An air-spark switch plasma was diagnosed by the Mach–Zehnder laser interferometer with ultra-high spatial and temporal resolution. The interferograms containing plasma phase shift information at different time were o...An air-spark switch plasma was diagnosed by the Mach–Zehnder laser interferometer with ultra-high spatial and temporal resolution. The interferograms containing plasma phase shift information at different time were obtained. The phase shift distributions of the plasma were extracted by numerically processing the interferograms. The three-dimensional(3 D) electron density distributions of the air-spark switch plasma were then obtained. The working process of the air-spark switch was described by analyzing the temporal and spatial evolution of the plasma electron density.展开更多
The squeeze-film air damping exists in a lot of micro-electronic-mechanical system (MEMS) devices unavoidably. The effects of air damping in traditional inertial switch with spring-mass system can be ignored for its l...The squeeze-film air damping exists in a lot of micro-electronic-mechanical system (MEMS) devices unavoidably. The effects of air damping in traditional inertial switch with spring-mass system can be ignored for its large volume and mass. But, many properties of MEMS switch, such as sensitivity, resolution and contact time, are affected by the air damping caused from the squeezed air film between two parallel plates moving relatively. Based on the conservation laws for mass and flux and the nonlinear Reynolds equation, the coefficient of squeeze-film damping was derived. The dynamic responses of the inertial switch with and without squeeze-film damping were simulated by using software ANSYS. The simulated results show that the sensitivity and contact time of the switch descend by about 5% and 15%, respectively, when the effects of squeeze-film damping are considered.展开更多
The study estimated the cost of local and global air emissions, and to compare the differences between electric passenger vehicles (EV) and conventional, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The air emissions we...The study estimated the cost of local and global air emissions, and to compare the differences between electric passenger vehicles (EV) and conventional, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The air emissions were estimated for the year 2020, for Denmark, France and Israel, because of their significantly different fuel mixes to produce electricity—a high percentage of renewable energy, mainly nuclear energy and high fossil fuels, respectively. Air emissions from electricity production and conventional traffic were calculated for each country and then multiplied by the specific country’s cost of emissions. Subtracting the total cost of electricity production from the total cost of conventional transportation yields the total benefit for each of the economies studied. The environmental benefit, depending on EV penetration rates, was found to be in the range of 7.8 to 133 MEUR/year for Denmark, 94 to1948 MEUR/year for France and only 4 to 82 MEUR/year for Israel, whose energy mix is the most polluting. Our analysis also shows higher potential benefits when replacing passenger car fleets comprising a high percentage of diesel cars with EVs, as well as in highly populated areas. In addition, we quantified the differences between EVs with fixed batteries and the new switch able battery concept (EASYBAT), as part of the EU 7th Framework Program me. The additional electricity demands for the EASYBAT concept are negligible, and therefore, do not change the overall conclusion that the cleaner the electricity energy mix and the higher the penetration of EVs, the higher the environmental benefits achieved.展开更多
文摘An air-spark switch plasma was diagnosed by the Mach–Zehnder laser interferometer with ultra-high spatial and temporal resolution. The interferograms containing plasma phase shift information at different time were obtained. The phase shift distributions of the plasma were extracted by numerically processing the interferograms. The three-dimensional(3 D) electron density distributions of the air-spark switch plasma were then obtained. The working process of the air-spark switch was described by analyzing the temporal and spatial evolution of the plasma electron density.
文摘The squeeze-film air damping exists in a lot of micro-electronic-mechanical system (MEMS) devices unavoidably. The effects of air damping in traditional inertial switch with spring-mass system can be ignored for its large volume and mass. But, many properties of MEMS switch, such as sensitivity, resolution and contact time, are affected by the air damping caused from the squeezed air film between two parallel plates moving relatively. Based on the conservation laws for mass and flux and the nonlinear Reynolds equation, the coefficient of squeeze-film damping was derived. The dynamic responses of the inertial switch with and without squeeze-film damping were simulated by using software ANSYS. The simulated results show that the sensitivity and contact time of the switch descend by about 5% and 15%, respectively, when the effects of squeeze-film damping are considered.
文摘The study estimated the cost of local and global air emissions, and to compare the differences between electric passenger vehicles (EV) and conventional, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The air emissions were estimated for the year 2020, for Denmark, France and Israel, because of their significantly different fuel mixes to produce electricity—a high percentage of renewable energy, mainly nuclear energy and high fossil fuels, respectively. Air emissions from electricity production and conventional traffic were calculated for each country and then multiplied by the specific country’s cost of emissions. Subtracting the total cost of electricity production from the total cost of conventional transportation yields the total benefit for each of the economies studied. The environmental benefit, depending on EV penetration rates, was found to be in the range of 7.8 to 133 MEUR/year for Denmark, 94 to1948 MEUR/year for France and only 4 to 82 MEUR/year for Israel, whose energy mix is the most polluting. Our analysis also shows higher potential benefits when replacing passenger car fleets comprising a high percentage of diesel cars with EVs, as well as in highly populated areas. In addition, we quantified the differences between EVs with fixed batteries and the new switch able battery concept (EASYBAT), as part of the EU 7th Framework Program me. The additional electricity demands for the EASYBAT concept are negligible, and therefore, do not change the overall conclusion that the cleaner the electricity energy mix and the higher the penetration of EVs, the higher the environmental benefits achieved.
