanding the alphabet set and participant cohort.
文摘About one tenth of the world’s population cannot read and write sufficiently. Cognitive abilities, such as selective attention and crystallized as well as fluid intelligence, have been defined as crucial factors for the acquisition of written language skills. However, it is unclear whether these abilities are necessary also for the alphabetization of adults. Before and after a one-year alphabetization course, we compared the attention and intelligence of 47 illiterate individuals to 41 matched literate controls who did not take part in the alphabetization course. Illiterate individuals improved in selective attention and crystallized intelligence from before to after the alphabetization course;however, they did not reach the same level of functioning as literate controls. In addition, the fluid intelligence of illiterates did not improve. More importantly, when controlling for attention improvement, we found that improvement in crystallized intelligence was associated with alphabetization above and beyond the influence of attention. Our results suggest that alphabetization is closely related to improvements in attention and crystallized intelligence. Specifically, socio-cultural, knowledge- specific learning processes improve during the acquisition of written language skills and may not depend on only the enhancement of the ability to attend to relevant stimuli. Alphabetization programs may, therefore, benefit from distinct considerations of attentional, intellectual, and literacy related skill acquisitions.
文摘With the rising global prevalence in diabetes, healthcare systems are facing a growing challenge to provide efficient and effective diabetes care management in the face of spiralling treatment costs. Diabetes is a major cause of premature mortality and associated with devastating complications especially if managed poorly. Although diabetes care is improving in England and Wales, recent audit data suggests care remains imperfect with wide geographical variations in quality. Diabetes care is expensive with a sizeable amount of available expenditure used for treating the complications of diabetes. A target driven, long-term, multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity. The alphabet strategy is a novel approach to effective diabetes care provision, aiming to address patient education and empowerment, provide consistent comprehensive care delivered in a timely fashion, and allowing multidisciplinary team work.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91112003)Youth Foundation(31541311307)
文摘The text watermarking is a feasible method to protect the copyright from being copied and tampered. In this paper, a text zero-watermarking algorithm is proposed based on the connection between the Chinese characters and the Chinese phonetic alphabets. According to the predefined interval threshold, the proposed algorithm extracts the characteristics of the text content by valuing on the basis of the custom of Chinese phonetic alphabets. After being chaotic transformed, the algorithm combines the text characteristics with the embedded watermarking information in the Chinese text. The experimental results show that the watermarking＇s capability of preventing tampering is up to 0.1%, which demonstrates the strong robustness and resistance to aggressive behavior of the algorithm.
文摘Background Augmented reality(AR),virtual reality(VR),and remote-controlled devices are driving the need for a better 5 G infrastructure to support faster data transmission.In this study,mobile AR is emphasized as a viable and widespread solution that can be easily scaled to millions of end-users and educators because it is lightweight and low-cost and can be implemented in a cross-platform manner.Low-efficiency smart devices and high latencies for real-time interactions via regular mobile networks are primary barriers to the use of AR in education.New 5 G cellular networks can mitigate some of these issues via network slicing,device-to-device communication,and mobile edge computing.Methods In this study,we use a new technology to solve some of these problems.The proposed software monitors image targets on a printed book and renders 3 D objects and alphabetic models.In addition,the application considers phonetics.The sound(phonetic)and 3 D representation of a letter are played as soon as the image target is detected.3 D models of the Turkish alphabet are created by using Adobe Photoshop with Unity 3 D and Vuforia SDK.Results The proposed application teaches Turkish alphabets and phonetics by using 3 D object models,3 D letters,and 3 D phrases,including letters and sounds.
基金supportedin part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61001106the National Key Basic Research Program of China(973 Program) under Grant No. 2009CB320400
文摘In this paper,a Maximum Likelihood(ML) approach,implemented by Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm,is proposed to blind separation of convolutively mixed discrete sources.In order to carry out the expectation procedure of the EM algorithm with a less computational load,the algorithm named Iterative Maximum Likelihood algorithm(IML) is proposed to calculate the likelihood and recover the source signals.An important feature of the ML approach is that it has robust performance in noise environments by treating the covariance matrix of the additive Gaussian noise as a parameter.Another striking feature of the ML approach is that it is possible to separate more sources than sensors by exploiting the finite alphabet property of the sources.Simulation results show that the proposed ML approach works well either in determined mixtures or underdetermined mixtures.Furthermore,the performance of the proposed ML algorithm is close to the performance with perfect knowledge of the channel filters.
文摘Chronic disease management requires achievement of critical individualised targets to mitigate again long-term morbidity and premature mortality associated with diabetes mellitus.The responsibility for this lies with both the patient and health care professionals.Care plans have been introduced in many healthcare settings to provide a patient-centred approach that is both evidence-based to deliver positive clinical outcomes and allow individualised care.The Alphabet strategy(AS) for diabetes is based around such a care plan and has been evidenced to deliver high clinical standards in both well-resourced and underresourced settings.Additional patient educational resources include special care plans for those people with diabetes undertaking fasting during Ramadan,Preconception Care, Prevention and Remission of Diabetes.The Strategy and Care Plan has facilitated evidence-based,cost-efficient multifactorial intervention with an improvement in the National Diabetes Audit targets for blood pressure,cholesterol levels and glycated haemoglobin.Many of these attainments were of the standard seen in intensively treated cohorts of key randomized controlled trials in diabetes care such as the Steno-2 and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study.This is despite working in a relatively under-resourced service within the United Kingdom National Health Service.The AS for diabetes care is a useful tool to consider for planning care, education of people with diabetes and healthcare professional.During the time of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic the risk factors for the increased mortality observed have to be addressed aggressively.The AS has the potential to help with this aspiration.
文摘HoPLLS (Hierarchy of protein loop-lock structures) (http://leah.haifa.ac.il/~skogan/Apache/mydata1/main.html) is a web server that identifies closed loops-a structural basis for protein domain hierarchy. The server is based on the loop-and-lock theory for structural organisation of natural proteins. We describe this web server, the algorithms for the decomposition of a 3D protein into loops and the results of scientific investigations into a structural “alphabet” of loops and locks.
文摘In this paper a novel approach of English Phonetic Alphabet applicable to Chinese people was introduced. This novel English Phonetic Alphabet was specially designed in line with the characteristics of radio telephone frequency communication in China and pronunciation habit and English level of most of Chinese people;which not only can improve the voice quality and guarantee accurate transfer of information, but also is integrated with the pronunciation characteristics of Chinese language, with the functions to avoid the uncommon, easily confusing and difficultly pronouncing English words, and efficiently improve the wireless communication efficiency.
文摘A graph G is super-edge-connected,for short super-λ,if every minimum edge-cut consists of edges adjacent to a vertex of minimum degree.Alphabet overlap graph G（k,d,s）is undirected,simple graph with vertex set V={v｜v=1（）kv…v;vi∈{1,2,…,d},i=1,…,k}.Two vertices u=（u1…uk）and v=（v1…vk）are adjacent if and only if us＋i=vi or vs＋i=ui（i=1,…,k-s）.In particular G（k,d,1）is just an undirected de Bruijn graph.In this paper,we show that the diameter of G（k,d,s）is k s,the girth is 3.Finally,we prove that G（k,d,s）（s≥k/2）is super-λ.
文摘The notion of a communication channel is one of the key notions in information theory but like the notion “information” it has not any general mathematical definition. The existing examples of the communication channels: the Gaussian ones;the binary symmetric ones;the ones with symbol drop-out and drop-in;the ones with error packets etc., characterize the distortions which take place in information conducted through the corresponding channel.
文摘The statistical theory of language translation is used to compare how a literary character speaks to different audiences by diversifying two important linguistic communication channels: the “sentences channel” and the “interpunctions channel”. The theory can “measure” how the author shapes a character speaking to different audiences, by modulating deep-language parameters. To show its power, we have applied the theory to the literary corpus of Maria Valtorta, an Italian mystic of the XX-century. The likeness index , ranging from 0 to 1, allows to “measure” how two linguistic channels are similar, therefore implying that a character speaks to different audiences in the same way. A 6-dB difference between the signal-to-noise ratios of two channels already gives I<sub>L</sub> ≈ 0.5, a threshold below which the two channels depend very little on each other, therefore implying that the character addresses different audiences differently. In conclusion, multiple linguistic channels can describe the “fine tuning” that a literary author uses to diversify characters or distinguish the behavior of the same character in different situations. The theory can be applied to literary corpora written in any alphabetical language.
文摘We study the short-term memory capacity of ancient readers of the original New Testament written in Greek, of its translations to Latin and to modern languages. To model it, we consider the number of words between any two contiguous interpunctions I<sub>p</sub>, because this parameter can model how the human mind memorizes “chunks” of information. Since I<sub>P</sub> can be calculated for any alphabetical text, we can perform experiments—otherwise impossible— with ancient readers by studying the literary works they used to read. The “experiments” compare the I<sub>P</sub> of texts of a language/translation to those of another language/translation by measuring the minimum average probability of finding joint readers (those who can read both texts because of similar short-term memory capacity) and by defining an “overlap index”. We also define the population of universal readers, people who can read any New Testament text in any language. Future work is vast, with many research tracks, because alphabetical literatures are very large and allow many experiments, such as comparing authors, translations or even texts written by artificial intelligence tools.
文摘In order to deepen our rational understanding of Chinese characters,it is necessary to reexamine the value of it today.The reason why Chinese characters can keep vital is that it fits the unique thinking mode and aesthetic standards of the Han People.In the meantime,it intervenes in Chinese ontology by improving the resolution ratio of information trans,and objectively performs the function of the fourth element of language.
文摘In the age of rapid technological change in human society,incessant technologies appear and play vital roles in civilization and the development of society.Among these effective technologies,the alphabet technology is one of the seminal ideas which is more than a writing system,but also a system for organizing information.This paper attempts to analyze the ways that the alphabet technology serves to alter the societies and the long-term impacts of it.
