为发展中国气象局地球系统数值预报中心CMA-MESO模式对流尺度集合预报,基于CMA-MESO模式设计了观测扰动构建技术,并利用该技术发展集合资料同化(ensemble data assimilation,EDA)初值扰动方法。开展观测扰动敏感性试验、EDA方法在CMA-M...为发展中国气象局地球系统数值预报中心CMA-MESO模式对流尺度集合预报,基于CMA-MESO模式设计了观测扰动构建技术,并利用该技术发展集合资料同化(ensemble data assimilation,EDA)初值扰动方法。开展观测扰动敏感性试验、EDA方法在CMA-MESO对流尺度集合预报中的应用试验,分析观测扰动构建合理性及影响特征,并对比传统的动力降尺度方法与EDA方法的效果,结果表明:观测扰动可有效表征同化中来源于观测资料的不确定性特征;观测扰动主要影响CMA-MESO模式短时效预报效果,随时效延长逐渐耗散;EDA方法可有效形成对流尺度集合预报初值扰动,相对于传统的动力降尺度,该方法可显著减少初值扰动中来自背景场的扰动分量,并增加观测扰动分量体现观测的不确定性;强对流降水个例试验也表明,EDA方法可有效提高降水概率预报效果。展开更多
As a prominent mode of variability in the tropical stratosphere on the interannual timescale,the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation(QBO)can significantly influence global atmospheric circulation and weather patterns.This stud...As a prominent mode of variability in the tropical stratosphere on the interannual timescale,the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation(QBO)can significantly influence global atmospheric circulation and weather patterns.This study explores the dynamic processes of QBO disruptions using the integrated climate model of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA)by nudging the tropical zonal winds toward observations.A comparative analysis with ERA5 reanalysis data shows that the nudged runs accurately replicate the general characteristics of the QBO,including the alternating QBO wind regimes and QBO disruption events.The evolution of the QBO winds is diagnosed using empirical orthogonal function and root-mean-square difference analyses,and the rarity of the disruption events is confirmed in the CMA model.Different aspects of the QBO disruptions and the relevant dynamics are present in the model.Firstly,the momentum budget analysis highlights the crucial roles of extratropical Rossby waves and non-orographic gravity waves in the transition from westerly to easterly winds during a disruption.Secondly,Kelvin waves and non-orographic gravity waves explain much of the transition from easterly to westerly winds near 40 hPa.Thirdly,the positive tendency from enhanced vertical advection further accelerates westerly momentum development via secondary meridional circulation.These findings underscore the importance of nudging techniques in understanding QBO dynamics,which provides valuable insights for future climate model improvements toward better forecasting QBO-related climate variability.Notably,due to model limitations,no QBO disruptions were simulated in the free-run experiments.展开更多
Since the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics was the first Winter Olympics in history held in continental winter monsoon climate conditions across complex terrain areas,there is a deficiency of relevant research,operational...Since the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics was the first Winter Olympics in history held in continental winter monsoon climate conditions across complex terrain areas,there is a deficiency of relevant research,operational techniques,and experience.This made providing meteorological services for this event particularly challenging.The China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre,achieved breakthroughs in research on short-and medium-term deterministic and ensemble numerical predictions.Several key technologies crucial for precise winter weather services during the Winter Olympics were developed.A comprehensive framework,known as the Operational System for High-Precision Weather Forecasting for the Winter Olympics,was established.Some of these advancements represent the highest level of capabilities currently available in China.The meteorological service provided to the Beijing 2022 Games also exceeded previous Winter Olympic Games in both variety and quality.This included achievements such as the“100-meter level,minute level”downscaled spatiotemporal resolution and forecasts spanning 1 to 15 days.Around 30 new technologies and over 60 kinds of products that align with the requirements of the Winter Olympics Organizing Committee were developed,and many of these techniques have since been integrated into the CMA’s operational national forecasting systems.These accomplishments were facilitated by a dedicated weather forecasting and research initiative,in conjunction with the preexisting real-time operational forecasting systems of the CMA.This program represents one of the five subprograms of the WMO’s high-impact weather forecasting demonstration project(SMART2022),and continues to play an important role in their Regional Association(RA)II Research Development Project(Hangzhou RDP).Therefore,the research accomplishments and meteorological service experiences from this program will be carried forward into forthcoming highimpact weather forecasting activities.This article provides an overview and assessment of this program and the operational national forecasting systems.展开更多
针对2021年7月发生在内蒙古地区的一次显著性大暴雨过程,开展了一组对流尺度集合预报(Convection-Allowing Ensemble Prediction,CAEP)试验,以评估其对强降水过程的预报能力,并与欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium range...针对2021年7月发生在内蒙古地区的一次显著性大暴雨过程,开展了一组对流尺度集合预报(Convection-Allowing Ensemble Prediction,CAEP)试验,以评估其对强降水过程的预报能力,并与欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)全球集合预报、美国国家环境预报中心全球集合预报(National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Ensemble Prediction System,NCEP-GEFS)以及中国气象局区域集合预报(China Meteorological Administration Regional Ensemble Prediction System,CMA-REPS)进行对比分析。结果表明,全球集合预报的集合平均对强降水中心的强度预报偏弱,其中ECMWF对强降水中心位置预报较准确;CMA-REPS和CAEP预报的降水强度与实况接近,但存在一定位置偏差;NCEP-GEFS在降水中心及强度的预报中均表现较差。概率匹配集合平均可有效改善集合平均的降水强度预报,TS评分较传统集合平均明显提高,其中ECMWF和CAEP的提升最为显著。CAEP在单站降水量级及其发展趋势的预报中优于全球及区域集合预报。客观检验结果显示,ECMWF、CMA-REPS和CAEP集合成员对25 mm·(6 h)^(-1)降水具有一定预报能力,而NCEP-GEFS表现较差;对于60 mm·(6 h)^(-1)降水,CAEP集合成员的TS评分最高,概率预报的Brier评分最低且可辨识度最高,表明CAEP在内蒙古地区强降水过程的预报中具有显著优势。展开更多
在新疆天山大地形背景下,实现了中国气象局研发的高分辨率气候业务预测系统CMA-CPSv3(China Meteorological Administration-Climate Prediction System version 3)在天山北坡经济带的本地化应用,分别评估控制预报、传统集合平均预报以...在新疆天山大地形背景下,实现了中国气象局研发的高分辨率气候业务预测系统CMA-CPSv3(China Meteorological Administration-Climate Prediction System version 3)在天山北坡经济带的本地化应用,分别评估控制预报、传统集合平均预报以及改进后的最优概率阈值集合方法(deterministic ensemble forecast using a probabilistic threshold,DEFPT)对该区域次季节-季节降水的预测水平。评估结果表明:基于CMA-CPSv3预测系统的DEFPT方法可以提升天山北坡次季节-季节尺度1~5 mm阈值降水落区以及持续性的预测效果,优于传统集合平均预报和控制预报。从2016年7月29日—8月2日、2017年6月7—12日以及2020年7月8—12日时段发生在天山北坡的降水事件个例分析结果看,不论从降水落区、降水异常还是降水持续性,DEFPT集合预报在天山北坡西部和南部均有更好的效果,但在天山北坡东部和北部预测能力相对略低,这与该区域水汽的预报偏差增大有关。展开更多
Despite marked improvements in tropical cyclone(TC) track ensemble forecasting,forecasters still have difficulty in making quick decisions when facing multiple potential predictions,so it is demanding to develop post-...Despite marked improvements in tropical cyclone(TC) track ensemble forecasting,forecasters still have difficulty in making quick decisions when facing multiple potential predictions,so it is demanding to develop post-processing techniques reducing the uncertainty in TC track forecasts,and one of such techniques is the cluster-based methods.To improve the effect and efficiency of the previous cluster-based methods,this study adopts recombination clustering(RC) by optimizing the use of limited TC variables and constructing better features that can accurately capture the good TC track forecasts from the ensemble prediction system(EPS) of the China Meteorological Administration Tropical Regional Atmosphere Model for the South China Sea(CMA-TRAMS).The RC technique is further optimized by constraining the number of clusters using the absolute track bias between the ensemble mean(EM) and ensemble spread(ES).Finally,the RC-based deterministic and weighted probabilistic forecasts are compared with the TC track forecasts from traditional methods.It is found that(1) for deterministic TC track forecasts,the RC-based TC track forecasts outperform all other methods at 12–72-h lead times;compared with the skillful EM(118.6 km),the improvements introduced by the use of RC reach up to 10.8%(8.1 km),10.2%(13.7 km),and 8.7%(20.5 km) at forecast times of 24,48,and 72 h,respectively.(2) For probabilistic TC track forecasts,RC yields significantly more accurate and discriminative forecasts than traditional equal-weight track forecasts,by increasing the weight of the best cluster,with a decrease of 4.1% in brier score(BS) and an increase of 1.4% in area under the relative operating characteristic curve(AUC).(3) In particular,for cases with recurved tracks,such as typhoons Saudel(2017) and Bavi(2008),RC significantly reduces track errors relative to EM by 56.0%(125.5 km) and 77.7%(192.2 km),respectively.Our results demonstrate that the RC technique not only improves TC track forecasts but also helps to unravel skillful ensemble members,and is likely useful for feature construction in machine learning.展开更多
This paper reviews the development of ensemble weather forecast and the primary techniques employed in the main ensemble prediction systems(EPSs)designed by China and other countries.Here,the emphasis is placed on the...This paper reviews the development of ensemble weather forecast and the primary techniques employed in the main ensemble prediction systems(EPSs)designed by China and other countries.Here,the emphasis is placed on the advancements in the China Meteorological Administration(CMA)global and regional ensemble prediction systems(i.e.,CMA-GEPS and CMA-REPS),with particular attention to operational technologies such as initial and model perturbation methods and the applications of ensemble forecast.Through comparative verification with EPSs from other leading international numerical weather prediction(NWP)centers,CMA’s EPSs demonstrate forecast skills comparable to its global counterparts.As EPSs progress to convective scales and coupled systems between sea,land,air,and ice,the paper addresses some key challenges in ensemble forecast technologies across the aspects of operation,science,integration of artificial intelligence(AI),merging of weather and climate models,and challenging user requirements.Finally,a summary of conclusions and future perspectives on ensemble forecast are provided.展开更多
文摘为发展中国气象局地球系统数值预报中心CMA-MESO模式对流尺度集合预报,基于CMA-MESO模式设计了观测扰动构建技术,并利用该技术发展集合资料同化(ensemble data assimilation,EDA)初值扰动方法。开展观测扰动敏感性试验、EDA方法在CMA-MESO对流尺度集合预报中的应用试验,分析观测扰动构建合理性及影响特征,并对比传统的动力降尺度方法与EDA方法的效果,结果表明:观测扰动可有效表征同化中来源于观测资料的不确定性特征;观测扰动主要影响CMA-MESO模式短时效预报效果,随时效延长逐渐耗散;EDA方法可有效形成对流尺度集合预报初值扰动,相对于传统的动力降尺度,该方法可显著减少初值扰动中来自背景场的扰动分量,并增加观测扰动分量体现观测的不确定性;强对流降水个例试验也表明,EDA方法可有效提高降水概率预报效果。
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42275056).
文摘As a prominent mode of variability in the tropical stratosphere on the interannual timescale,the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation(QBO)can significantly influence global atmospheric circulation and weather patterns.This study explores the dynamic processes of QBO disruptions using the integrated climate model of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA)by nudging the tropical zonal winds toward observations.A comparative analysis with ERA5 reanalysis data shows that the nudged runs accurately replicate the general characteristics of the QBO,including the alternating QBO wind regimes and QBO disruption events.The evolution of the QBO winds is diagnosed using empirical orthogonal function and root-mean-square difference analyses,and the rarity of the disruption events is confirmed in the CMA model.Different aspects of the QBO disruptions and the relevant dynamics are present in the model.Firstly,the momentum budget analysis highlights the crucial roles of extratropical Rossby waves and non-orographic gravity waves in the transition from westerly to easterly winds during a disruption.Secondly,Kelvin waves and non-orographic gravity waves explain much of the transition from easterly to westerly winds near 40 hPa.Thirdly,the positive tendency from enhanced vertical advection further accelerates westerly momentum development via secondary meridional circulation.These findings underscore the importance of nudging techniques in understanding QBO dynamics,which provides valuable insights for future climate model improvements toward better forecasting QBO-related climate variability.Notably,due to model limitations,no QBO disruptions were simulated in the free-run experiments.
基金This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41975137,42175012,and 41475097)the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFF0300103).
文摘Since the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics was the first Winter Olympics in history held in continental winter monsoon climate conditions across complex terrain areas,there is a deficiency of relevant research,operational techniques,and experience.This made providing meteorological services for this event particularly challenging.The China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre,achieved breakthroughs in research on short-and medium-term deterministic and ensemble numerical predictions.Several key technologies crucial for precise winter weather services during the Winter Olympics were developed.A comprehensive framework,known as the Operational System for High-Precision Weather Forecasting for the Winter Olympics,was established.Some of these advancements represent the highest level of capabilities currently available in China.The meteorological service provided to the Beijing 2022 Games also exceeded previous Winter Olympic Games in both variety and quality.This included achievements such as the“100-meter level,minute level”downscaled spatiotemporal resolution and forecasts spanning 1 to 15 days.Around 30 new technologies and over 60 kinds of products that align with the requirements of the Winter Olympics Organizing Committee were developed,and many of these techniques have since been integrated into the CMA’s operational national forecasting systems.These accomplishments were facilitated by a dedicated weather forecasting and research initiative,in conjunction with the preexisting real-time operational forecasting systems of the CMA.This program represents one of the five subprograms of the WMO’s high-impact weather forecasting demonstration project(SMART2022),and continues to play an important role in their Regional Association(RA)II Research Development Project(Hangzhou RDP).Therefore,the research accomplishments and meteorological service experiences from this program will be carried forward into forthcoming highimpact weather forecasting activities.This article provides an overview and assessment of this program and the operational national forecasting systems.
文摘针对2021年7月发生在内蒙古地区的一次显著性大暴雨过程,开展了一组对流尺度集合预报(Convection-Allowing Ensemble Prediction,CAEP)试验,以评估其对强降水过程的预报能力,并与欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)全球集合预报、美国国家环境预报中心全球集合预报(National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Ensemble Prediction System,NCEP-GEFS)以及中国气象局区域集合预报(China Meteorological Administration Regional Ensemble Prediction System,CMA-REPS)进行对比分析。结果表明,全球集合预报的集合平均对强降水中心的强度预报偏弱,其中ECMWF对强降水中心位置预报较准确;CMA-REPS和CAEP预报的降水强度与实况接近,但存在一定位置偏差;NCEP-GEFS在降水中心及强度的预报中均表现较差。概率匹配集合平均可有效改善集合平均的降水强度预报,TS评分较传统集合平均明显提高,其中ECMWF和CAEP的提升最为显著。CAEP在单站降水量级及其发展趋势的预报中优于全球及区域集合预报。客观检验结果显示,ECMWF、CMA-REPS和CAEP集合成员对25 mm·(6 h)^(-1)降水具有一定预报能力,而NCEP-GEFS表现较差;对于60 mm·(6 h)^(-1)降水,CAEP集合成员的TS评分最高,概率预报的Brier评分最低且可辨识度最高,表明CAEP在内蒙古地区强降水过程的预报中具有显著优势。
文摘在新疆天山大地形背景下,实现了中国气象局研发的高分辨率气候业务预测系统CMA-CPSv3(China Meteorological Administration-Climate Prediction System version 3)在天山北坡经济带的本地化应用,分别评估控制预报、传统集合平均预报以及改进后的最优概率阈值集合方法(deterministic ensemble forecast using a probabilistic threshold,DEFPT)对该区域次季节-季节降水的预测水平。评估结果表明:基于CMA-CPSv3预测系统的DEFPT方法可以提升天山北坡次季节-季节尺度1~5 mm阈值降水落区以及持续性的预测效果,优于传统集合平均预报和控制预报。从2016年7月29日—8月2日、2017年6月7—12日以及2020年7月8—12日时段发生在天山北坡的降水事件个例分析结果看,不论从降水落区、降水异常还是降水持续性,DEFPT集合预报在天山北坡西部和南部均有更好的效果,但在天山北坡东部和北部预测能力相对略低,这与该区域水汽的预报偏差增大有关。
文摘2017年5月7日,在弱天气尺度强迫下,广州发生了暖区特大暴雨,局地发展迅速,降水强度极端,多家业务模式出现了漏报情况。为了探究此次降水过程模式预报的不确定性,采用条件非线性最优参数扰动(Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation related to Parameters,CNOP-P)方法筛选出最能体现中小尺度系统非线性误差增长特征的关键物理参数,以此构造CNOP-P-RP模式扰动方案,并基于CMA-Meso模式进行对流尺度集合预报试验,最后探究了CNOP-P关键参数影响局地对流发生、发展不同阶段的物理机理。结果显示,不同降水阶段的CNOP-P敏感参数主要与垂直扩散、云雨自动转换或其他水成物向雨滴的转换有关。与业务上常用的随机物理倾向扰动(Stochastically Perturbed Parameterization Tendencies,SPPT)方案相比,在本次降水过程中,基于CNOP-P-RP方案构造的集合预报试验具有更高的降水和地面要素的概率预报技巧,集合预报系统可靠性也占优。进一步分析发现,垂直扩散不确定性导致的山前温度梯度和地面冷池的变化在对流触发和暴雨发展中起重要作用。7日00—04时(北京时,下同),花都强降水中心附近垂直扩散的增强使热量、动量和水汽的垂直输送加强,由此造成的雪、霰粒子融化增多是降水量增大的主要原因,说明该阶段雨滴的形成虽以云水的凝结碰并为主,但冰相粒子的作用不容忽视;7日04—08时,随着水汽输送和上升运动增强,更活跃的暖雨过程主导了增城强降水中心降水量的增大。该研究初步证明CNOP-P-RP方案在刻画对流尺度模式不确定性方面的可行性,可为华南暖区暴雨预报的改进提供一定参考。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42375002, 41975136, U2242201, and 42105146)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2021JC0009)。
文摘Despite marked improvements in tropical cyclone(TC) track ensemble forecasting,forecasters still have difficulty in making quick decisions when facing multiple potential predictions,so it is demanding to develop post-processing techniques reducing the uncertainty in TC track forecasts,and one of such techniques is the cluster-based methods.To improve the effect and efficiency of the previous cluster-based methods,this study adopts recombination clustering(RC) by optimizing the use of limited TC variables and constructing better features that can accurately capture the good TC track forecasts from the ensemble prediction system(EPS) of the China Meteorological Administration Tropical Regional Atmosphere Model for the South China Sea(CMA-TRAMS).The RC technique is further optimized by constraining the number of clusters using the absolute track bias between the ensemble mean(EM) and ensemble spread(ES).Finally,the RC-based deterministic and weighted probabilistic forecasts are compared with the TC track forecasts from traditional methods.It is found that(1) for deterministic TC track forecasts,the RC-based TC track forecasts outperform all other methods at 12–72-h lead times;compared with the skillful EM(118.6 km),the improvements introduced by the use of RC reach up to 10.8%(8.1 km),10.2%(13.7 km),and 8.7%(20.5 km) at forecast times of 24,48,and 72 h,respectively.(2) For probabilistic TC track forecasts,RC yields significantly more accurate and discriminative forecasts than traditional equal-weight track forecasts,by increasing the weight of the best cluster,with a decrease of 4.1% in brier score(BS) and an increase of 1.4% in area under the relative operating characteristic curve(AUC).(3) In particular,for cases with recurved tracks,such as typhoons Saudel(2017) and Bavi(2008),RC significantly reduces track errors relative to EM by 56.0%(125.5 km) and 77.7%(192.2 km),respectively.Our results demonstrate that the RC technique not only improves TC track forecasts but also helps to unravel skillful ensemble members,and is likely useful for feature construction in machine learning.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2242213 and 42341209).
文摘This paper reviews the development of ensemble weather forecast and the primary techniques employed in the main ensemble prediction systems(EPSs)designed by China and other countries.Here,the emphasis is placed on the advancements in the China Meteorological Administration(CMA)global and regional ensemble prediction systems(i.e.,CMA-GEPS and CMA-REPS),with particular attention to operational technologies such as initial and model perturbation methods and the applications of ensemble forecast.Through comparative verification with EPSs from other leading international numerical weather prediction(NWP)centers,CMA’s EPSs demonstrate forecast skills comparable to its global counterparts.As EPSs progress to convective scales and coupled systems between sea,land,air,and ice,the paper addresses some key challenges in ensemble forecast technologies across the aspects of operation,science,integration of artificial intelligence(AI),merging of weather and climate models,and challenging user requirements.Finally,a summary of conclusions and future perspectives on ensemble forecast are provided.
