Sources of dispersions that contribute to delivery error and reduce the soldier performance in terms of hit probability are numerous.In order to improve the warfighter performance,the source of the errors contributing...Sources of dispersions that contribute to delivery error and reduce the soldier performance in terms of hit probability are numerous.In order to improve the warfighter performance,the source of the errors contributing to the inaccuracy and dispersion of the weapon systems must be understood.They include ammunition dispersion error,gun dispersion,aerodynamic jump and the aiming error.The aiming error or gun pointing error is defined as the angle between the gun muzzle at the instant the trigger is pulled and the line of fire that corresponds to the intendent aim point.This is a round-to-round error.In weapons systems that include the rifle,the ammunition,a sight and a gunner,the aiming error was shown to be the single most important source of dispersion for the regular infantryman.In other words,for the general purpose rifle weapon system,the weak link is often the human.In order to verify and quantify this assertion,an experimental investigation was carried out to determine the aiming error associated with general purpose rifle fired by infantryman.The aiming error was evaluated for various firing positions and scenarios using infantryman for ranges varying between 100 m and 500 m.The results show that the aiming error is the main contributor to dispersion for the general purpose rifle fired by a non-specialized infantryman.The aiming error induced dispersion for unstressed and rested gunners is shown to be at best equivalent to that of the weapon fired from a bench rest by a marksman.Crown Copyright(?) 2019 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of China Ordnance Society.展开更多
At present,global industrial structure adjustment accelerates,infrastructure construction is still booming,and developing countries are vigorously promoting the industrialization and urbanization,all providing great o...At present,global industrial structure adjustment accelerates,infrastructure construction is still booming,and developing countries are vigorously promoting the industrialization and urbanization,all providing great opportunities for international cooperation on capacity and equipment manufacturing.In May 2015,the'Guiding Opinions of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on Promoting展开更多
Unmanned weapons have great potential to be widely used in future wars.The gaze-based aiming technology can be applied to control pan-tilt weapon systems remotely with high precision and efficiency.Gaze direction is r...Unmanned weapons have great potential to be widely used in future wars.The gaze-based aiming technology can be applied to control pan-tilt weapon systems remotely with high precision and efficiency.Gaze direction is related to head motion,which is a combination of head and eye movements.In this paper,a head motion detection method is proposed,which is based on the fusion of inertial and vision information.The inertial sensors can measure rotation in high-frequency with good performance,while vision sensors are able to eliminate drifts.By combining the characteristics of both sensors,the proposed approach achieves the effect of highfrequency,real-time,and drift-free head motion detection.The experiments show that our method can smooth the outputs,constrain drifts of inertial measurements,and achieve high detection accuracy.展开更多
In the course of using precise visual instrument, aiming precision is an important parameter to analyze the measurement error. Usually, instrument calibrated error is set down as measurement error. In the paper, the p...In the course of using precise visual instrument, aiming precision is an important parameter to analyze the measurement error. Usually, instrument calibrated error is set down as measurement error. In the paper, the precision theory of TC2003 theodolite is analyzed and some aiming experiments is done for different width line. Then, the relations between the width of line and aiming precision are shown by different aiming methods of two superposition solid lines and one line clipped by double lines. Finally, an effective method to improve aiming precision is proposed which adopts the aiming method of one line clipped by double lines.展开更多
China's entry into the WTO means that Chinese enterprises stepped onto the "big competition arena of WTO". Accession to the WTO brought fierce challenge to all Chinese enterprises. For some enterprises, ...China's entry into the WTO means that Chinese enterprises stepped onto the "big competition arena of WTO". Accession to the WTO brought fierce challenge to all Chinese enterprises. For some enterprises, it is even a crisis; but on the other hand, it provides us broader markets and more developing opportunities. Whether challenge or opportunities. the key is how we shall cope with them. Just like a sword. advantages or disadvantages depend whether it's on the edge or handle that we are holding. Perhaps s...展开更多
Quaternion realization of aiming stabilization of the mobile weapon is considered.Gyro compassing combined with an inclinometer is used for the measurement of the initial chassis orientation in respect of the geograph...Quaternion realization of aiming stabilization of the mobile weapon is considered.Gyro compassing combined with an inclinometer is used for the measurement of the initial chassis orientation in respect of the geographical north and the horizontal plane.The same 3D gyroscope is used for the measurement of the subsequent incremental change of the chassis orientation.The goal of the proposed stabilization is to maintain the aiming geo coordinates generated by the fire control system while moving in an uneven terrain.展开更多
Established on June 26, 1986 by the consolidation of four former CAS subordinates (namely,the Office of Policy Research, Division of Management Science, Editorial Department of the Journal of Dialectics of Nature,... Established on June 26, 1986 by the consolidation of four former CAS subordinates (namely,the Office of Policy Research, Division of Management Science, Editorial Department of the Journal of Dialectics of Nature, and Section of Optimization and Overall Planning under the CAS Institute of Applied Mathematics), the Institute of Policy and Management (IPM), CAS, is characterized by interdisciplinary studies of social and natural sciences. It applies itself to theoretical, methodological and applied research into national strategies, policies and management for S&T development. It also provides consultancy services for government departments, local authorities and CAS on issues concerning S&T development, social and economic growth, S&T management and administration of enterprises.……展开更多
Solar power tower systems demand robust heliostat aiming strategies to maximize energy collection efficiency while ensuring system reliability and cost-effectiveness.This review comprehensively discusses a novel class...Solar power tower systems demand robust heliostat aiming strategies to maximize energy collection efficiency while ensuring system reliability and cost-effectiveness.This review comprehensively discusses a novel classification framework that systematically integrates heliostat field focusing systems,tracking mechanisms,and adaptive control strategies.Recent advancements in optical modeling and error detection methodologies are reported,where hybrid approaches combining analytical solutions with ray tracing have improved computational efficiency by up to 60%.The integration of machine learning with traditional control methods has enhanced tracking accuracy by 35%,while advanced multiobjective optimization frameworks have achieved 12%–15%improvement in annual energy collection under safe operating conditions.The critical challenges in computational efficiency,environmental adaptation,and system integration are identified to provide directions for future research.This analysis offers valuable insights for advancing heliostat control technologies in large-scale solar thermal applications.展开更多
Concentrating Solar Power Tower(CSPT)plants rely on heliostat fields to focus sunlight onto a central receiver.Although simple aiming strategies,such as directing all heliostats to the receiver’s equator,can maximize...Concentrating Solar Power Tower(CSPT)plants rely on heliostat fields to focus sunlight onto a central receiver.Although simple aiming strategies,such as directing all heliostats to the receiver’s equator,can maximize energy collection,they often result in uneven flux distributions that cause hotspots,thermal stresses,and reduced receiver lifetimes.This paper presents a novel,data-driven approach that combines constraint learning,neural network-based surrogates,and mathematical optimization to address these challenges.The methodology learns complex heliostat-to-receiver flux interactions from simulation data and embeds the resulting surrogate model in a tractable optimization framework.By maximizing a tailored quality score that balances energy collection with flux uniformity,the approach produces smoothly distributed flux profiles and mitigates excessive thermal peaks.An iterative refinement process,guided by a trust region strategy and progressive data sampling,ensures continual improvement of the surrogate model by exploring new solution spaces at each iteration.Results from a real CSPT case study show that the proposed approach outperforms conventional heuristic methods,delivering flatter flux distributions with nearly a 10%reduction in peak values and safer thermal conditions(reflected by up to a 50%decrease in deviations from safe concentration distributions),without significantly compromising overall energy capture.展开更多
Chen Bingde, Chief of the General Staff of the People’s Liberation Army, clarified the purposes of the Peace Mission 2009 joint antiterrorism exercise at a press conference in F^habarovsk on July
Twenty-three years ago he claimed China’s first Olympic gold medal,with a win in the 50-meter pistol shooting competition.Now Xu Haifeng is leading the country’s modern pentathlon team in its bid for success at the ...Twenty-three years ago he claimed China’s first Olympic gold medal,with a win in the 50-meter pistol shooting competition.Now Xu Haifeng is leading the country’s modern pentathlon team in its bid for success at the Beijing展开更多
The blueprint for China’s economic and social development for the next five years has officially been put into action, after being approved at the Fourth Session of the 11th National People’s Congress, which conclud...The blueprint for China’s economic and social development for the next five years has officially been put into action, after being approved at the Fourth Session of the 11th National People’s Congress, which concluded on March 14.展开更多
The Strategic and Economic Dialogue facilitates better understanding between the United States and China After a year of ups and downs in the Sino-American relations hip, the second round of the Strategic and Economi...The Strategic and Economic Dialogue facilitates better understanding between the United States and China After a year of ups and downs in the Sino-American relations hip, the second round of the Strategic and Economic Dialogue (S&ED) was held in Beijing from May 24-25.展开更多
Muammar Gaddafi, the former Libyan leader, died from fatal wounds on October 20, shortly after his capture by forces of the Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC). His death brought an end to the civil war that ha...Muammar Gaddafi, the former Libyan leader, died from fatal wounds on October 20, shortly after his capture by forces of the Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC). His death brought an end to the civil war that has been raging in the coun-展开更多
文摘Sources of dispersions that contribute to delivery error and reduce the soldier performance in terms of hit probability are numerous.In order to improve the warfighter performance,the source of the errors contributing to the inaccuracy and dispersion of the weapon systems must be understood.They include ammunition dispersion error,gun dispersion,aerodynamic jump and the aiming error.The aiming error or gun pointing error is defined as the angle between the gun muzzle at the instant the trigger is pulled and the line of fire that corresponds to the intendent aim point.This is a round-to-round error.In weapons systems that include the rifle,the ammunition,a sight and a gunner,the aiming error was shown to be the single most important source of dispersion for the regular infantryman.In other words,for the general purpose rifle weapon system,the weak link is often the human.In order to verify and quantify this assertion,an experimental investigation was carried out to determine the aiming error associated with general purpose rifle fired by infantryman.The aiming error was evaluated for various firing positions and scenarios using infantryman for ranges varying between 100 m and 500 m.The results show that the aiming error is the main contributor to dispersion for the general purpose rifle fired by a non-specialized infantryman.The aiming error induced dispersion for unstressed and rested gunners is shown to be at best equivalent to that of the weapon fired from a bench rest by a marksman.Crown Copyright(?) 2019 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of China Ordnance Society.
文摘At present,global industrial structure adjustment accelerates,infrastructure construction is still booming,and developing countries are vigorously promoting the industrialization and urbanization,all providing great opportunities for international cooperation on capacity and equipment manufacturing.In May 2015,the'Guiding Opinions of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on Promoting
基金Supported by Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(JCKY2017602C016)。
文摘Unmanned weapons have great potential to be widely used in future wars.The gaze-based aiming technology can be applied to control pan-tilt weapon systems remotely with high precision and efficiency.Gaze direction is related to head motion,which is a combination of head and eye movements.In this paper,a head motion detection method is proposed,which is based on the fusion of inertial and vision information.The inertial sensors can measure rotation in high-frequency with good performance,while vision sensors are able to eliminate drifts.By combining the characteristics of both sensors,the proposed approach achieves the effect of highfrequency,real-time,and drift-free head motion detection.The experiments show that our method can smooth the outputs,constrain drifts of inertial measurements,and achieve high detection accuracy.
文摘In the course of using precise visual instrument, aiming precision is an important parameter to analyze the measurement error. Usually, instrument calibrated error is set down as measurement error. In the paper, the precision theory of TC2003 theodolite is analyzed and some aiming experiments is done for different width line. Then, the relations between the width of line and aiming precision are shown by different aiming methods of two superposition solid lines and one line clipped by double lines. Finally, an effective method to improve aiming precision is proposed which adopts the aiming method of one line clipped by double lines.
文摘China's entry into the WTO means that Chinese enterprises stepped onto the "big competition arena of WTO". Accession to the WTO brought fierce challenge to all Chinese enterprises. For some enterprises, it is even a crisis; but on the other hand, it provides us broader markets and more developing opportunities. Whether challenge or opportunities. the key is how we shall cope with them. Just like a sword. advantages or disadvantages depend whether it's on the edge or handle that we are holding. Perhaps s...
文摘Quaternion realization of aiming stabilization of the mobile weapon is considered.Gyro compassing combined with an inclinometer is used for the measurement of the initial chassis orientation in respect of the geographical north and the horizontal plane.The same 3D gyroscope is used for the measurement of the subsequent incremental change of the chassis orientation.The goal of the proposed stabilization is to maintain the aiming geo coordinates generated by the fire control system while moving in an uneven terrain.
文摘 Established on June 26, 1986 by the consolidation of four former CAS subordinates (namely,the Office of Policy Research, Division of Management Science, Editorial Department of the Journal of Dialectics of Nature, and Section of Optimization and Overall Planning under the CAS Institute of Applied Mathematics), the Institute of Policy and Management (IPM), CAS, is characterized by interdisciplinary studies of social and natural sciences. It applies itself to theoretical, methodological and applied research into national strategies, policies and management for S&T development. It also provides consultancy services for government departments, local authorities and CAS on issues concerning S&T development, social and economic growth, S&T management and administration of enterprises.……
基金supported by the 2024 Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(grant no.XLYC2403007).
文摘Solar power tower systems demand robust heliostat aiming strategies to maximize energy collection efficiency while ensuring system reliability and cost-effectiveness.This review comprehensively discusses a novel classification framework that systematically integrates heliostat field focusing systems,tracking mechanisms,and adaptive control strategies.Recent advancements in optical modeling and error detection methodologies are reported,where hybrid approaches combining analytical solutions with ray tracing have improved computational efficiency by up to 60%.The integration of machine learning with traditional control methods has enhanced tracking accuracy by 35%,while advanced multiobjective optimization frameworks have achieved 12%–15%improvement in annual energy collection under safe operating conditions.The critical challenges in computational efficiency,environmental adaptation,and system integration are identified to provide directions for future research.This analysis offers valuable insights for advancing heliostat control technologies in large-scale solar thermal applications.
基金supported by the Madrid Government(Comu-nidad de Madrid-Spain)under the Multiannual Agreement with UC3M(SOLAROPIA-CM-UC3M)financial support from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033,project PID2023-151013NB-I00the FPU grant(FPU20/00916).
文摘Concentrating Solar Power Tower(CSPT)plants rely on heliostat fields to focus sunlight onto a central receiver.Although simple aiming strategies,such as directing all heliostats to the receiver’s equator,can maximize energy collection,they often result in uneven flux distributions that cause hotspots,thermal stresses,and reduced receiver lifetimes.This paper presents a novel,data-driven approach that combines constraint learning,neural network-based surrogates,and mathematical optimization to address these challenges.The methodology learns complex heliostat-to-receiver flux interactions from simulation data and embeds the resulting surrogate model in a tractable optimization framework.By maximizing a tailored quality score that balances energy collection with flux uniformity,the approach produces smoothly distributed flux profiles and mitigates excessive thermal peaks.An iterative refinement process,guided by a trust region strategy and progressive data sampling,ensures continual improvement of the surrogate model by exploring new solution spaces at each iteration.Results from a real CSPT case study show that the proposed approach outperforms conventional heuristic methods,delivering flatter flux distributions with nearly a 10%reduction in peak values and safer thermal conditions(reflected by up to a 50%decrease in deviations from safe concentration distributions),without significantly compromising overall energy capture.
文摘Chen Bingde, Chief of the General Staff of the People’s Liberation Army, clarified the purposes of the Peace Mission 2009 joint antiterrorism exercise at a press conference in F^habarovsk on July
文摘Twenty-three years ago he claimed China’s first Olympic gold medal,with a win in the 50-meter pistol shooting competition.Now Xu Haifeng is leading the country’s modern pentathlon team in its bid for success at the Beijing
文摘The blueprint for China’s economic and social development for the next five years has officially been put into action, after being approved at the Fourth Session of the 11th National People’s Congress, which concluded on March 14.
文摘The Strategic and Economic Dialogue facilitates better understanding between the United States and China After a year of ups and downs in the Sino-American relations hip, the second round of the Strategic and Economic Dialogue (S&ED) was held in Beijing from May 24-25.
文摘Muammar Gaddafi, the former Libyan leader, died from fatal wounds on October 20, shortly after his capture by forces of the Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC). His death brought an end to the civil war that has been raging in the coun-
