The aim of this study was to develop a simple and derivatization free method for the Quantification of S-Epichlorohydrin in R-Epichlorohydrin by using a gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (FID)....The aim of this study was to develop a simple and derivatization free method for the Quantification of S-Epichlorohydrin in R-Epichlorohydrin by using a gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (FID). Enantiopure epichlorohydrin was a valuable epoxide key starting material for preparing optically active Rivaroxaban. The enantiomeric separations of S-Epichlorohydrin and R-Epichlorohydrin were achieved on Gamaa-Dex-225 (30 meters × 0.25 mm I.D, 0.25 μm) column with a total run time of 30 min. Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas with constant pressure 25.0 psi. The critical experimental parameters such as, column selection, flow rate, injection volume and diluent were studied and optimized. Excellent correlation coeffient between peak responses and concentrations was >0.9998. The recoveries of S-Epichlorohydrin spiked in R-Epichlorohydrin were in the range from 98.2% to 102.8%. Limit of quantitation for S-Epichlorohydrin was sufficiently lower than limits specified by ICH. The method has validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. A precise, accurate, linear and robust Gas Chromatography method was developed for the quantification of S-Epichlorohydrin in R-Epichlorohydrin for Rivaroxaban.展开更多
Oil is an important resource for a country's development, which involves many aspects of social development. It is also an important pillar of economic development and promotes the all-round development of society...Oil is an important resource for a country's development, which involves many aspects of social development. It is also an important pillar of economic development and promotes the all-round development of society. In the current era, people's demand for oil resources is gradually increasing, which leads to the prominent importance of oil and gas storage and transportation equipment management. The industry needs to optimize according to the actual situation at this stage, clarify the new situation of development, integrate existing resources and create a new development system, so as to improve the overall security and adapt to the development of the times.展开更多
《中国大剂量甲氨蝶呤循证用药指南》于2022年2月发表在British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology上,该指南严格遵从临床实践指南的最新定义与世界卫生组织指南制订的方法学规范,采用推荐分级的评价、制定与评估(GRADE)工具进行证据质...《中国大剂量甲氨蝶呤循证用药指南》于2022年2月发表在British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology上,该指南严格遵从临床实践指南的最新定义与世界卫生组织指南制订的方法学规范,采用推荐分级的评价、制定与评估(GRADE)工具进行证据质量评价与推荐意见强度分级,最终形成涵盖大剂量甲氨蝶呤临床用药全流程的28条推荐意见,涉及用药前评估(肝肾功能、胸腔积液与腹水、合并用药、基因检测)、预处理与常规给药方案(水化碱化预处理、尿液碱化、常规给药方案)、治疗药物监测(必要性、方法、时机、目标浓度)、亚叶酸钙解救(解救时机、解救方案、解救剂量优化)、不良事件管理(肝肾功能监测、支持治疗、血液净化治疗)等。本文旨在对指南的推荐意见进行中文版本的总结和解读,以促进指南更好地在我国进行推广实施,为大剂量甲氨蝶呤全程个体化给药提供全面的技术支撑和使用建议。展开更多
Objective： To compare the effect between nebulized and intravenous administration of Shenmai Injection （参麦注射液） on pulmonary gas exchange function of patients following tourniquet-induced lower limb ischemia-re...Objective： To compare the effect between nebulized and intravenous administration of Shenmai Injection （参麦注射液） on pulmonary gas exchange function of patients following tourniquet-induced lower limb ischemia-repeffusion. Methods： Thirty-eight patients scheduled for lower extremity surgery were randomized into three groups using the closed envelop method： Shenmai Injection was administered 30 min before tourniquet inflation by nebulization [0.6 mL/kg in 10 mL normal saline （NS）] in the nebulization group or by intravenous drip （0.6 mL/kg dissolved in 250 mL of 10% glucose） in the intravenous drip group, and equal volume of NS was given intravenously in the NS group; 15 in each group. Arterial blood gases were analyzed, serum levels of malonaldehyde （MDA） and interleukine-6 （IL-6） and interleukine-8 （IL-8） were determined using the method of thiobarbituric acid reaction and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay respectively just before tourniquet inflation （TO）, and at 0.5 h （T1）, 2 h （TZ）, 6 h （T3） after tourniquet deflation. Results： Compared with baselines at TO, MDA levels significantly increased at TZ, T3 in the NS group and at T3 in the nebulization group, and IL-6 and IL-8 levels were significantly increased at TZ, T3 in NS, the intravenous drip and the nebulization groups （P〈0.05）. Arterial pressure of oxygen （PaO2） at T3 was decreased, while alveolar- arterial oxygen tension showed difference （PA-aDO2） at T3 in the NS group; RI at T3 in both intravenous drip and the nebulization groups were enhanced （P〈0.05）. Compared with the NS group, MDA and IL-8 levels at TZ, T3, 11-6 at T3 in the intravenous drip group, and IL-8 at T3 in the nebulization group were all remarkably increased （P〈0.05）. Additionally, MDA level at T3 in the nebulization group was higher than that in the intravenous drip group （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： Intravenous administration of Shenmai Injection provided a better protective effect than nebulization in mitigating pulmonary gas exchange dysfunction in patients following tourniquet-induced limb ischemia-repertusion.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study was to develop a simple and derivatization free method for the Quantification of S-Epichlorohydrin in R-Epichlorohydrin by using a gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (FID). Enantiopure epichlorohydrin was a valuable epoxide key starting material for preparing optically active Rivaroxaban. The enantiomeric separations of S-Epichlorohydrin and R-Epichlorohydrin were achieved on Gamaa-Dex-225 (30 meters × 0.25 mm I.D, 0.25 μm) column with a total run time of 30 min. Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas with constant pressure 25.0 psi. The critical experimental parameters such as, column selection, flow rate, injection volume and diluent were studied and optimized. Excellent correlation coeffient between peak responses and concentrations was >0.9998. The recoveries of S-Epichlorohydrin spiked in R-Epichlorohydrin were in the range from 98.2% to 102.8%. Limit of quantitation for S-Epichlorohydrin was sufficiently lower than limits specified by ICH. The method has validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. A precise, accurate, linear and robust Gas Chromatography method was developed for the quantification of S-Epichlorohydrin in R-Epichlorohydrin for Rivaroxaban.
文摘Oil is an important resource for a country's development, which involves many aspects of social development. It is also an important pillar of economic development and promotes the all-round development of society. In the current era, people's demand for oil resources is gradually increasing, which leads to the prominent importance of oil and gas storage and transportation equipment management. The industry needs to optimize according to the actual situation at this stage, clarify the new situation of development, integrate existing resources and create a new development system, so as to improve the overall security and adapt to the development of the times.
文摘《中国大剂量甲氨蝶呤循证用药指南》于2022年2月发表在British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology上,该指南严格遵从临床实践指南的最新定义与世界卫生组织指南制订的方法学规范,采用推荐分级的评价、制定与评估(GRADE)工具进行证据质量评价与推荐意见强度分级,最终形成涵盖大剂量甲氨蝶呤临床用药全流程的28条推荐意见,涉及用药前评估(肝肾功能、胸腔积液与腹水、合并用药、基因检测)、预处理与常规给药方案(水化碱化预处理、尿液碱化、常规给药方案)、治疗药物监测(必要性、方法、时机、目标浓度)、亚叶酸钙解救(解救时机、解救方案、解救剂量优化)、不良事件管理(肝肾功能监测、支持治疗、血液净化治疗)等。本文旨在对指南的推荐意见进行中文版本的总结和解读,以促进指南更好地在我国进行推广实施,为大剂量甲氨蝶呤全程个体化给药提供全面的技术支撑和使用建议。
基金Supported by the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research of Zhejiang Province(No.2010ZA087)
文摘Objective： To compare the effect between nebulized and intravenous administration of Shenmai Injection （参麦注射液） on pulmonary gas exchange function of patients following tourniquet-induced lower limb ischemia-repeffusion. Methods： Thirty-eight patients scheduled for lower extremity surgery were randomized into three groups using the closed envelop method： Shenmai Injection was administered 30 min before tourniquet inflation by nebulization [0.6 mL/kg in 10 mL normal saline （NS）] in the nebulization group or by intravenous drip （0.6 mL/kg dissolved in 250 mL of 10% glucose） in the intravenous drip group, and equal volume of NS was given intravenously in the NS group; 15 in each group. Arterial blood gases were analyzed, serum levels of malonaldehyde （MDA） and interleukine-6 （IL-6） and interleukine-8 （IL-8） were determined using the method of thiobarbituric acid reaction and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay respectively just before tourniquet inflation （TO）, and at 0.5 h （T1）, 2 h （TZ）, 6 h （T3） after tourniquet deflation. Results： Compared with baselines at TO, MDA levels significantly increased at TZ, T3 in the NS group and at T3 in the nebulization group, and IL-6 and IL-8 levels were significantly increased at TZ, T3 in NS, the intravenous drip and the nebulization groups （P〈0.05）. Arterial pressure of oxygen （PaO2） at T3 was decreased, while alveolar- arterial oxygen tension showed difference （PA-aDO2） at T3 in the NS group; RI at T3 in both intravenous drip and the nebulization groups were enhanced （P〈0.05）. Compared with the NS group, MDA and IL-8 levels at TZ, T3, 11-6 at T3 in the intravenous drip group, and IL-8 at T3 in the nebulization group were all remarkably increased （P〈0.05）. Additionally, MDA level at T3 in the nebulization group was higher than that in the intravenous drip group （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： Intravenous administration of Shenmai Injection provided a better protective effect than nebulization in mitigating pulmonary gas exchange dysfunction in patients following tourniquet-induced limb ischemia-repertusion.
