The phenomenon of adult neurogenesis is now an accepted occurrence in mammals and also in humans.At least two discrete places house stem cells for generation of neurons in adult brain. These are olfactory system and t...The phenomenon of adult neurogenesis is now an accepted occurrence in mammals and also in humans.At least two discrete places house stem cells for generation of neurons in adult brain. These are olfactory system and the hippocampus. In animals, newly generated neurons have been directly or indirectly demonstrated to generate a significant amount of new neurons to have a functional role. However, the data in humans on the extent of this process is still scanty and such as difficult to comprehend its functional role in humans. This paper explores the available data on as extent of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in humans and makes comparison to animal data.展开更多
Communication of Lisbon Strategy sets out an integrated package of measures to deliver more sustainable consumption （including food）, better environmental protection, correct population and production evaluations by...Communication of Lisbon Strategy sets out an integrated package of measures to deliver more sustainable consumption （including food）, better environmental protection, correct population and production evaluations by using appropriate and more meaningful methods. It lays ahead as one of the key challenges for EU28-PC, Adult Equivalent （AE） and conjoint evaluations and implementation are not sufficiently dynamic and forward-looking to drive the performance of methods upwards. Those evaluations do not serve the above purpose. On PC, AE method use overall, voluntary and regulatory instruments are not sufficiently connected and potential synergies among the different instruments are not exploited. Divergent national, international approaches send conflicting signals to producers and consumers. As a result, the full potential of the internal food market of EU28 and its impact on environment are not realized and evaluated on properly identified UNIT basis. Misidentified UNIT for measurement would not give correct results and if one installs his correct assumptions on the wrong unit, the falls results will start following each other. The developed PAHUM-（Copy-right 1989） and policy approach may integrate the potential of the different policy instruments, helping implement them （gender, age, structure and household size） to food consumption and environmental issues.展开更多
BACKGROUND Incidental pulmonary nodules are an increasingly common finding on computed tomography(CT)scans of the thorax due to the exponential rise in CT examin-ations in everyday practice.The majority of incidental ...BACKGROUND Incidental pulmonary nodules are an increasingly common finding on computed tomography(CT)scans of the thorax due to the exponential rise in CT examin-ations in everyday practice.The majority of incidental pulmonary nodules are benign and correctly identifying the small number of malignant nodules is cha-llenging.Ultra-low-dose CT(ULDCT)has been shown to be effective in diagnosis of respiratory pathology in comparison with traditional standard dose techniques.Our hypothesis was that ULDCT chest combined with model-based iterative reconstruction(MBIR)is comparable to standard dose CT(SDCT)chest in the analysis of pulmonary nodules with significant reduction in radiation dose.AIM To prospectively compare ULDCT chest combined with MBIR with SDCT chest in the analysis of solid pulmonary nodules.METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted on adult patients(n=30)attending a respiratory medicine outpatient clinic in a tertiary referral university hospital for surveillance of previously detected indeterminate pulmonary nodules on SDCT chest.This study involved the acquisition of a reference SDCT chest followed immediately by an ULDCT chest.Nodule identification,nodule characterisation,nodule measurement,objective and subjective image quality and radiation dose were compared between ULDCT with MBIR and SDCT chest.RESULTS One hundred solid nodules were detected on ULDCT chest and 98 on SDCT chest.There was no significant difference in the characteristics of correctly identified nodules when comparing SDCT chest to ULDCT chest protocols.Signal-to-noise ratio was significantly increased in the ULDCT chest in all areas except in the paraspinal muscle at the maximum cardiac diameter level(P<0.001).The mean subjective image quality score for overall diagnostic acceptability was 8.9/10.The mean dose length product,computed tomography volume dose index and effective dose for the ULDCT chest protocol were 5.592 mGy.cm,0.16 mGy and 0.08 mSv respectively.These were significantly less than the SDCT chest protocol(P<0.001)and represent a radiation dose reduction of 97.6%.CONCLUSION ULDCT chest combined with MBIR is non-inferior to SDCT chest in the analysis of previously identified solid pulmonary nodules and facilitates a large reduction in radiation dose.展开更多
The halopyrimidine 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine(BrdU)is an exogenous marker of DNA synthesis.Since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies against BrdU,an increasing number of methodologies have been used for the immuno...The halopyrimidine 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine(BrdU)is an exogenous marker of DNA synthesis.Since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies against BrdU,an increasing number of methodologies have been used for the immunodetection of this synthesized bromine-tagged base analogue into replicating DNA.BrdU labeling is widely used for identifying neuron precursors and following their fate during the embryonic,perinatal,and adult neurogenesis in a variety of vertebrate species including birds,reptiles,and mammals.Due to BrdU toxicity,its incorporation into replicating DNA presents adverse consequences on the generation,survival,and settled patterns of cells.This may lead to false results and misinterpretation in the identification of proliferative neuroblasts.In this review,I will indicate the detrimental effects of this nucleoside during the development of the central nervous system,as well as the reliability of BrdU labeling to detect proliferating neuroblasts.Moreover,it will show factors influencing BrdU immunodetection and the contribution of this nucleoside to the study of prenatal,perinatal,and adult neurogenesis.Human adult neurogenesis will also be discussed.It is my hope that this review serves as a reference for those researchers who focused on detecting cells that are in the synthetic phase of the cell cycle.展开更多
The adult human gut microbiota consists of at least as many bacterial cells as our total number of somatic and germ cells(Sender et al.2016).Their collective genomes(microbiome)contain 2-3 order of magnitude more gene...The adult human gut microbiota consists of at least as many bacterial cells as our total number of somatic and germ cells(Sender et al.2016).Their collective genomes(microbiome)contain 2-3 order of magnitude more genes(Li et al.2014)and can accordingly complement our own human genome with functions we did not need to develop.The gut micro-biota was clearly demonstrated to protect and even treat Clostridioides difficile(earlier known as Clostridium dif-ficile)infections in humans(van Nood et al.2013).展开更多
基金supported by the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa(CARTA).CARTA is jointly led by the African Population and Health Research Center(APHRC)and the University of the Witwatersrandfunded by the Wellcome Trust(UK)(Grant No.087547/Z/08/Z)+5 种基金the Department for International Development(DfID)under the Development Partnerships in Higher Education(DelPHE),the Carnegie Corporation of New York(Grant No.B 8606)the Ford Foundation(Grant No.11000399)Google.Org(Grant No.191994)Sida(Grant No.54100029)Mac Arthur Foundation(Grant No.10-95915-000-INP)British Council
文摘The phenomenon of adult neurogenesis is now an accepted occurrence in mammals and also in humans.At least two discrete places house stem cells for generation of neurons in adult brain. These are olfactory system and the hippocampus. In animals, newly generated neurons have been directly or indirectly demonstrated to generate a significant amount of new neurons to have a functional role. However, the data in humans on the extent of this process is still scanty and such as difficult to comprehend its functional role in humans. This paper explores the available data on as extent of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in humans and makes comparison to animal data.
文摘Communication of Lisbon Strategy sets out an integrated package of measures to deliver more sustainable consumption （including food）, better environmental protection, correct population and production evaluations by using appropriate and more meaningful methods. It lays ahead as one of the key challenges for EU28-PC, Adult Equivalent （AE） and conjoint evaluations and implementation are not sufficiently dynamic and forward-looking to drive the performance of methods upwards. Those evaluations do not serve the above purpose. On PC, AE method use overall, voluntary and regulatory instruments are not sufficiently connected and potential synergies among the different instruments are not exploited. Divergent national, international approaches send conflicting signals to producers and consumers. As a result, the full potential of the internal food market of EU28 and its impact on environment are not realized and evaluated on properly identified UNIT basis. Misidentified UNIT for measurement would not give correct results and if one installs his correct assumptions on the wrong unit, the falls results will start following each other. The developed PAHUM-（Copy-right 1989） and policy approach may integrate the potential of the different policy instruments, helping implement them （gender, age, structure and household size） to food consumption and environmental issues.
文摘BACKGROUND Incidental pulmonary nodules are an increasingly common finding on computed tomography(CT)scans of the thorax due to the exponential rise in CT examin-ations in everyday practice.The majority of incidental pulmonary nodules are benign and correctly identifying the small number of malignant nodules is cha-llenging.Ultra-low-dose CT(ULDCT)has been shown to be effective in diagnosis of respiratory pathology in comparison with traditional standard dose techniques.Our hypothesis was that ULDCT chest combined with model-based iterative reconstruction(MBIR)is comparable to standard dose CT(SDCT)chest in the analysis of pulmonary nodules with significant reduction in radiation dose.AIM To prospectively compare ULDCT chest combined with MBIR with SDCT chest in the analysis of solid pulmonary nodules.METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted on adult patients(n=30)attending a respiratory medicine outpatient clinic in a tertiary referral university hospital for surveillance of previously detected indeterminate pulmonary nodules on SDCT chest.This study involved the acquisition of a reference SDCT chest followed immediately by an ULDCT chest.Nodule identification,nodule characterisation,nodule measurement,objective and subjective image quality and radiation dose were compared between ULDCT with MBIR and SDCT chest.RESULTS One hundred solid nodules were detected on ULDCT chest and 98 on SDCT chest.There was no significant difference in the characteristics of correctly identified nodules when comparing SDCT chest to ULDCT chest protocols.Signal-to-noise ratio was significantly increased in the ULDCT chest in all areas except in the paraspinal muscle at the maximum cardiac diameter level(P<0.001).The mean subjective image quality score for overall diagnostic acceptability was 8.9/10.The mean dose length product,computed tomography volume dose index and effective dose for the ULDCT chest protocol were 5.592 mGy.cm,0.16 mGy and 0.08 mSv respectively.These were significantly less than the SDCT chest protocol(P<0.001)and represent a radiation dose reduction of 97.6%.CONCLUSION ULDCT chest combined with MBIR is non-inferior to SDCT chest in the analysis of previously identified solid pulmonary nodules and facilitates a large reduction in radiation dose.
文摘The halopyrimidine 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine(BrdU)is an exogenous marker of DNA synthesis.Since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies against BrdU,an increasing number of methodologies have been used for the immunodetection of this synthesized bromine-tagged base analogue into replicating DNA.BrdU labeling is widely used for identifying neuron precursors and following their fate during the embryonic,perinatal,and adult neurogenesis in a variety of vertebrate species including birds,reptiles,and mammals.Due to BrdU toxicity,its incorporation into replicating DNA presents adverse consequences on the generation,survival,and settled patterns of cells.This may lead to false results and misinterpretation in the identification of proliferative neuroblasts.In this review,I will indicate the detrimental effects of this nucleoside during the development of the central nervous system,as well as the reliability of BrdU labeling to detect proliferating neuroblasts.Moreover,it will show factors influencing BrdU immunodetection and the contribution of this nucleoside to the study of prenatal,perinatal,and adult neurogenesis.Human adult neurogenesis will also be discussed.It is my hope that this review serves as a reference for those researchers who focused on detecting cells that are in the synthetic phase of the cell cycle.
基金funding provided by University of Gothenburgfunded by Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation(2017.0026)+4 种基金Fredrik Bäckhed,the Swedish Research Council(2019-01599)Fredrik Bäckhed,Transatlantic Networks of Excellence Award from the Leducq Foundation(17CVD01)Fredrik Bäckhed,Swedish Heart Lung Foundation(20210366)Fredrik Bäckhed,grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils,the ALF-agreement(ALFGBG-718101)Fredrik Bäckhed is Wallenberg Scholar.
文摘The adult human gut microbiota consists of at least as many bacterial cells as our total number of somatic and germ cells(Sender et al.2016).Their collective genomes(microbiome)contain 2-3 order of magnitude more genes(Li et al.2014)and can accordingly complement our own human genome with functions we did not need to develop.The gut micro-biota was clearly demonstrated to protect and even treat Clostridioides difficile(earlier known as Clostridium dif-ficile)infections in humans(van Nood et al.2013).
