Aflatoxin associated with a number of cereals and legumes is estimated to increase the chances of developing primary liver cancer in 152.7 and 61.1 cancer/year/100,000 population of infants and children, respectively ...Aflatoxin associated with a number of cereals and legumes is estimated to increase the chances of developing primary liver cancer in 152.7 and 61.1 cancer/year/100,000 population of infants and children, respectively in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the implications of some agronomic practices on the infestation of aflatoxigenic fungi and total aflatoxin in maize produce in Benue State. Two maize sample types (Pre-harvest and Post-harvest) collected from 3 locations in Benue State were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar for fungi isolation and identification. Moisture content and total aflatoxin concentration were determined (ELISA method) in both pre-harvest oven dried and farmer’s post-harvest sun dried samples. Information on agronomic practices was obtained with the aid of questionnaire. T-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data with confident levels set at 95%. Overall, 5 mould genera were identified: Aspergillus (44.0%), Fusarium (24.44%), Botryodiplodia (17.78%), Rhizopus (15.56%) and Penicillium (4.44%). Moisture content of oven dried samples was significantly less than that of farmers sun dried samples (t = 10.45, P < 0.001). Similarly, a significant difference in total aflatoxin concentration was recorded between farmers sun dried and oven dried samples (t = 2.37, P = 0.03). Half of the farmer’s sun dried samples had aflatoxin concentration above the recommended EU (4 ug/Kg) limit, but none of the pre-harvest oven dried samples exceeded EU limits. Maize samples from fertilized farms were more likely than non-fertilized farms to have higher aflatoxin concentration (P = 0.002). Similarly, Maize seeds purchase from the open market were more likely than seeds from previous harvest to be contaminated with aflatoxin (P = 0.003). The study advocates rapid drying of timely harvested maize so as to reduce or stop the action of heavy field fungi contaminants as well as aflatoxin accumulation.展开更多
Food grain storage is a difficult task due to insect infestation and subsequent mycotoxin contaminations which adversely affects the nutritional quality of grains and leading to economic loss. Current research focuses...Food grain storage is a difficult task due to insect infestation and subsequent mycotoxin contaminations which adversely affects the nutritional quality of grains and leading to economic loss. Current research focuses on contact and fumigant toxicity effects of essential oils (EO) and aroma compounds against Sitophilus oryzae and growth inhibition of aflatoxigenic fungi. The EO of Ocimum gratissimum comprised of thymol (46.8%), γ-terpinene (14.04%) along with o-cymene (11.76%). Also, Cymbopogon flexuosus rich in citral (76.3%) and geraniol (84.6%) and Cymbopogon nardus having geraniol (49.24%) and geranyl acetate (20.9%) were all evaluated using a dose of 25 μL (Conc∼833.3 μL/L air) against S. oryzae . All the compounds showed significant mortality (>95%) at 24 h of exposure. The insecticidal property of O. gratissimum oil chemotype showed a strong contact and fumigant toxicity against S. oryzae at a highest dose of 25 μL (Conc∼833.3 μL/L air) within 24 h. It has been further evaluated on three aflatoxigenic fungal strains which showed reduction in growth and aflatoxin content (Aflatoxin B and G), which was markedly reduced upon the treatment. The binary mixture interaction of O. gratissimum oil with monoterpene phenol (carvacrol) was assessed and the specific binary mixture of 80:20 ratio (having additive property) acts as a contact insecticide with 100% mortality. Hence, essential oil of less explored Ocimum species (O. gratissimum ) and its binary mixture could be deployed as potential biorational for control of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae ) and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp.展开更多
文摘Aflatoxin associated with a number of cereals and legumes is estimated to increase the chances of developing primary liver cancer in 152.7 and 61.1 cancer/year/100,000 population of infants and children, respectively in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the implications of some agronomic practices on the infestation of aflatoxigenic fungi and total aflatoxin in maize produce in Benue State. Two maize sample types (Pre-harvest and Post-harvest) collected from 3 locations in Benue State were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar for fungi isolation and identification. Moisture content and total aflatoxin concentration were determined (ELISA method) in both pre-harvest oven dried and farmer’s post-harvest sun dried samples. Information on agronomic practices was obtained with the aid of questionnaire. T-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data with confident levels set at 95%. Overall, 5 mould genera were identified: Aspergillus (44.0%), Fusarium (24.44%), Botryodiplodia (17.78%), Rhizopus (15.56%) and Penicillium (4.44%). Moisture content of oven dried samples was significantly less than that of farmers sun dried samples (t = 10.45, P < 0.001). Similarly, a significant difference in total aflatoxin concentration was recorded between farmers sun dried and oven dried samples (t = 2.37, P = 0.03). Half of the farmer’s sun dried samples had aflatoxin concentration above the recommended EU (4 ug/Kg) limit, but none of the pre-harvest oven dried samples exceeded EU limits. Maize samples from fertilized farms were more likely than non-fertilized farms to have higher aflatoxin concentration (P = 0.002). Similarly, Maize seeds purchase from the open market were more likely than seeds from previous harvest to be contaminated with aflatoxin (P = 0.003). The study advocates rapid drying of timely harvested maize so as to reduce or stop the action of heavy field fungi contaminants as well as aflatoxin accumulation.
基金AVR,AR and BK,acknowledges the financial support of UGC NET-JRF Fellowship by University Grant Commissions(UGC),Delhi,IndiaCSV greatly acknowledges the support of CSIR Endophyte Network Project under FBR Scheme(MLP 0048)and HCP31(CSIR-ATLAS Mission)+1 种基金Authors,acknowledge the support of Director,CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute Mysore(CFTRI),570020,Karnataka for providing the necessary facilitiesAuthors also thank Ms.M Asha(Sr.Technical officer),CIFS,CSIR-CFTRI for assistance in GC analysis and Mr.Bhavani Eswaran M(Sr.Technical Officer)CIFS,CSIR-CFTRI for GC-MS analysis.(PMC communication number:PMC/2021-22/373).
文摘Food grain storage is a difficult task due to insect infestation and subsequent mycotoxin contaminations which adversely affects the nutritional quality of grains and leading to economic loss. Current research focuses on contact and fumigant toxicity effects of essential oils (EO) and aroma compounds against Sitophilus oryzae and growth inhibition of aflatoxigenic fungi. The EO of Ocimum gratissimum comprised of thymol (46.8%), γ-terpinene (14.04%) along with o-cymene (11.76%). Also, Cymbopogon flexuosus rich in citral (76.3%) and geraniol (84.6%) and Cymbopogon nardus having geraniol (49.24%) and geranyl acetate (20.9%) were all evaluated using a dose of 25 μL (Conc∼833.3 μL/L air) against S. oryzae . All the compounds showed significant mortality (>95%) at 24 h of exposure. The insecticidal property of O. gratissimum oil chemotype showed a strong contact and fumigant toxicity against S. oryzae at a highest dose of 25 μL (Conc∼833.3 μL/L air) within 24 h. It has been further evaluated on three aflatoxigenic fungal strains which showed reduction in growth and aflatoxin content (Aflatoxin B and G), which was markedly reduced upon the treatment. The binary mixture interaction of O. gratissimum oil with monoterpene phenol (carvacrol) was assessed and the specific binary mixture of 80:20 ratio (having additive property) acts as a contact insecticide with 100% mortality. Hence, essential oil of less explored Ocimum species (O. gratissimum ) and its binary mixture could be deployed as potential biorational for control of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae ) and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp.
