Aflatoxins B1(AFB1)contamination in agro-food holds great threaten to human and animal health.Conventional test strips for rapid AFB1 visualized monitoring remains challenged by improvement of sensitivity and matrix i...Aflatoxins B1(AFB1)contamination in agro-food holds great threaten to human and animal health.Conventional test strips for rapid AFB1 visualized monitoring remains challenged by improvement of sensitivity and matrix interference resistance.In this case,we developed a portable electrochemiluminescence(ECL)imaging test strip with dual-signal outputs for AFB1 quantification in corn samples.RuPEI@SiO_(2)@Au nanospheres were synthesized for bonding with anti-AFB1 antibody and then colorimetrical signal-reported on test line through the capillary flow at strips.Meanwhile,ECL imaging signal of the constructed carbon-ink-based working electrode on polyvinyl chloride substrate of strips was exported under an applied potential of 1.25 V.The whole ECL test strips not only endowed convenient colorimetric responses but guaranteed quick-witted ECL image distinguishment even at extremely low AFB1 content.The detection limit of this ECL imaging-integrated mode was 10-fold lower than that of only colorimetric mode.Furthermore,satisfactory selectivity,reliability and practicability of the as-proposed ECL test strips were demonstrated.This work offered a promising platform for on-site,accurate and sensitive detection of pollutants in foods.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a major global health challenge,particularly in regions with high aflatoxin B1(AFB1)exposure.This editorial explores the mechanistic interplay between AFB1 and tissue inhibitor of metal...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a major global health challenge,particularly in regions with high aflatoxin B1(AFB1)exposure.This editorial explores the mechanistic interplay between AFB1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3(TIMP-3)in AFB1-related HCC.TIMP-3,frequently downregulated in HCC due to promoter methylation,is linked to increased tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis.We propose that AFB1 induces epigenetic silencing of TIMP-3,potentially via DNA adducts and oxidative stress,exacerbating AFB1-related HCC progression.This AFB1-TIMP-3 axis highlights TIMP-3’s potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.Future research should focus on elucidating these molecular pathways and integrating TIMP-3 into clinical practice for early detection and targeted therapies in AFB1-prevalent regions.展开更多
Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is a toxic fungal metabolite that contaminates almonds from cultivation to harvesting.It leads to chronic health problems and significant economic loss to the producers.Therefore,a fast and non-invas...Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is a toxic fungal metabolite that contaminates almonds from cultivation to harvesting.It leads to chronic health problems and significant economic loss to the producers.Therefore,a fast and non-invasive detection technique is crucial for safeguarding food safety by swiftly identifying and eliminating contaminated almonds from the supply chain.Hyperspectral imaging has been explored as a potential non-destructive technology for detecting AFB1.However,the diverse geometries of almonds present a significant challenge on acquired images,thereby impacting the accuracy of the developed prediction and classification models.This study investigates the effectiveness of short-wave infrared(SwIR)hyperspectral imaging combined with deep learning for detecting AFB1 in almonds of varying geometries.Initially,partial least squares regression(PLSR)and support vector machine(SvM)regression models were evaluated for quantification,while SVM and quadratic discriminant analysis(QDA)classifiers were applied for classification.The results indicated that spectral responses varied with almond thickness,making quantification models unreliable for industrial applications.The Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling(CARS)algorithm was employed to identify key spectral features for developing multi-spectral AFB1 classification models to evaluate the feasibility of high-speed,accurate in-line detection.The deep learning approach significantly outperformed traditional machine learning models,with the pre-trained Inception V3 network achieving a cross-validation accuracy of 84.82%,an F1-score of 0.8522,and an area under curve of 0.893.These findings highlight the superiority of deep learning-based hyperspectral imaging for accurate and reliable AFB1 detection in almonds with diverse shapes and thicknesses.展开更多
The structure, electrostatic properties, and Raman spectra of aflatoxin B1 （AFB1） and AFB1-Ag complex are studied by density functional theory with B3LYP/6- 311G（d,p）/Lan12dz basis set. The results show that the s...The structure, electrostatic properties, and Raman spectra of aflatoxin B1 （AFB1） and AFB1-Ag complex are studied by density functional theory with B3LYP/6- 311G（d,p）/Lan12dz basis set. The results show that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） and pre-resonance Raman spectra of AFB1-Ag complex strongly depend on the adsorption site and the excitation wavelength found to enhance 102-103 order compared to of the incident light. The SERS factors are normal Raman spectrum of AFB1 molecule due to the larger static polarizabilities of the AFB1-Ag complex, which directly results in the stronger chemical enhancement in SERS spectra. The pre-resonance Raman spectra of AFB1-Ag complex are explored at 266, 482, 785, and 1064 nm incident light wavelength, in which the enhancement factors are about 10^2-10^4, mainly caused by the charge-transfer excitation resonance. The vibrational modes are analyzed to explain the relationship between the vibrational direction and the enhanced Raman intensities.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to explore the protective effect of procyanidin B2(PCB2)on acute liver injury induced by aflatoxin B1(AFB1)in rats.Methods Forty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control,AFB1,A...Objective This study aimed to explore the protective effect of procyanidin B2(PCB2)on acute liver injury induced by aflatoxin B1(AFB1)in rats.Methods Forty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control,AFB1,AFB1+PCB2,and PCB2 groups.The latter two groups were administrated PCB2 intragastrically(30 mg/kg body weight)for 7 d,whereas the control and AFB1 groups were given the same dose of double distilled water intragastrically.On the sixth day of treatment,the AFB1 and AFB1+PCB2 groups were intraperitoneally injected with AFB1(2 mg/kg).The control and PCB2 groups were intraperitoneally administered the same dose of dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO).On the eighth day,all rats were euthanized:serum and liver tissue were isolated for further examination.Hepatic histological features were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections.Weight,organ coefficient(liver,spleen,and kidney),liver function(serum alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,total bilirubin,and direct bilirubin),oxidative index(catalase,glutathione,superoxide dismutase,malondialdehyde,and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine),inflammation factor[hepatic interleukin-6(IL-6)m RNA expression and serum IL-6],and bcl-2/bax ratio were measured.Results AFB1 significantly caused hepatic histopathological damage,abnormal liver function,oxidative stress,inflammation,and bcl-2/bax ratio reduction compared with DMSO-treated controls.Our results indicate that PCB2 treatment can partially reverse the adverse liver conditions induced by AFB1.Conclusion Our findings indicate that PCB2 exhibits a protective effect on acute liver injury induced by AFB1.展开更多
Aflatoxin B1 toxicity is well known but the mechanism of this toxicity is still unclear. In addition, the target of the anti-aflatoxin chemopreventive drug Oltipraz remains to be identified. In this study, we employed...Aflatoxin B1 toxicity is well known but the mechanism of this toxicity is still unclear. In addition, the target of the anti-aflatoxin chemopreventive drug Oltipraz remains to be identified. In this study, we employed computer aided reverse docking analysis to identify putative targets of Aflatoxin B1（AFB） and Oltipraz. The results showed that the clinically known toxic effects of AFB are related to this molecule＇s strong binding affinity for key proteins involved in cell apoptosis, hormone metabolism, immune suppression, and digestive organ function. In addition, virtual binding assay indicated that Oltipraz neutralizes the toxicity of AFB by inhibiting its biotransformation enzymes. In conclusion, the technique of reverse docking may be used to identify the specific targets of AFB and Oltipraz, and our findings could significantly accelerate the mechanistic studies of the two molecules and provide guidance for the development of anti-AFB drugs.展开更多
Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is one of the most common mycotoxins that threatens human health.As singlestranded oligonucleotides with high affinity and specificity,aptamers have incomparable effect on the targeted detection of A...Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is one of the most common mycotoxins that threatens human health.As singlestranded oligonucleotides with high affinity and specificity,aptamers have incomparable effect on the targeted detection of AFB1.Herein,after 11 rounds of selection and analysis using a modified affinity chromatography-based SELEX strategy,the truncated 37 nt aptamer AF11-2 was successfully obtained.The aptamer shows good detection performance for AFB1,and can sensitively detect AFB1 in the range of 100-1000 nmol/L,with a detection limit of 42 nmol/L.In the detection of pretreated edible peanut oil samples,AF11-2 aptamer also showed a high recovery rate and good stability for AFB1,and achieved satisfactory results.In addition,AF11-2 aptamer can significantly enhance the fluorescence ability of AFB1,which is not available in traditional Afla17-2-3 aptamer.After molecular docking analysis,it was found that AF11-2 and Afla17-2-3 had different nucleotide binding sites for AFB1.Afla17-2-3 binds to the carbonyl O of AFB1,while AF11-2 binds to the pyrrolic O of AFB1,which may be the main reason that AF11-2 can enhance the fluorescence of AFB1.展开更多
Objective： Aflatoxin B1 （AFB1）, which can cause the formation of AFB1-DNA adducts, is a known human carcinogen. AFB1-exposure individuals with inherited susceptible carcinogen-metabolizing or repairing genotypes ma...Objective： Aflatoxin B1 （AFB1）, which can cause the formation of AFB1-DNA adducts, is a known human carcinogen. AFB1-exposure individuals with inherited susceptible carcinogen-metabolizing or repairing genotypes may experience an increased risk of genotoxicity. This study was designed to investigate whether the polymorphisms of two genes, the metabolic gene Glutathione S-transferase M1 （GSTM1） and DNA repair gene x-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 （XRCC3）, can affect the levels of AFB1-DNA adducts in Guangxi Population （n= 966） from an AFB1-exposure area. Methods： AFB1-DNA adducts were measured by ELISA, and GSTM1 and XRCC3 codon 241 genotypes were identified by PCR-RFLP. Results： The GSTM1-null genotype [adjusted odds ratio （OR） = 2.09; 95% confidence interval （CI） = 1.61-2.71] and XRCC3 genotypes with 241 Met alleles [i.e., XRCC3-TM and -MM, adjusted ORs （95% CI） were 1.43 （1.08-1.89） and 2.42 （1.13-5.22）, respectively] were significantly associated with higher levels of AFB1-DNA adducts. Compared with those individuals who did not express any putative risk genotypes as reference （OR = 1）, individuals featuring all of the putative risk genotypes did experience a significantly higher DNA-adduct levels （adjusted ORs were 2.87 for GSTM1-null and XRCC3-TM; 5.83 for GSTM1-null and XRCC3-MM）. Additionally, there was a positive joint effect between XRCC3 genotypes and long-term AFB1 exposure in the formation of AFB1-DNA adducts. Conclusion： These results suggest that individuals with susceptible genotypes GSTM1-null, XRCC3-TM, or XRCC3-MM may experience an increased risk of DNA damage elicited by AFB1 exposure.展开更多
Background： The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B_1（AFB_1）,zearalenone（ZEN） and deoxynivalenol（DON） contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were colle...Background： The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B_1（AFB_1）,zearalenone（ZEN） and deoxynivalenol（DON） contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015.Methods： A total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble（DDGS）, 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed（powder）, 90 pig complete feed（pellet）, six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China,respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis.Results： The incidence rates of AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %.Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period.Conclusion： The current data provide clear evidence that AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB_1.Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China.展开更多
BACKGROUND The dysregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3(TIMP3)was positively correlated with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,it is not clear whether TIMP3 expression is associa...BACKGROUND The dysregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3(TIMP3)was positively correlated with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,it is not clear whether TIMP3 expression is associated with the clinico-pathological features and prognosis of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)-related HCC(AHCC).A retrospective study,including 182 patients with AHCC,was conducted to explore the link between TIMP3 expression in cancerous tissues and the clinico-pathological characteristics and prognosis of AHCC.TIMP3 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and its effects on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of AHCC were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression survival analysis.Odds ratio,hazard ratio(HR),median overall survival time(MST),median tumor recurrence-free survival time(MRT),and corresponding 95%confidential interval(CI)was calculated to RESULTS Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that compared with high TIMP3 expression,low TIMP3 expression in tumor tissues significantly decreased the MST(36.00 mo vs 18.00 mo)and MRT(32.00 mo vs 16 mo)of patients with AHCC.Multivariate Cox regression survival analysis further proved that decreased expression of TIMP3 increased the risk of death(HR=2.85,95%CI:2.04-4.00)and tumor recurrence(HR=2.26,95%CI:1.57-3.26).Furthermore,decreased expression of TIMP3 protein in tissues with AHCC was significantly correlated with tumor clinicopatho-logical features,such as tumor size,tumor grade and stage,tumor microvessel density,and tumor blood invasion.Additionally,TIMP3 protein expression was also negatively associated with amount of AFB1-DNA adducts in tumor tissues.CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the dysregulation of TIMP3 expression is related to AHCC biological behaviors and affects tumor outcome,suggesting that TIMP3 may act as a prognostic biomarker for AHCC.展开更多
San-Huang chicken is a high-quality breed in China with yellow feather, claw and break. However, the abnormal phenomenon of the yellow shank turning into green shank of San-Huang chicken has been a concern, as it seri...San-Huang chicken is a high-quality breed in China with yellow feather, claw and break. However, the abnormal phenomenon of the yellow shank turning into green shank of San-Huang chicken has been a concern, as it seriously reduces the carcass quality and economic benefit of yellow-feathered broilers. In this study, the cause of this abnormal green skin in shank was systematically investigated. Physiological anatomy revealed that the abnormal skin in shank was primarily due to the deposition of melanin under the dermis. After analyzing multiple potential causes such as heredity(pedigree and genetic markers), environment(water quality monitoring) and feed composition(mycotoxin detection), excessive aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in feed was screened, accompanied with a higher L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine(L-DOPA)(P<0.05) and melanin content(P<0.01). So it was speculated that excessive AFB1 might be the main cause of abnormal green skin in shank. Subsequently, the further results showed that a high concentration of AFB1(>170 μg kg–1)indeed induced the abnormal green skin in shank compared to the normal AFB1 content(<10 μg kg–1), and the mRNA levels of TYR, TYRP1, MITE, MC1R and EDN3 genes related to melanin deposition would significantly up-regulate(P<0.01) and the content and activity of tyrosinase(TyR) significantly increased(P<0.05). At the same time, the content of L-DOPA and melanin deposition also increased significantly(P<0.01), which also confirmed the effect of excessive AFB1 on melanin deposition in skin of shank. Results of additional experiments revealed that the AFB1's negative effect on melanin deposition in skin of shank could last for a longer time. Taken together, the results of this study explained the occurrence and possible mechanisms of the abnormal AFB1-related green skin in shank of chickens. Excessive AFB1 in diets increased the L-DOPA content and melanin abnormal deposition in the chicken shank possibly via promoting TyR content and activity, and the expression of melanin synthesis-related genes. Furthermore, our findings once again raised the alarm of the danger of AFB1 in the broiler production.展开更多
Terahertz metamaterial biosensors have attracted significant attention in the biological field due to their advantages of label-free,real-time and in situ detection.In this paper,a highly sensitive metamaterial sensor...Terahertz metamaterial biosensors have attracted significant attention in the biological field due to their advantages of label-free,real-time and in situ detection.In this paper,a highly sensitive metamaterial sensor with semi-ring mirror symmetry based on toroidal dipole resonance is designed for a new metamaterial biosensor.It is shown that a refractive index sensitivity of 337.5 GHz per refractive index unit can be achieved under an analyte of saturated thickness near a 1.33 THz transmission dip.For biosensor samples where aflatoxin B1 is dropped on the metamaterial surface in our experiment,dip amplitudes of transmission varying from 0.1904 to 0.203 and 0.2093 are observed as aflatoxin B1 concentrations are altered from 0 to 0.001μg·ml-1 and to 0.01μg·ml-1,respectively.Furthermore,when aflatoxin B1 concentrations are 0.1μg·ml-1,1μg·ml-1,10μg·ml-1 and 100μg·ml-1,dip amplitudes of 0.2179,0.226,0.2384 and 0.2527 and dip redshifts of 10.1 GHz,20.1 GHz,27.7 GHz and 37.6 GHz are respectively observed.These results illustrate high-sensitivity,label-free detection of aflatoxin B1,enriching the applications of sensors in the terahertz domain.展开更多
Immunomagnetic beads enrichment kit for detection of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) was prepared through reaction of AFB1 and p-phenylenediamine. The catches of AFB1 by the kit were 25 ng/mg. Furthermore, AFB1 was conducted speci...Immunomagnetic beads enrichment kit for detection of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) was prepared through reaction of AFB1 and p-phenylenediamine. The catches of AFB1 by the kit were 25 ng/mg. Furthermore, AFB1 was conducted specific reaction with competitive drugs with similar structure or function to AFB1, including aflatoxin M1, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and patulin, and no cross reaction was observed.展开更多
Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is a highly toxic mycotoxin,and rapid and sensitive detection of AFB1 is in demand for food safety and environmental analysis.Here we described a simple aptamer molecular beacon assay for rapid detec...Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is a highly toxic mycotoxin,and rapid and sensitive detection of AFB1 is in demand for food safety and environmental analysis.Here we described a simple aptamer molecular beacon assay for rapid detection of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)by using an aptamer with a fluorescein(FAM)label at the 50 end and a fluorescence quencher(black hole quencher 1,BHQ1)at the 30 end.In the presence of AFB1,the aptamer probe bound with AFB1 and induced a hairpin structure,drawing FAM and BHQ1 into close proximity and leading to fluorescence quenching.This assay allowed for a detection limit of 3.9 nmol/L and a dynamic range from 3.9 nmol/L to 4 mmol/L.Specificity test showed other mycotoxins including ochratoxin A,ochratoxin B,fumonisin B1,fumonisin B2,and zearalenone had negligible influence on detection of AFB1.AFB1 spiked in diluted liquor wine,methanol,or corn flour samples was successfully detected by using this aptamer probe,and the assay showed potential for real sample analysis.展开更多
In the present study, the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. This was subsequently compared with commercial vegetable oil samples. Among the 23 different ...In the present study, the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. This was subsequently compared with commercial vegetable oil samples. Among the 23 different sunflower oil samples were tested, 10 of them showed posi-tive results to AFB1 and the remaining 13 showed negative results to AFB1. All the refined oil samples were free from AFB1 contamination.展开更多
In this study, we have used a direct immunoassay where the simple binding between antigen and an antibody is detected. Immunoassays were performed in a drop system, monitoring the frequency decrease of the quartz-crys...In this study, we have used a direct immunoassay where the simple binding between antigen and an antibody is detected. Immunoassays were performed in a drop system, monitoring the frequency decrease of the quartz-crystal microbalance device because of mass increasing during immunoreaction. The QCM sensor was coated on both sides by gold electrodes, only one side of the crystal (liquid side) was in contact with the solution;the other side (contact side) was always dry. We tested a piezoelectric immunosensor for aflatoxin B1 (AFLA-B1) mycotoxin detection through the immo- bilization of DSP-anti-AFLAB1 antibody (AFLA-B1-Ab anti AFLAB1) on gold-coated quartz crystals (AT-cut/5 MHz). The DSP (3,3’-Dithiodipropionic-acid-di-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) was used for the covalent attachment of the proteins. The piezoelectric crystal electrodes were pretreated by DSP for 15 min, rinsed with water and dried in a gentle flow of nitrogen gas. Then the DSP-coated crystals were installed in a sample holder and exposed to the anti-AFLAB1 antibody and to the AFLA-BI. Frequency and resistance shifts (Δf and ΔR) were measured simultaneously. Δf versus AFLA-BI concentrations in the range of 0.5 - 10 ppb exhibited a perfect linear correlation with a coefficient of above 0.998.展开更多
The mycotoxin aflatoxin B1(AFB1),frequently identified in animal feed and raw materials,induces oxidative stress as a primary toxicological consequence.The coumarin compound 4-methylesculetin(4-ME)possesses notable an...The mycotoxin aflatoxin B1(AFB1),frequently identified in animal feed and raw materials,induces oxidative stress as a primary toxicological consequence.The coumarin compound 4-methylesculetin(4-ME)possesses notable antioxidant properties,leading to its application in medical contexts.Given that the liver is the principal organ targeted by AFB1,this study investigated the potential mechanism through which 4-ME mitigated hepatic injury induced by AFB1 in grass carp.The grass carp(initial body weight of 11.40±0.01 g)were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups(3 replicates/treatment and 60 fish/replicate),which were control group(Control),60μg/kg AFB1 group(AFB1),10 mg/kg 4-ME group(4-ME)and 60μg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg 4-ME group(AFB1+4-ME).The present study found that AFB1 caused liver injury,dietary 4-ME supplementation enhanced the antioxidant capacity through the Nrf2 pathway,decreased the levels of AFB1-DNA adducts(P<0.001)and total bile acid(TBA)(P<0.001)in liver,and decreased the protein expression of CYP3A4 in liver(P<0.001),inhibited the transcriptional levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)-related genes(including XBP1,IRE1,ATF6,Chop,EIF2α,PERK,and GRP78)(P<0.05),autophagy-related genes(including beclin 1,LC3,and ATG12)(P<0.05)and apoptosis-related genes(including Bax,caspase-8,and caspase-3)(P<0.05).Dietary 4-ME supplementation also decreased the contents of iron(P=0.004),and increased SLC7A11(P=0.001)and GPx4 protein levels(P<0.001)in liver,and alleviated AFB1-induced elevation of AMPK and Ulk1 genes and proteins expression(P<0.05),and the decreased of TOR gene and protein expression(P<0.05)in live.In summary,AFB1 induced oxidative damage,ERS,apoptosis,and autophagy in the liver of grass carp,which are associated with ferroptosis and linked to the activation of the AMPK-TOR-Ulk1 signaling axis.Notably,supplementation with 4-ME mitigated these effects.The findings offer new theoretical insights into the potential of 4-ME to alleviate ferritinophagy-related diseases induced by AFB1 in grass carp.展开更多
基金financially supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022T150708)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF1104600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32072305,32102089)。
文摘Aflatoxins B1(AFB1)contamination in agro-food holds great threaten to human and animal health.Conventional test strips for rapid AFB1 visualized monitoring remains challenged by improvement of sensitivity and matrix interference resistance.In this case,we developed a portable electrochemiluminescence(ECL)imaging test strip with dual-signal outputs for AFB1 quantification in corn samples.RuPEI@SiO_(2)@Au nanospheres were synthesized for bonding with anti-AFB1 antibody and then colorimetrical signal-reported on test line through the capillary flow at strips.Meanwhile,ECL imaging signal of the constructed carbon-ink-based working electrode on polyvinyl chloride substrate of strips was exported under an applied potential of 1.25 V.The whole ECL test strips not only endowed convenient colorimetric responses but guaranteed quick-witted ECL image distinguishment even at extremely low AFB1 content.The detection limit of this ECL imaging-integrated mode was 10-fold lower than that of only colorimetric mode.Furthermore,satisfactory selectivity,reliability and practicability of the as-proposed ECL test strips were demonstrated.This work offered a promising platform for on-site,accurate and sensitive detection of pollutants in foods.
基金Supported by the Chongqing Health Commission and Science and Technology Bureau,No.2023MSXM060.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a major global health challenge,particularly in regions with high aflatoxin B1(AFB1)exposure.This editorial explores the mechanistic interplay between AFB1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3(TIMP-3)in AFB1-related HCC.TIMP-3,frequently downregulated in HCC due to promoter methylation,is linked to increased tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis.We propose that AFB1 induces epigenetic silencing of TIMP-3,potentially via DNA adducts and oxidative stress,exacerbating AFB1-related HCC progression.This AFB1-TIMP-3 axis highlights TIMP-3’s potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.Future research should focus on elucidating these molecular pathways and integrating TIMP-3 into clinical practice for early detection and targeted therapies in AFB1-prevalent regions.
基金the Research Training Program International(RTPi)scholarship from Commonwealth Australiathe top-up scholarship provided by SureNut Ltd.SureNut Ltd.for supplying all the almonds used in this study.
文摘Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is a toxic fungal metabolite that contaminates almonds from cultivation to harvesting.It leads to chronic health problems and significant economic loss to the producers.Therefore,a fast and non-invasive detection technique is crucial for safeguarding food safety by swiftly identifying and eliminating contaminated almonds from the supply chain.Hyperspectral imaging has been explored as a potential non-destructive technology for detecting AFB1.However,the diverse geometries of almonds present a significant challenge on acquired images,thereby impacting the accuracy of the developed prediction and classification models.This study investigates the effectiveness of short-wave infrared(SwIR)hyperspectral imaging combined with deep learning for detecting AFB1 in almonds of varying geometries.Initially,partial least squares regression(PLSR)and support vector machine(SvM)regression models were evaluated for quantification,while SVM and quadratic discriminant analysis(QDA)classifiers were applied for classification.The results indicated that spectral responses varied with almond thickness,making quantification models unreliable for industrial applications.The Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling(CARS)algorithm was employed to identify key spectral features for developing multi-spectral AFB1 classification models to evaluate the feasibility of high-speed,accurate in-line detection.The deep learning approach significantly outperformed traditional machine learning models,with the pre-trained Inception V3 network achieving a cross-validation accuracy of 84.82%,an F1-score of 0.8522,and an area under curve of 0.893.These findings highlight the superiority of deep learning-based hyperspectral imaging for accurate and reliable AFB1 detection in almonds with diverse shapes and thicknesses.
基金ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.11174237）, the National Basic Rcsearch Program of China （No.2013CB328904）, and the Application Basic program of Sichuan Province （No.2013JY0035）.
文摘The structure, electrostatic properties, and Raman spectra of aflatoxin B1 （AFB1） and AFB1-Ag complex are studied by density functional theory with B3LYP/6- 311G（d,p）/Lan12dz basis set. The results show that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） and pre-resonance Raman spectra of AFB1-Ag complex strongly depend on the adsorption site and the excitation wavelength found to enhance 102-103 order compared to of the incident light. The SERS factors are normal Raman spectrum of AFB1 molecule due to the larger static polarizabilities of the AFB1-Ag complex, which directly results in the stronger chemical enhancement in SERS spectra. The pre-resonance Raman spectra of AFB1-Ag complex are explored at 266, 482, 785, and 1064 nm incident light wavelength, in which the enhancement factors are about 10^2-10^4, mainly caused by the charge-transfer excitation resonance. The vibrational modes are analyzed to explain the relationship between the vibrational direction and the enhanced Raman intensities.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China[No.31360383]。
文摘Objective This study aimed to explore the protective effect of procyanidin B2(PCB2)on acute liver injury induced by aflatoxin B1(AFB1)in rats.Methods Forty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control,AFB1,AFB1+PCB2,and PCB2 groups.The latter two groups were administrated PCB2 intragastrically(30 mg/kg body weight)for 7 d,whereas the control and AFB1 groups were given the same dose of double distilled water intragastrically.On the sixth day of treatment,the AFB1 and AFB1+PCB2 groups were intraperitoneally injected with AFB1(2 mg/kg).The control and PCB2 groups were intraperitoneally administered the same dose of dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO).On the eighth day,all rats were euthanized:serum and liver tissue were isolated for further examination.Hepatic histological features were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections.Weight,organ coefficient(liver,spleen,and kidney),liver function(serum alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,total bilirubin,and direct bilirubin),oxidative index(catalase,glutathione,superoxide dismutase,malondialdehyde,and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine),inflammation factor[hepatic interleukin-6(IL-6)m RNA expression and serum IL-6],and bcl-2/bax ratio were measured.Results AFB1 significantly caused hepatic histopathological damage,abnormal liver function,oxidative stress,inflammation,and bcl-2/bax ratio reduction compared with DMSO-treated controls.Our results indicate that PCB2 treatment can partially reverse the adverse liver conditions induced by AFB1.Conclusion Our findings indicate that PCB2 exhibits a protective effect on acute liver injury induced by AFB1.
文摘Aflatoxin B1 toxicity is well known but the mechanism of this toxicity is still unclear. In addition, the target of the anti-aflatoxin chemopreventive drug Oltipraz remains to be identified. In this study, we employed computer aided reverse docking analysis to identify putative targets of Aflatoxin B1（AFB） and Oltipraz. The results showed that the clinically known toxic effects of AFB are related to this molecule＇s strong binding affinity for key proteins involved in cell apoptosis, hormone metabolism, immune suppression, and digestive organ function. In addition, virtual binding assay indicated that Oltipraz neutralizes the toxicity of AFB by inhibiting its biotransformation enzymes. In conclusion, the technique of reverse docking may be used to identify the specific targets of AFB and Oltipraz, and our findings could significantly accelerate the mechanistic studies of the two molecules and provide guidance for the development of anti-AFB drugs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32071392,21775160 and 31900999)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2020766)the Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(No.20192ACB21033)。
文摘Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is one of the most common mycotoxins that threatens human health.As singlestranded oligonucleotides with high affinity and specificity,aptamers have incomparable effect on the targeted detection of AFB1.Herein,after 11 rounds of selection and analysis using a modified affinity chromatography-based SELEX strategy,the truncated 37 nt aptamer AF11-2 was successfully obtained.The aptamer shows good detection performance for AFB1,and can sensitively detect AFB1 in the range of 100-1000 nmol/L,with a detection limit of 42 nmol/L.In the detection of pretreated edible peanut oil samples,AF11-2 aptamer also showed a high recovery rate and good stability for AFB1,and achieved satisfactory results.In addition,AF11-2 aptamer can significantly enhance the fluorescence ability of AFB1,which is not available in traditional Afla17-2-3 aptamer.After molecular docking analysis,it was found that AF11-2 and Afla17-2-3 had different nucleotide binding sites for AFB1.Afla17-2-3 binds to the carbonyl O of AFB1,while AF11-2 binds to the pyrrolic O of AFB1,which may be the main reason that AF11-2 can enhance the fluorescence of AFB1.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.39860032)the Youth Science Foundation of Guangxi (No.0833097)
文摘Objective： Aflatoxin B1 （AFB1）, which can cause the formation of AFB1-DNA adducts, is a known human carcinogen. AFB1-exposure individuals with inherited susceptible carcinogen-metabolizing or repairing genotypes may experience an increased risk of genotoxicity. This study was designed to investigate whether the polymorphisms of two genes, the metabolic gene Glutathione S-transferase M1 （GSTM1） and DNA repair gene x-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 （XRCC3）, can affect the levels of AFB1-DNA adducts in Guangxi Population （n= 966） from an AFB1-exposure area. Methods： AFB1-DNA adducts were measured by ELISA, and GSTM1 and XRCC3 codon 241 genotypes were identified by PCR-RFLP. Results： The GSTM1-null genotype [adjusted odds ratio （OR） = 2.09; 95% confidence interval （CI） = 1.61-2.71] and XRCC3 genotypes with 241 Met alleles [i.e., XRCC3-TM and -MM, adjusted ORs （95% CI） were 1.43 （1.08-1.89） and 2.42 （1.13-5.22）, respectively] were significantly associated with higher levels of AFB1-DNA adducts. Compared with those individuals who did not express any putative risk genotypes as reference （OR = 1）, individuals featuring all of the putative risk genotypes did experience a significantly higher DNA-adduct levels （adjusted ORs were 2.87 for GSTM1-null and XRCC3-TM; 5.83 for GSTM1-null and XRCC3-MM）. Additionally, there was a positive joint effect between XRCC3 genotypes and long-term AFB1 exposure in the formation of AFB1-DNA adducts. Conclusion： These results suggest that individuals with susceptible genotypes GSTM1-null, XRCC3-TM, or XRCC3-MM may experience an increased risk of DNA damage elicited by AFB1 exposure.
基金supported by the Province Science and Technology Major Project of the Department of Science&Technology of Hunan Province(2015NK1002)Changsha City Science and Technology Program of China(k1508008-21)+1 种基金National Key R&D Program(2016YFD0501208)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31402088,31501964 and31402091)
文摘Background： The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B_1（AFB_1）,zearalenone（ZEN） and deoxynivalenol（DON） contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015.Methods： A total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble（DDGS）, 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed（powder）, 90 pig complete feed（pellet）, six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China,respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis.Results： The incidence rates of AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %.Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period.Conclusion： The current data provide clear evidence that AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB_1.Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China.
基金the Science-Technology Planning Project of Guangxi,No.Guike-AD19245174Guangxi Training Program for Medical High-level Academic Leaders,No.6 of Guiweikejiaofa[2020]-15+3 种基金Bose Talent Highland,No.2020-3-2Building Projects from the Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology(Hepatobiliary Diseases)of Guangxi,No.Guiweikejiaofa[2020]-17the Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Pathology of Guangxi Colleges and Universities,No.Guijiaokeyan[2022]-10Clinical Key Specialty Building Project(For Pathology)of Guangxi,No.Guiweiyifa[2022]-21.
文摘BACKGROUND The dysregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3(TIMP3)was positively correlated with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,it is not clear whether TIMP3 expression is associated with the clinico-pathological features and prognosis of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)-related HCC(AHCC).A retrospective study,including 182 patients with AHCC,was conducted to explore the link between TIMP3 expression in cancerous tissues and the clinico-pathological characteristics and prognosis of AHCC.TIMP3 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and its effects on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of AHCC were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression survival analysis.Odds ratio,hazard ratio(HR),median overall survival time(MST),median tumor recurrence-free survival time(MRT),and corresponding 95%confidential interval(CI)was calculated to RESULTS Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that compared with high TIMP3 expression,low TIMP3 expression in tumor tissues significantly decreased the MST(36.00 mo vs 18.00 mo)and MRT(32.00 mo vs 16 mo)of patients with AHCC.Multivariate Cox regression survival analysis further proved that decreased expression of TIMP3 increased the risk of death(HR=2.85,95%CI:2.04-4.00)and tumor recurrence(HR=2.26,95%CI:1.57-3.26).Furthermore,decreased expression of TIMP3 protein in tissues with AHCC was significantly correlated with tumor clinicopatho-logical features,such as tumor size,tumor grade and stage,tumor microvessel density,and tumor blood invasion.Additionally,TIMP3 protein expression was also negatively associated with amount of AFB1-DNA adducts in tumor tissues.CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the dysregulation of TIMP3 expression is related to AHCC biological behaviors and affects tumor outcome,suggesting that TIMP3 may act as a prognostic biomarker for AHCC.
基金funded by the grants from the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-41)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, China (ASTIP-IAS04)。
文摘San-Huang chicken is a high-quality breed in China with yellow feather, claw and break. However, the abnormal phenomenon of the yellow shank turning into green shank of San-Huang chicken has been a concern, as it seriously reduces the carcass quality and economic benefit of yellow-feathered broilers. In this study, the cause of this abnormal green skin in shank was systematically investigated. Physiological anatomy revealed that the abnormal skin in shank was primarily due to the deposition of melanin under the dermis. After analyzing multiple potential causes such as heredity(pedigree and genetic markers), environment(water quality monitoring) and feed composition(mycotoxin detection), excessive aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in feed was screened, accompanied with a higher L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine(L-DOPA)(P<0.05) and melanin content(P<0.01). So it was speculated that excessive AFB1 might be the main cause of abnormal green skin in shank. Subsequently, the further results showed that a high concentration of AFB1(>170 μg kg–1)indeed induced the abnormal green skin in shank compared to the normal AFB1 content(<10 μg kg–1), and the mRNA levels of TYR, TYRP1, MITE, MC1R and EDN3 genes related to melanin deposition would significantly up-regulate(P<0.01) and the content and activity of tyrosinase(TyR) significantly increased(P<0.05). At the same time, the content of L-DOPA and melanin deposition also increased significantly(P<0.01), which also confirmed the effect of excessive AFB1 on melanin deposition in skin of shank. Results of additional experiments revealed that the AFB1's negative effect on melanin deposition in skin of shank could last for a longer time. Taken together, the results of this study explained the occurrence and possible mechanisms of the abnormal AFB1-related green skin in shank of chickens. Excessive AFB1 in diets increased the L-DOPA content and melanin abnormal deposition in the chicken shank possibly via promoting TyR content and activity, and the expression of melanin synthesis-related genes. Furthermore, our findings once again raised the alarm of the danger of AFB1 in the broiler production.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61927813,61865009,and 12104203)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.20212ACB201007).
文摘Terahertz metamaterial biosensors have attracted significant attention in the biological field due to their advantages of label-free,real-time and in situ detection.In this paper,a highly sensitive metamaterial sensor with semi-ring mirror symmetry based on toroidal dipole resonance is designed for a new metamaterial biosensor.It is shown that a refractive index sensitivity of 337.5 GHz per refractive index unit can be achieved under an analyte of saturated thickness near a 1.33 THz transmission dip.For biosensor samples where aflatoxin B1 is dropped on the metamaterial surface in our experiment,dip amplitudes of transmission varying from 0.1904 to 0.203 and 0.2093 are observed as aflatoxin B1 concentrations are altered from 0 to 0.001μg·ml-1 and to 0.01μg·ml-1,respectively.Furthermore,when aflatoxin B1 concentrations are 0.1μg·ml-1,1μg·ml-1,10μg·ml-1 and 100μg·ml-1,dip amplitudes of 0.2179,0.226,0.2384 and 0.2527 and dip redshifts of 10.1 GHz,20.1 GHz,27.7 GHz and 37.6 GHz are respectively observed.These results illustrate high-sensitivity,label-free detection of aflatoxin B1,enriching the applications of sensors in the terahertz domain.
基金Supported by Hundred Leading Talents Training Project of Science and Technology Beijing(Z171100001117158)
文摘Immunomagnetic beads enrichment kit for detection of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) was prepared through reaction of AFB1 and p-phenylenediamine. The catches of AFB1 by the kit were 25 ng/mg. Furthermore, AFB1 was conducted specific reaction with competitive drugs with similar structure or function to AFB1, including aflatoxin M1, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and patulin, and no cross reaction was observed.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21575153,21435008,21874146)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB14030200)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KFZD-SW-203)
文摘Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is a highly toxic mycotoxin,and rapid and sensitive detection of AFB1 is in demand for food safety and environmental analysis.Here we described a simple aptamer molecular beacon assay for rapid detection of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)by using an aptamer with a fluorescein(FAM)label at the 50 end and a fluorescence quencher(black hole quencher 1,BHQ1)at the 30 end.In the presence of AFB1,the aptamer probe bound with AFB1 and induced a hairpin structure,drawing FAM and BHQ1 into close proximity and leading to fluorescence quenching.This assay allowed for a detection limit of 3.9 nmol/L and a dynamic range from 3.9 nmol/L to 4 mmol/L.Specificity test showed other mycotoxins including ochratoxin A,ochratoxin B,fumonisin B1,fumonisin B2,and zearalenone had negligible influence on detection of AFB1.AFB1 spiked in diluted liquor wine,methanol,or corn flour samples was successfully detected by using this aptamer probe,and the assay showed potential for real sample analysis.
文摘In the present study, the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. This was subsequently compared with commercial vegetable oil samples. Among the 23 different sunflower oil samples were tested, 10 of them showed posi-tive results to AFB1 and the remaining 13 showed negative results to AFB1. All the refined oil samples were free from AFB1 contamination.
文摘In this study, we have used a direct immunoassay where the simple binding between antigen and an antibody is detected. Immunoassays were performed in a drop system, monitoring the frequency decrease of the quartz-crystal microbalance device because of mass increasing during immunoreaction. The QCM sensor was coated on both sides by gold electrodes, only one side of the crystal (liquid side) was in contact with the solution;the other side (contact side) was always dry. We tested a piezoelectric immunosensor for aflatoxin B1 (AFLA-B1) mycotoxin detection through the immo- bilization of DSP-anti-AFLAB1 antibody (AFLA-B1-Ab anti AFLAB1) on gold-coated quartz crystals (AT-cut/5 MHz). The DSP (3,3’-Dithiodipropionic-acid-di-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) was used for the covalent attachment of the proteins. The piezoelectric crystal electrodes were pretreated by DSP for 15 min, rinsed with water and dried in a gentle flow of nitrogen gas. Then the DSP-coated crystals were installed in a sample holder and exposed to the anti-AFLAB1 antibody and to the AFLA-BI. Frequency and resistance shifts (Δf and ΔR) were measured simultaneously. Δf versus AFLA-BI concentrations in the range of 0.5 - 10 ppb exhibited a perfect linear correlation with a coefficient of above 0.998.
基金supported by Key Project of Sichuan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2025ZNSFSC0011)National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(32425056)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20250)Supported by the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-45).
文摘The mycotoxin aflatoxin B1(AFB1),frequently identified in animal feed and raw materials,induces oxidative stress as a primary toxicological consequence.The coumarin compound 4-methylesculetin(4-ME)possesses notable antioxidant properties,leading to its application in medical contexts.Given that the liver is the principal organ targeted by AFB1,this study investigated the potential mechanism through which 4-ME mitigated hepatic injury induced by AFB1 in grass carp.The grass carp(initial body weight of 11.40±0.01 g)were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups(3 replicates/treatment and 60 fish/replicate),which were control group(Control),60μg/kg AFB1 group(AFB1),10 mg/kg 4-ME group(4-ME)and 60μg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg 4-ME group(AFB1+4-ME).The present study found that AFB1 caused liver injury,dietary 4-ME supplementation enhanced the antioxidant capacity through the Nrf2 pathway,decreased the levels of AFB1-DNA adducts(P<0.001)and total bile acid(TBA)(P<0.001)in liver,and decreased the protein expression of CYP3A4 in liver(P<0.001),inhibited the transcriptional levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)-related genes(including XBP1,IRE1,ATF6,Chop,EIF2α,PERK,and GRP78)(P<0.05),autophagy-related genes(including beclin 1,LC3,and ATG12)(P<0.05)and apoptosis-related genes(including Bax,caspase-8,and caspase-3)(P<0.05).Dietary 4-ME supplementation also decreased the contents of iron(P=0.004),and increased SLC7A11(P=0.001)and GPx4 protein levels(P<0.001)in liver,and alleviated AFB1-induced elevation of AMPK and Ulk1 genes and proteins expression(P<0.05),and the decreased of TOR gene and protein expression(P<0.05)in live.In summary,AFB1 induced oxidative damage,ERS,apoptosis,and autophagy in the liver of grass carp,which are associated with ferroptosis and linked to the activation of the AMPK-TOR-Ulk1 signaling axis.Notably,supplementation with 4-ME mitigated these effects.The findings offer new theoretical insights into the potential of 4-ME to alleviate ferritinophagy-related diseases induced by AFB1 in grass carp.
