The Keap1–Nrf2–ARE pathway is an important antioxidant defense mechanism that protects cells from oxidative stress and the Keap1–Nrf2 protein–protein interaction(PPI) has become an important drug target to upregul...The Keap1–Nrf2–ARE pathway is an important antioxidant defense mechanism that protects cells from oxidative stress and the Keap1–Nrf2 protein–protein interaction(PPI) has become an important drug target to upregulate the expression of ARE-controlled cytoprotective oxidative stress response enzymes in the development of therapeutic and preventive agents for a number of diseases and conditions. However, most known Nrf2 activators/ARE inducers are indirect inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2PPI and they are electrophilic species that act by modifying the sulfhydryl groups of Keap1's cysteine residues. The electrophilicity of these indirect inhibitors may cause "off-target" side effects by reacting with cysteine residues of other important cellular proteins. Efforts have recently been focused on the development of direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI. This article reviews these recent research efforts including the development of high throughput screening assays, the discovery of peptide and small molecule direct inhibitors, and the biophysical characterization of the binding of these inhibitors to the target Keap1 Kelch domain protein. These non-covalent direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI could potentially be developed into effective therapeutic or preventive agents for a variety of diseases and conditions.展开更多
Our earlier studies have demonstrated that the cigarette smoke in the form of cigarette smoke condensate(CSC)causes growth arrest of a mouse spermatocyte cell line[GC-2spd(ts)]through activation of the AHR–NRF2 pathw...Our earlier studies have demonstrated that the cigarette smoke in the form of cigarette smoke condensate(CSC)causes growth arrest of a mouse spermatocyte cell line[GC-2spd(ts)]through activation of the AHR–NRF2 pathway.The present study demonstrates the CSC-activated p38 and ERK MAPK signaling in GC-2spd(ts)via arylhydrocarbon receptor(AHR).Pharmacological inhibition by using AHR-antagonist,or p38 MAPK and ERK(MEK1)inhibitors significantly abrogates CSC-induced growth arrest by AHR and MAPK inactivation.QRT-PCR,western blot,and immunofluorescence of Ahr-target of Nrf2,and stress-inducible growth suppressive Atf3 and E2f4 following treatments indicate a crosstalk among these pathways.Regulation of Atf3 by Nrf2 and Ahr through RNA interference suggests the existence of a cross-regulatory loop between the targets.CSC induction of E2f4 via Atf3 and its regulation by pharmacological inhibitors reveal a possible regulatory mechanism of growth inhibitory CSC.SiRNA silencing of Ahr,Nrf2,Atf3,and E2f4 genes and downregulation of cyclins by CSC corroborate the growth inhibitory effect of cigarette smoke.Thus,the data obtained suggest that the CSC-mediated MAPKs and AHR–NRF2 crosstalks lay the molecular basis for the growth arrest and cell death of spermatocytes.展开更多
Parkinson's disease(PD)is a common clinical nervous system disease,which seriously affects the health of middle—aged and elderly people.The current treatment for Parkinson's disease is only aimed at alleviati...Parkinson's disease(PD)is a common clinical nervous system disease,which seriously affects the health of middle—aged and elderly people.The current treatment for Parkinson's disease is only aimed at alleviating early symptoms.Curcumin(CUR)is a natural product,which has been widely used in anti—in—flammation,anticancer,and other fields.However,the potential mechanism of CUR in treating PD is currently unclear.The corresponding genes of CUR were harvested from the TCMSP,SwissTargetPrediction,SuperPred,PharmMapper,and SEA.Meanwhile,genes associated with PD were adopted from OMIM,TTD,DrugBank,MalaCards,and GeneCards databases.Through Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analyses,therapeutic targeting KEGG pathways and functions were further collected.Then,STRING was used to generate the protein—protein interaction(PPI)network.The"drug—targets—disease"network was built by Cystoscope.Finally,the binding between CUR and core targets of PD was identified via molecular docking technology.The network pharmacology analysis revealed 65 potential targets related to the treatment of PD with CUR.The 10 core targets are CYP3A4,GSK3B,CYP19A1,CHEK1,COMT,CYP2A6,CYP2C19,HSD17B1,NFE2L2,and AHR.Moreover,KEGG enrichment analysis found that it was closely related to metabolic pathways,glycosaminoglycan degradation,steroid hormone biosynthesis,etc.The molecular docking results revealed that CUR had a strong binding ability with the PD target protein.In vitro experiments have shown that CUR can significantly improve oxidative damage caused by rotenone intervention in PD SHSY5Y cells and upregulate the level of key antioxidant pathway proteins Nrf2 and AHR.In a word,CUR may have therapeutic effects on PD through multitarget and multi—pathway,which provide a scientificbasis for further elaborating the mechanism of CUR in the treatment of PD.展开更多
Atopic dermatitis(AD)and psoriasis are common chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin diseases mainly mediated by T cells.Type 2 and 17 inflammations are essential in the pathogenesis of AD and psoriasis,respectively....Atopic dermatitis(AD)and psoriasis are common chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin diseases mainly mediated by T cells.Type 2 and 17 inflammations are essential in the pathogenesis of AD and psoriasis,respectively.Clinical evidence suggests that benvitimod,a natural metabolite produced by bacterial symbionts,plays a therapeutic role in the development and progression of both AD and psoriasis.Mechanistically,the two most potent interactions with benvitimod are observed in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2(Nrf2)pathways.However,it remains largely unknown how is the local interplay among benvitimod,AhR,and Nrf2,and how the epithelial microenvironment contributes to the complex inflammatory context that results in the treatment of AD and psoriasis.In the present study,the modulatory effects of benvitimod on treating AD and psoriasis.展开更多
基金the financial support of Grants CA133791, CA125868, and MH093197 from the National Institutes of Health, United States
文摘The Keap1–Nrf2–ARE pathway is an important antioxidant defense mechanism that protects cells from oxidative stress and the Keap1–Nrf2 protein–protein interaction(PPI) has become an important drug target to upregulate the expression of ARE-controlled cytoprotective oxidative stress response enzymes in the development of therapeutic and preventive agents for a number of diseases and conditions. However, most known Nrf2 activators/ARE inducers are indirect inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2PPI and they are electrophilic species that act by modifying the sulfhydryl groups of Keap1's cysteine residues. The electrophilicity of these indirect inhibitors may cause "off-target" side effects by reacting with cysteine residues of other important cellular proteins. Efforts have recently been focused on the development of direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI. This article reviews these recent research efforts including the development of high throughput screening assays, the discovery of peptide and small molecule direct inhibitors, and the biophysical characterization of the binding of these inhibitors to the target Keap1 Kelch domain protein. These non-covalent direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI could potentially be developed into effective therapeutic or preventive agents for a variety of diseases and conditions.
基金This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs,Veterans Health Administration,Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Award#I01BX007080.
文摘Our earlier studies have demonstrated that the cigarette smoke in the form of cigarette smoke condensate(CSC)causes growth arrest of a mouse spermatocyte cell line[GC-2spd(ts)]through activation of the AHR–NRF2 pathway.The present study demonstrates the CSC-activated p38 and ERK MAPK signaling in GC-2spd(ts)via arylhydrocarbon receptor(AHR).Pharmacological inhibition by using AHR-antagonist,or p38 MAPK and ERK(MEK1)inhibitors significantly abrogates CSC-induced growth arrest by AHR and MAPK inactivation.QRT-PCR,western blot,and immunofluorescence of Ahr-target of Nrf2,and stress-inducible growth suppressive Atf3 and E2f4 following treatments indicate a crosstalk among these pathways.Regulation of Atf3 by Nrf2 and Ahr through RNA interference suggests the existence of a cross-regulatory loop between the targets.CSC induction of E2f4 via Atf3 and its regulation by pharmacological inhibitors reveal a possible regulatory mechanism of growth inhibitory CSC.SiRNA silencing of Ahr,Nrf2,Atf3,and E2f4 genes and downregulation of cyclins by CSC corroborate the growth inhibitory effect of cigarette smoke.Thus,the data obtained suggest that the CSC-mediated MAPKs and AHR–NRF2 crosstalks lay the molecular basis for the growth arrest and cell death of spermatocytes.
基金Supported by Shandong Natural Science Foundation General Project(ZR2022MH197)。
文摘Parkinson's disease(PD)is a common clinical nervous system disease,which seriously affects the health of middle—aged and elderly people.The current treatment for Parkinson's disease is only aimed at alleviating early symptoms.Curcumin(CUR)is a natural product,which has been widely used in anti—in—flammation,anticancer,and other fields.However,the potential mechanism of CUR in treating PD is currently unclear.The corresponding genes of CUR were harvested from the TCMSP,SwissTargetPrediction,SuperPred,PharmMapper,and SEA.Meanwhile,genes associated with PD were adopted from OMIM,TTD,DrugBank,MalaCards,and GeneCards databases.Through Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analyses,therapeutic targeting KEGG pathways and functions were further collected.Then,STRING was used to generate the protein—protein interaction(PPI)network.The"drug—targets—disease"network was built by Cystoscope.Finally,the binding between CUR and core targets of PD was identified via molecular docking technology.The network pharmacology analysis revealed 65 potential targets related to the treatment of PD with CUR.The 10 core targets are CYP3A4,GSK3B,CYP19A1,CHEK1,COMT,CYP2A6,CYP2C19,HSD17B1,NFE2L2,and AHR.Moreover,KEGG enrichment analysis found that it was closely related to metabolic pathways,glycosaminoglycan degradation,steroid hormone biosynthesis,etc.The molecular docking results revealed that CUR had a strong binding ability with the PD target protein.In vitro experiments have shown that CUR can significantly improve oxidative damage caused by rotenone intervention in PD SHSY5Y cells and upregulate the level of key antioxidant pathway proteins Nrf2 and AHR.In a word,CUR may have therapeutic effects on PD through multitarget and multi—pathway,which provide a scientificbasis for further elaborating the mechanism of CUR in the treatment of PD.
文摘Atopic dermatitis(AD)and psoriasis are common chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin diseases mainly mediated by T cells.Type 2 and 17 inflammations are essential in the pathogenesis of AD and psoriasis,respectively.Clinical evidence suggests that benvitimod,a natural metabolite produced by bacterial symbionts,plays a therapeutic role in the development and progression of both AD and psoriasis.Mechanistically,the two most potent interactions with benvitimod are observed in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2(Nrf2)pathways.However,it remains largely unknown how is the local interplay among benvitimod,AhR,and Nrf2,and how the epithelial microenvironment contributes to the complex inflammatory context that results in the treatment of AD and psoriasis.In the present study,the modulatory effects of benvitimod on treating AD and psoriasis.
