To the editor:A wide range of affective disorders affects people of all ages globally and contributes significantly to the global disease burden.1 In China,a nationwide survey found a 3.21% prevalence of affective dis...To the editor:A wide range of affective disorders affects people of all ages globally and contributes significantly to the global disease burden.1 In China,a nationwide survey found a 3.21% prevalence of affective disorders in children and adolescents,with major depressive disorder(MDD)at 2.00%and bipolar disorder at 0.86%.展开更多
The dynamics of student engagement and emotional states significantly influence learning outcomes.Positive emotions resulting from successful task completion stand in contrast to negative affective states that arise f...The dynamics of student engagement and emotional states significantly influence learning outcomes.Positive emotions resulting from successful task completion stand in contrast to negative affective states that arise from learning struggles or failures.Effective transitions to engagement occur upon problem resolution,while unresolved issues lead to frustration and subsequent boredom.This study proposes a Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)based approach utilizing the Multi⁃source Academic Affective Engagement Dataset(MAAED)to categorize facial expressions into boredom,confusion,frustration,and yawning.This method provides an efficient and objective way to assess student engagement by extracting features from facial images.Recognizing and addressing negative affective states,such as confusion and boredom,is fundamental in creating supportive learning environments.Through automated frame extraction and model comparison,this study demonstrates reduced loss values with improving accuracy,showcasing the effectiveness of this method in objectively evaluating student engagement.Monitoring facial engagement with CNN using the MAAED dataset is essential for gaining insights into human behaviour and improving educational experiences.展开更多
This paper is dedicated to constructing a theoretical framework for the identification and treatment of affective disorders in traditional Chinese medicine based on the“five-organ view”.Through in-depth analysis of ...This paper is dedicated to constructing a theoretical framework for the identification and treatment of affective disorders in traditional Chinese medicine based on the“five-organ view”.Through in-depth analysis of the theoretical connotation of the“five-organ concept”,we discussed the characteristics of the five-organ mechanism of affective-philosophical disorders in detail,systematically constructed a system of identification based on the association of the five organs,and proposed a comprehensive and holistic treatment strategy.The results of the study clearly show that the theoretical framework can provide systematic theoretical guidance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of affective-philosophical disorders in Chinese medicine,help to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic effects of affective-philosophical disorders,and provide new ideas and methods for the theoretical development and clinical practice of affective-philosophical disorders in Chinese medicine,which is of important theoretical and practical significance,and can further promote the modernization of the development of affective-philosophical disorders in Chinese medicine.展开更多
For the following decades after the American Civil War,most American literature works presented the war in a romantic or sentimental manner.However,Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage gave it a naturalistic touc...For the following decades after the American Civil War,most American literature works presented the war in a romantic or sentimental manner.However,Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage gave it a naturalistic touch to tell the story of Henry Fleming,the main character,overcoming cowardice and becoming a hero.Through its revolutionary criticism of psychoanalysis and capitalism,Deleuze and Guattari contributed a legacy to postmodern philosophy with their affect philosophy,with virtuality at its pivot.Using the Deleuzo-Guattarian affective philosophy as a scope,it is clear that the maturing of Henry is in fact a sequence of two attempts of deterritorialization in the war,one failed and the other successful.The heroism Henry acquires is demonstrated in the form of virtual death and disconnection with meaning;nonetheless,his return to the society makes it an incomplete destratification,which,at the same time,indicates the opportunity to be a true hero is forever lost to Henry,lost on the battlefield.展开更多
Attention mechanism has been a successful method for multimodal affective analysis in recent years. Despite the advances, several significant challenges remain in fusing language and its nonverbal context information....Attention mechanism has been a successful method for multimodal affective analysis in recent years. Despite the advances, several significant challenges remain in fusing language and its nonverbal context information. One is to generate sparse attention coefficients associated with acoustic and visual modalities, which helps locate critical emotional se-mantics. The other is fusing complementary cross‐modal representation to construct optimal salient feature combinations of multiple modalities. A Conditional Transformer Fusion Network is proposed to handle these problems. Firstly, the authors equip the transformer module with CNN layers to enhance the detection of subtle signal patterns in nonverbal sequences. Secondly, sentiment words are utilised as context conditions to guide the computation of cross‐modal attention. As a result, the located nonverbal fea-tures are not only salient but also complementary to sentiment words directly. Experi-mental results show that the authors’ method achieves state‐of‐the‐art performance on several multimodal affective analysis datasets.展开更多
BACKGROUND Affective disorders(AD)have been linked to inflammatory processes,although the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are still not fully elucidated.It is hypothesized that demographic,somatic,lifestyle...BACKGROUND Affective disorders(AD)have been linked to inflammatory processes,although the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are still not fully elucidated.It is hypothesized that demographic,somatic,lifestyle,and personality variables predict inflammatory parameters in AD.AIM To identify biopsychosocial factors contributing to inflammation in AD measured with two parameters,C-reactive protein(CRP)and leukocytes.METHODS This observational study investigated 186 hospital inpatients diagnosed with AD using demographic parameters,serum inflammatory markers,somatic variables,psychological questionnaires,and lifestyle parameters.Hierarchical regression analyses were used to predict inflammatory markers from demographic,somatic,lifestyle,and personality variables.RESULTS Analyses showed that 33.8%of the variance of CRP was explained by body mass index and other somatic medication(e.g.anti-diabetics),age and education,and age of affective disorder diagnosis.For leukocytes,20.1%of the variance was explained by smoking,diet,metabolic syndrome(MetS),and anti-inflammatory medication(e.g.non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).Other psychiatric or behavioural variables did not reach significance.CONCLUSION Metabolic components seem important,with mounting evidence for a metabolic affective disorder subtype.Lifestyle modifications and psychoeducation should be employed to prevent or treat MetS in AD.展开更多
As the frontier of intelligent computing technology,affective computing has been used in border inspection,case investigation,crime assessment,public opinion management,traffic management and other scenarios of public...As the frontier of intelligent computing technology,affective computing has been used in border inspection,case investigation,crime assessment,public opinion management,traffic management and other scenarios of public governance.However,there are still public risks associated with its failure to meet the basic requirements of modern public governance,and these risks are rooted in its technical characteristics.The technical characteristics of turning emotions into signals can give rise to such problems as degrading the right to informed consent,de-governance,and undermining human dignity when applied in public governance,and consequently can lead to social rights anxiety.Additionally,the affective modeling characteristics of affective computing tend to incur the rights risks of insufficient algorithm accuracy,algorithmic discrimination,and algorithmic black boxes.To avoid these risks,it is necessary to adopt the dynamic consent model as the premise for applying affective computing in public governance,and to regulate the auxiliary application of affective computing in public governance in a hierarchical manner,to achieve a balance between the application of affective computing technology and the protection of citizens'rights and the maintenance of public ethics.展开更多
This research is framed within the affective computing, which explains the importance of emotions in human cognition (decision making, perception, interaction and human intelligence). Applying this approach to a pedag...This research is framed within the affective computing, which explains the importance of emotions in human cognition (decision making, perception, interaction and human intelligence). Applying this approach to a pedagogical agent is an essential part to enhance the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process of an intelligent learning system. This work focuses on the design of the inference engine that will give life to the interface, where the latter is represented by a pedagogical agent. The inference engine is based on an affective-motivational model. This model is implemented by using artificial intelligence technique called fuzzy cognitive maps.展开更多
Affective factors and cognitive factors are two important parts of English learning, However, English teaching in recent years have taken into special consideration the necessity of knowledge and intelligence and comp...Affective factors and cognitive factors are two important parts of English learning, However, English teaching in recent years have taken into special consideration the necessity of knowledge and intelligence and comparatively ignored the development of affection. It may greatly reduce students＇ English learning capacity and limit the whole development of students. This paper will discuss the definition and the importance of affection and some main affective factors, and illustrate some implications of how to implement practical affective activities.展开更多
The new curriculum standard points out that affection is one of the most important goals of fundamental education. The non-target language environment is easier to cause the affective change of middle school students ...The new curriculum standard points out that affection is one of the most important goals of fundamental education. The non-target language environment is easier to cause the affective change of middle school students who are changeable in their affective state. Based on the affective filter hypothesis, this paper deals with the adjustment to affective factors in English learning by using Internet English Curriculum Resource, such as attitude and motivation, anxiety and inhibition, self-esteem and self-confidence. At last, some suggestions are offered to judge Internet English Curriculum Resource.展开更多
This paper focuses on the vocational college students' experiences in English learning, classroom activities, attitudes to their English learning and achievements. It aims to find out how to make use of their posi...This paper focuses on the vocational college students' experiences in English learning, classroom activities, attitudes to their English learning and achievements. It aims to find out how to make use of their positive personal factors to improve their English achievement so that both vocational college teachers and students may gain some enlightenment from the study.展开更多
Autonomous study emphasizes the learner's initiative,enthusiasm and creativity.In all fields of education,there is growing emphasis on "learner-centered" teaching methods and the ability of learner auton...Autonomous study emphasizes the learner's initiative,enthusiasm and creativity.In all fields of education,there is growing emphasis on "learner-centered" teaching methods and the ability of learner autonomy.Many experts and scholars have found that learning strategies plays an important role in English language learning,but the importance of affective strategy use in English learning is often ignored by people.Therefore,this paper focuses on the frequencies of affective strategies use in English learning and their relationships so as to enable college students to use positive affective strategies effectively to improve their autonomous learning ability.展开更多
A personalized emotion space is proposed to bridge the ＂affective gap＂ in video affective content understanding. In order to unify the discrete and dimensional emotion model, fuzzy C-mean （FCM） clustering algorith...A personalized emotion space is proposed to bridge the ＂affective gap＂ in video affective content understanding. In order to unify the discrete and dimensional emotion model, fuzzy C-mean （FCM） clustering algorithm is adopted to divide the emotion space. Gaussian mixture model （GMM） is used to determine the membership functions of typical affective subspaces. At every step of modeling the space, the inputs rely completely on the affective experiences recorded by the audiences. The advantages of the improved V-A （Velance-Arousal） emotion model are the per- sonalization, the ability to define typical affective state areas in the V-A emotion space, and the convenience to explicitly express the intensity of each affective state. The experimental results validate the model and show it can be used as a personalized emotion space for video affective content representation.展开更多
Foreign language teaching has shifted from teacher-centered teaching method to student-centered in recent years.Affective factors should be paid enough attention in teacher-learner interaction in.This paper aims to ma...Foreign language teaching has shifted from teacher-centered teaching method to student-centered in recent years.Affective factors should be paid enough attention in teacher-learner interaction in.This paper aims to make an exploration into the effects of affective factors in college learners'classroom.展开更多
Admittedly cognitive variables such as intelligence and aptitude exert great impact on English learning. Affective variables, however, are of intense importance in determining English learning as well, because affect ...Admittedly cognitive variables such as intelligence and aptitude exert great impact on English learning. Affective variables, however, are of intense importance in determining English learning as well, because affect is a starting machine that sets the learning mechanism in motion and learning will run into difficulty if affect does not work properly. Besides, there is mounting interest in exploring the affective domain. Therefore, this paper focuses upon the analyses of four affective variables(attitude, motivation, self-esteem and anxiety) that have bearings on English learning and sets forth Implications for English teaching.展开更多
Nowadays,the development of economy as well as the progress of society requires better English competence of college students.As a result,a large number of college students are obsessedby affective barriers in their E...Nowadays,the development of economy as well as the progress of society requires better English competence of college students.As a result,a large number of college students are obsessedby affective barriers in their English learning,especially when they have to cope with CET 4 or CET 6,which is more and more difficult.This paper focuses on how to help college students overcome their affective barriers more effectively to improve their English learning.展开更多
Traditional English teaching lacks the consciousness of the importance of learner's affective factors and has trouble in training the qualified English speakers that the society needs.This paper talks about the im...Traditional English teaching lacks the consciousness of the importance of learner's affective factors and has trouble in training the qualified English speakers that the society needs.This paper talks about the importance of learner's motivation,attitude and personality.It is proposed that teachers should adopt the eclectic method accompanying with student-centered class.Teachers are asked to pay more attention to their different roles and the ways to create a positive climate for learning in class.展开更多
The paper mainly discusses the importance of affective factors in college English listening teaching and gives some sug gestions on how to cultivate students'positive affective factors.
Affective factors are the meaning of"decisive essence "in foreign language learning. Adult foreign language learning is much influenced by affective factors than children language development in the process ...Affective factors are the meaning of"decisive essence "in foreign language learning. Adult foreign language learning is much influenced by affective factors than children language development in the process of language development. In this paper, on the basis of a Krashen's"Affective Filter Hypothesis", the writer analyses the reasons, and analyses adult foreign language learning and child language development affect differently from four main affective factors: motivation, self-confidence,anxiety and empathy.展开更多
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain and it has been shown that prolonged activation of the glutamatergic system leads to nerve damage and cell death.Following release from the p...Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain and it has been shown that prolonged activation of the glutamatergic system leads to nerve damage and cell death.Following release from the pre-synaptic neuron and synaptic transmission,glutamate is either taken up into the presynaptic neuron or neighbouring glia by transmembrane glutamate transporters.Excitatory amino acid transporter(EAAT)1 and EAAT2 are Na+-dependant glutamate transporters expressed predominantly in glia cells of the central nervous system.As the most abundant glutamate transporters,their primary role is to modulate levels of glutamatergic excitability and prevent spill over of glutamate beyond the synapse.This role is facilitated through the binding and transportation of glutamate into astrocytes and microglia.The function of EAAT1 and EAAT2 is heavily regulated at the levels of gene expression,post-transcriptional splicing,glycosylation states and cell-surface trafficking of the protein.Both glutamatergic dysfunction and glial dysfunction have been proposed to be involved in psychiatric disorder.This review will present an overview of the roles that EAAT1 and EAAT2 play in modulating glutamatergic activity in the human brain,and mount an argument that these two transporters could be involved in the aetiologies of schizophrenia and affective disorders as well as represent potential drug targets for novel therapies for those disorders.展开更多
基金the Tianjin Health Research Project(Grant No.TJWJ2023MS038)Tianjin Education Commission Research Project(Grant No.2023KJ044)S&T Program of Hebei(SG2021189)。
文摘To the editor:A wide range of affective disorders affects people of all ages globally and contributes significantly to the global disease burden.1 In China,a nationwide survey found a 3.21% prevalence of affective disorders in children and adolescents,with major depressive disorder(MDD)at 2.00%and bipolar disorder at 0.86%.
文摘The dynamics of student engagement and emotional states significantly influence learning outcomes.Positive emotions resulting from successful task completion stand in contrast to negative affective states that arise from learning struggles or failures.Effective transitions to engagement occur upon problem resolution,while unresolved issues lead to frustration and subsequent boredom.This study proposes a Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)based approach utilizing the Multi⁃source Academic Affective Engagement Dataset(MAAED)to categorize facial expressions into boredom,confusion,frustration,and yawning.This method provides an efficient and objective way to assess student engagement by extracting features from facial images.Recognizing and addressing negative affective states,such as confusion and boredom,is fundamental in creating supportive learning environments.Through automated frame extraction and model comparison,this study demonstrates reduced loss values with improving accuracy,showcasing the effectiveness of this method in objectively evaluating student engagement.Monitoring facial engagement with CNN using the MAAED dataset is essential for gaining insights into human behaviour and improving educational experiences.
文摘This paper is dedicated to constructing a theoretical framework for the identification and treatment of affective disorders in traditional Chinese medicine based on the“five-organ view”.Through in-depth analysis of the theoretical connotation of the“five-organ concept”,we discussed the characteristics of the five-organ mechanism of affective-philosophical disorders in detail,systematically constructed a system of identification based on the association of the five organs,and proposed a comprehensive and holistic treatment strategy.The results of the study clearly show that the theoretical framework can provide systematic theoretical guidance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of affective-philosophical disorders in Chinese medicine,help to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic effects of affective-philosophical disorders,and provide new ideas and methods for the theoretical development and clinical practice of affective-philosophical disorders in Chinese medicine,which is of important theoretical and practical significance,and can further promote the modernization of the development of affective-philosophical disorders in Chinese medicine.
文摘For the following decades after the American Civil War,most American literature works presented the war in a romantic or sentimental manner.However,Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage gave it a naturalistic touch to tell the story of Henry Fleming,the main character,overcoming cowardice and becoming a hero.Through its revolutionary criticism of psychoanalysis and capitalism,Deleuze and Guattari contributed a legacy to postmodern philosophy with their affect philosophy,with virtuality at its pivot.Using the Deleuzo-Guattarian affective philosophy as a scope,it is clear that the maturing of Henry is in fact a sequence of two attempts of deterritorialization in the war,one failed and the other successful.The heroism Henry acquires is demonstrated in the form of virtual death and disconnection with meaning;nonetheless,his return to the society makes it an incomplete destratification,which,at the same time,indicates the opportunity to be a true hero is forever lost to Henry,lost on the battlefield.
基金National Key Research and Development Plan of China, Grant/Award Number: 2021YFB3600503National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Numbers: 62276065, U21A20472。
文摘Attention mechanism has been a successful method for multimodal affective analysis in recent years. Despite the advances, several significant challenges remain in fusing language and its nonverbal context information. One is to generate sparse attention coefficients associated with acoustic and visual modalities, which helps locate critical emotional se-mantics. The other is fusing complementary cross‐modal representation to construct optimal salient feature combinations of multiple modalities. A Conditional Transformer Fusion Network is proposed to handle these problems. Firstly, the authors equip the transformer module with CNN layers to enhance the detection of subtle signal patterns in nonverbal sequences. Secondly, sentiment words are utilised as context conditions to guide the computation of cross‐modal attention. As a result, the located nonverbal fea-tures are not only salient but also complementary to sentiment words directly. Experi-mental results show that the authors’ method achieves state‐of‐the‐art performance on several multimodal affective analysis datasets.
文摘BACKGROUND Affective disorders(AD)have been linked to inflammatory processes,although the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are still not fully elucidated.It is hypothesized that demographic,somatic,lifestyle,and personality variables predict inflammatory parameters in AD.AIM To identify biopsychosocial factors contributing to inflammation in AD measured with two parameters,C-reactive protein(CRP)and leukocytes.METHODS This observational study investigated 186 hospital inpatients diagnosed with AD using demographic parameters,serum inflammatory markers,somatic variables,psychological questionnaires,and lifestyle parameters.Hierarchical regression analyses were used to predict inflammatory markers from demographic,somatic,lifestyle,and personality variables.RESULTS Analyses showed that 33.8%of the variance of CRP was explained by body mass index and other somatic medication(e.g.anti-diabetics),age and education,and age of affective disorder diagnosis.For leukocytes,20.1%of the variance was explained by smoking,diet,metabolic syndrome(MetS),and anti-inflammatory medication(e.g.non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).Other psychiatric or behavioural variables did not reach significance.CONCLUSION Metabolic components seem important,with mounting evidence for a metabolic affective disorder subtype.Lifestyle modifications and psychoeducation should be employed to prevent or treat MetS in AD.
基金a phased achievement of the 2020 Youth Fund Project of the Ministry of Education in Humanities and Social Sciences of China,titled“Legislative Research on Collaborative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms for Medical Disputes in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area”(Project Number 20YJC820023)。
文摘As the frontier of intelligent computing technology,affective computing has been used in border inspection,case investigation,crime assessment,public opinion management,traffic management and other scenarios of public governance.However,there are still public risks associated with its failure to meet the basic requirements of modern public governance,and these risks are rooted in its technical characteristics.The technical characteristics of turning emotions into signals can give rise to such problems as degrading the right to informed consent,de-governance,and undermining human dignity when applied in public governance,and consequently can lead to social rights anxiety.Additionally,the affective modeling characteristics of affective computing tend to incur the rights risks of insufficient algorithm accuracy,algorithmic discrimination,and algorithmic black boxes.To avoid these risks,it is necessary to adopt the dynamic consent model as the premise for applying affective computing in public governance,and to regulate the auxiliary application of affective computing in public governance in a hierarchical manner,to achieve a balance between the application of affective computing technology and the protection of citizens'rights and the maintenance of public ethics.
文摘This research is framed within the affective computing, which explains the importance of emotions in human cognition (decision making, perception, interaction and human intelligence). Applying this approach to a pedagogical agent is an essential part to enhance the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process of an intelligent learning system. This work focuses on the design of the inference engine that will give life to the interface, where the latter is represented by a pedagogical agent. The inference engine is based on an affective-motivational model. This model is implemented by using artificial intelligence technique called fuzzy cognitive maps.
文摘Affective factors and cognitive factors are two important parts of English learning, However, English teaching in recent years have taken into special consideration the necessity of knowledge and intelligence and comparatively ignored the development of affection. It may greatly reduce students＇ English learning capacity and limit the whole development of students. This paper will discuss the definition and the importance of affection and some main affective factors, and illustrate some implications of how to implement practical affective activities.
文摘The new curriculum standard points out that affection is one of the most important goals of fundamental education. The non-target language environment is easier to cause the affective change of middle school students who are changeable in their affective state. Based on the affective filter hypothesis, this paper deals with the adjustment to affective factors in English learning by using Internet English Curriculum Resource, such as attitude and motivation, anxiety and inhibition, self-esteem and self-confidence. At last, some suggestions are offered to judge Internet English Curriculum Resource.
文摘This paper focuses on the vocational college students' experiences in English learning, classroom activities, attitudes to their English learning and achievements. It aims to find out how to make use of their positive personal factors to improve their English achievement so that both vocational college teachers and students may gain some enlightenment from the study.
文摘Autonomous study emphasizes the learner's initiative,enthusiasm and creativity.In all fields of education,there is growing emphasis on "learner-centered" teaching methods and the ability of learner autonomy.Many experts and scholars have found that learning strategies plays an important role in English language learning,but the importance of affective strategy use in English learning is often ignored by people.Therefore,this paper focuses on the frequencies of affective strategies use in English learning and their relationships so as to enable college students to use positive affective strategies effectively to improve their autonomous learning ability.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60703049)the "Chenguang" Foundation for Young Scientists (200850731353)the National Postdoctoral Foundation of China (20060400847)
文摘A personalized emotion space is proposed to bridge the ＂affective gap＂ in video affective content understanding. In order to unify the discrete and dimensional emotion model, fuzzy C-mean （FCM） clustering algorithm is adopted to divide the emotion space. Gaussian mixture model （GMM） is used to determine the membership functions of typical affective subspaces. At every step of modeling the space, the inputs rely completely on the affective experiences recorded by the audiences. The advantages of the improved V-A （Velance-Arousal） emotion model are the per- sonalization, the ability to define typical affective state areas in the V-A emotion space, and the convenience to explicitly express the intensity of each affective state. The experimental results validate the model and show it can be used as a personalized emotion space for video affective content representation.
文摘Foreign language teaching has shifted from teacher-centered teaching method to student-centered in recent years.Affective factors should be paid enough attention in teacher-learner interaction in.This paper aims to make an exploration into the effects of affective factors in college learners'classroom.
文摘Admittedly cognitive variables such as intelligence and aptitude exert great impact on English learning. Affective variables, however, are of intense importance in determining English learning as well, because affect is a starting machine that sets the learning mechanism in motion and learning will run into difficulty if affect does not work properly. Besides, there is mounting interest in exploring the affective domain. Therefore, this paper focuses upon the analyses of four affective variables(attitude, motivation, self-esteem and anxiety) that have bearings on English learning and sets forth Implications for English teaching.
文摘Nowadays,the development of economy as well as the progress of society requires better English competence of college students.As a result,a large number of college students are obsessedby affective barriers in their English learning,especially when they have to cope with CET 4 or CET 6,which is more and more difficult.This paper focuses on how to help college students overcome their affective barriers more effectively to improve their English learning.
文摘Traditional English teaching lacks the consciousness of the importance of learner's affective factors and has trouble in training the qualified English speakers that the society needs.This paper talks about the importance of learner's motivation,attitude and personality.It is proposed that teachers should adopt the eclectic method accompanying with student-centered class.Teachers are asked to pay more attention to their different roles and the ways to create a positive climate for learning in class.
文摘The paper mainly discusses the importance of affective factors in college English listening teaching and gives some sug gestions on how to cultivate students'positive affective factors.
文摘Affective factors are the meaning of"decisive essence "in foreign language learning. Adult foreign language learning is much influenced by affective factors than children language development in the process of language development. In this paper, on the basis of a Krashen's"Affective Filter Hypothesis", the writer analyses the reasons, and analyses adult foreign language learning and child language development affect differently from four main affective factors: motivation, self-confidence,anxiety and empathy.
文摘Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain and it has been shown that prolonged activation of the glutamatergic system leads to nerve damage and cell death.Following release from the pre-synaptic neuron and synaptic transmission,glutamate is either taken up into the presynaptic neuron or neighbouring glia by transmembrane glutamate transporters.Excitatory amino acid transporter(EAAT)1 and EAAT2 are Na+-dependant glutamate transporters expressed predominantly in glia cells of the central nervous system.As the most abundant glutamate transporters,their primary role is to modulate levels of glutamatergic excitability and prevent spill over of glutamate beyond the synapse.This role is facilitated through the binding and transportation of glutamate into astrocytes and microglia.The function of EAAT1 and EAAT2 is heavily regulated at the levels of gene expression,post-transcriptional splicing,glycosylation states and cell-surface trafficking of the protein.Both glutamatergic dysfunction and glial dysfunction have been proposed to be involved in psychiatric disorder.This review will present an overview of the roles that EAAT1 and EAAT2 play in modulating glutamatergic activity in the human brain,and mount an argument that these two transporters could be involved in the aetiologies of schizophrenia and affective disorders as well as represent potential drug targets for novel therapies for those disorders.
