In this paper,the feasibility of a high laser damage threshold liquid crystal spatial light modulator based on gallium nitride(GaN)transparent conductive electrodes is proved.The laser-induced damage threshold(LIDT)is...In this paper,the feasibility of a high laser damage threshold liquid crystal spatial light modulator based on gallium nitride(GaN)transparent conductive electrodes is proved.The laser-induced damage threshold(LIDT)is measured,and a high LIDT reflective optically addressed liquid crystal light valve(OALCLV)based on GaN is designed and fabricated.The proper work mode of the OALCLV is determined;the OALCLV obtained a maximum reflectivity of about 55%and an on–off ratio of 55:1,and an image response is demonstrated.展开更多
In this paper,we propose an effective method to compensate for the performance degradation of optically addressed spatial light modulators(OASLMs).The thermal deposition problem usually leads to the on-off ratio reduc...In this paper,we propose an effective method to compensate for the performance degradation of optically addressed spatial light modulators(OASLMs).The thermal deposition problem usually leads to the on-off ratio reduction of amplitude OASLM,so it is difficult to achieve better results in high-power laser systems.Through the analysis of the laser-induced temperature rise model and the liquid crystal layer voltage model,it is found that reducing the driving voltage of the liquid crystal light valve and increasing the driving current of the optical writing module can compensate for the decrease of on-off ratio caused by temperature rise.This is the result of effectively utilizing the photoconductive effect of Bi_(12)SiO_(20)(BSO)crystal.The experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed method and increase the laser withstand power of amplitude-only OASLM by about a factor of 2.5.展开更多
This study explores the variations in address forms within the Tinghu dialect of Yancheng city.The findings reveal that the ways individuals address one another in this region deviate from the established principles o...This study explores the variations in address forms within the Tinghu dialect of Yancheng city.The findings reveal that the ways individuals address one another in this region deviate from the established principles of tone sandhi theory.In Chinese phonology,it is generally assumed that individual characters serve as fundamental forms based on their standard pronunciations,with real-time pronunciations adapting to phonetic conditions.However,the study of address forms has not traditionally been integrated into this framework.Observations indicate that a wide range of addressing methods is employed in social interactions,reflecting the complexity of regional cultural traits and social dynamics.This research highlights the distinctive features of address forms in the Tinghu dialect,particularly in terms of tone sandhi,vocative expressions,and indirect address.By examining these unique characteristics,the study enhances our understanding of the principles governing tonal changes in Chinese.Furthermore,it offers valuable insights into the preservation and inheritance of regional dialects.展开更多
China President Xi Jin-ping met with Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization （WHO）, at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, Aug. 20, 2013. XI Jin-ping said that Chi...China President Xi Jin-ping met with Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization （WHO）, at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, Aug. 20, 2013. XI Jin-ping said that China will continue to improve public health and enhance cooperation with the WHO. The Chinese government always prioritizes its people＇s health and will make unremitting efforts to further implement reform of its public health system, Xi said. He promised that the Chinese government would continue to effectively distribute public health and medical resources in order to achieve full coverage of basic health services to all Chinese people by 2020.展开更多
The increasing reliance on interconnected Internet of Things(IoT)devices has amplified the demand for robust anonymization strategies to protect device identities and ensure secure communication.However,traditional an...The increasing reliance on interconnected Internet of Things(IoT)devices has amplified the demand for robust anonymization strategies to protect device identities and ensure secure communication.However,traditional anonymization methods for IoT networks often rely on static identity models,making them vulnerable to inference attacks through long-term observation.Moreover,these methods tend to sacrifice data availability to protect privacy,limiting their practicality in real-world applications.To overcome these limitations,we propose a dynamic device identity anonymization framework using Moving Target Defense(MTD)principles implemented via Software-Defined Networking(SDN).In our model,the SDN controller periodically reconfigures the network addresses and routes of IoT devices using a constraint-aware backtracking algorithmthat constructs new virtual topologies under connectivity and performance constraints.This address-hopping scheme introduces continuous unpredictability at the network layer dynamically changing device identifiers,routing paths,and even network topology which thwarts attacker reconnaissance while preserving normal communication.Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly reduces device identity exposure and scan success rates for attackers compared to static networks.Moreover,the dynamic schememaintains high data availability and network performance.Under attack conditions it reduced average communication delay by approximately 60% vs.an unprotected network,with minimal overhead on system resources.展开更多
1 The 2025 FIRST Robotics Competition(FRC)Shanghai Regional has returned to the city,inspiring youth in science and technology.The three⁃day event,starting from March 14,has brought together nearly 1,000 young competi...1 The 2025 FIRST Robotics Competition(FRC)Shanghai Regional has returned to the city,inspiring youth in science and technology.The three⁃day event,starting from March 14,has brought together nearly 1,000 young competitors from 43 teams—including three international teams.Held at East China Normal University,the event centered on this year's theme“Reefscape”,challenging participants to address environmental issues through robotics.Teams have to design and program robots to transplant artificial coral and collect simulated algae(模拟藻类),simulating marine ecosystems'restoration processes.展开更多
As a typical in-memory computing hardware design, nonvolatile ternary content-addressable memories(TCAMs) enable the logic operation and data storage for high throughout in parallel big data processing. However,TCAM c...As a typical in-memory computing hardware design, nonvolatile ternary content-addressable memories(TCAMs) enable the logic operation and data storage for high throughout in parallel big data processing. However,TCAM cells based on conventional silicon-based devices suffer from structural complexity and large footprintlimitations. Here, we demonstrate an ultrafast nonvolatile TCAM cell based on the MoTe2/hBN/multilayergraphene (MLG) van der Waals heterostructure using a top-gated partial floating-gate field-effect transistor(PFGFET) architecture. Based on its ambipolar transport properties, the carrier type in the source/drain andcentral channel regions of the MoTe2 channel can be efficiently tuned by the control gate and top gate, respectively,enabling the reconfigurable operation of the device in either memory or FET mode. When working inthe memory mode, it achieves an ultrafast 60 ns programming/erase speed with a current on-off ratio of ∼105,excellent retention capability, and robust endurance. When serving as a reconfigurable transistor, unipolar p-typeand n-type FETs are obtained by adopting ultrafast 60 ns control-gate voltage pulses with different polarities.The monolithic integration of memory and logic within a single device enables the content-addressable memory(CAM) functionality. Finally, by integrating two PFGFETs in parallel, a TCAM cell with a high current ratioof ∼10^(5) between the match and mismatch states is achieved without requiring additional peripheral circuitry.These results provide a promising route for the design of high-performance TCAM devices for future in-memorycomputing applications.展开更多
To ensure the extreme performances of the new 6G services,applications will be deployed at deep edge,resulting in a serious challenge of distributed application addressing.This paper traces back the latest development...To ensure the extreme performances of the new 6G services,applications will be deployed at deep edge,resulting in a serious challenge of distributed application addressing.This paper traces back the latest development of mobile network application addressing,analyzes two novel addressing methods in carrier network,and puts forward a 6G endogenous application addressing scheme by integrating some of their essence into the 6G network architecture,combining the new 6G capabilities of computing&network convergence,endogenous intelligence,and communication-sensing integration.This paper further illustrates how that the proposed method works in 6G networks and gives preliminary experimental verification.展开更多
The static and predictable characteristics of cyber systems give attackers an asymmetric advantage in gathering useful information and launching attacks.To reverse this asymmetric advantage,a new defense idea,called M...The static and predictable characteristics of cyber systems give attackers an asymmetric advantage in gathering useful information and launching attacks.To reverse this asymmetric advantage,a new defense idea,called Moving Target Defense(MTD),has been proposed to provide additional selectable measures to complement traditional defense.However,MTD is unable to defeat the sophisticated attacker with fingerprint tracking ability.To overcome this limitation,we go one step beyond and show that the combination of MTD and Deception-based Cyber Defense(DCD)can achieve higher performance than either of them.In particular,we first introduce and formalize a novel attacker model named Scan and Foothold Attack(SFA)based on cyber kill chain.Afterwards,we develop probabilistic models for SFA defenses to provide a deeper analysis of the theoretical effect under different defense strategies.These models quantify attack success probability and the probability that the attacker will be deceived under various conditions,such as the size of address space,and the number of hosts,attack analysis time.Finally,the experimental results show that the actual defense effect of each strategy almost perfectly follows its probabilistic model.Also,the defense strategy of combining address mutation and fingerprint camouflage can achieve a better defense effect than the single address mutation.展开更多
Detecting sophisticated cyberattacks,mainly Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attacks,with unexpected patterns remains challenging in modern networks.Traditional detection systems often struggle to mitigate such atta...Detecting sophisticated cyberattacks,mainly Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attacks,with unexpected patterns remains challenging in modern networks.Traditional detection systems often struggle to mitigate such attacks in conventional and software-defined networking(SDN)environments.While Machine Learning(ML)models can distinguish between benign and malicious traffic,their limited feature scope hinders the detection of new zero-day or low-rate DDoS attacks requiring frequent retraining.In this paper,we propose a novel DDoS detection framework that combines Machine Learning(ML)and Ensemble Learning(EL)techniques to improve DDoS attack detection and mitigation in SDN environments.Our model leverages the“DDoS SDN”dataset for training and evaluation and employs a dynamic feature selection mechanism that enhances detection accuracy by focusing on the most relevant features.This adaptive approach addresses the limitations of conventional ML models and provides more accurate detection of various DDoS attack scenarios.Our proposed ensemble model introduces an additional layer of detection,increasing reliability through the innovative application of ensemble techniques.The proposed solution significantly enhances the model’s ability to identify and respond to dynamic threats in SDNs.It provides a strong foundation for proactive DDoS detection and mitigation,enhancing network defenses against evolving threats.Our comprehensive runtime analysis of Simultaneous Multi-Threading(SMT)on identical configurations shows superior accuracy and efficiency,with significantly reduced computational time,making it ideal for real-time DDoS detection in dynamic,rapidly changing SDNs.Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves outstanding performance,outperforming traditional algorithms with 99%accuracy using Random Forest(RF)and K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN)and 98%accuracy using XGBoost.展开更多
The article mainly studies the application strategy of automatic addressable single-lamp control technology in tunnel lighting.It encompasses an introduction to this technology,an analysis of the tunnel lighting syste...The article mainly studies the application strategy of automatic addressable single-lamp control technology in tunnel lighting.It encompasses an introduction to this technology,an analysis of the tunnel lighting system using automatic addressable single-lamp control technology,and outlines the main development direction for this technology in modern tunnel lighting.The aim is to offer insights that can inform the rational deployment of this technology,thereby enhancing the lighting control effectiveness in modern tunnels and meeting their specific lighting requirements more effectively.展开更多
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various three-dimensional printing techniques for area exposure additive manufacturing using the patterned control of optical devices.Additive manufacturing techniq...This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various three-dimensional printing techniques for area exposure additive manufacturing using the patterned control of optical devices.Additive manufacturing techniques can be broadly categorized into low-power exposure and high-power melting,both of which involve innovative patterning and light-sourcing methods.The working principles and accompanying auxiliary devices of core technologies including the digital micromirror device,liquid crystal display,liquid crystal on silicon mask,and optically addressable light valve are summarized.The discussed techniques and devices have played critical roles in advancing both vat photopolymerization and powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes and can be applied to markedly enhance printing efficiency.The advances discussed in this review hold significant promise in fields such as biomedicine,robotics,and sensing.The associated challenges and opportunities faced by the considered techniques and devices are summarized accordingly.展开更多
在分析现有P2P(peer to peer)路由算法的基础上,提出了一种基于二阶矩定位、支持多维资源数据描述的高效资源路由算法——FAN(flabellate addressable network)路由算法.FAN算法将节点映射到统一的多维笛卡尔空间,并以节点相对空间原点...在分析现有P2P(peer to peer)路由算法的基础上,提出了一种基于二阶矩定位、支持多维资源数据描述的高效资源路由算法——FAN(flabellate addressable network)路由算法.FAN算法将节点映射到统一的多维笛卡尔空间,并以节点相对空间原点的二阶矩作为子空间管理和资源搜索的依据.FAN路由算法具有O(log(N/k))的高路由效率,在节点加入和退出FAN网络时,更新路由信息的代价为O(klog(N/k)).实验结果表明,FAN路由算法具有路由效率高、维护代价小的优点,是一种P2P环境中支持多维资源数据描述的高效结构化资源路由算法.而且,目前部分基于CAN(content-addressable network)网络的改进算法也可以在FAN网络中适用,并获得更好的路由效率和更低的维护代价.展开更多
Once in the hands of end users, such durable equipment as spacecraft, aircraft, ships,automobiles, computers, etc. are in a state of debugging, working or storage. In either state, availability, reliability and super-...Once in the hands of end users, such durable equipment as spacecraft, aircraft, ships,automobiles, computers, etc. are in a state of debugging, working or storage. In either state, availability, reliability and super-efficiency are the ultimate goals, which have been achieved through constant monitoring as well as regular, preventive, routine and corrective maintenance. Although some advanced instruments can visualize certain invisible malfunctioning phenomena into visible ones, deeply hidden troubles cannot be found unless monitoring and testing data are addressed using tools that process the data statistically, analytically and mathematically. Some state-of-theart trouble-shooting and life-predicting techniques and approaches are introduced in this paper.展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA25020303)。
文摘In this paper,the feasibility of a high laser damage threshold liquid crystal spatial light modulator based on gallium nitride(GaN)transparent conductive electrodes is proved.The laser-induced damage threshold(LIDT)is measured,and a high LIDT reflective optically addressed liquid crystal light valve(OALCLV)based on GaN is designed and fabricated.The proper work mode of the OALCLV is determined;the OALCLV obtained a maximum reflectivity of about 55%and an on–off ratio of 55:1,and an image response is demonstrated.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA25020303)the financial support of the Self Deployed Projects of Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘In this paper,we propose an effective method to compensate for the performance degradation of optically addressed spatial light modulators(OASLMs).The thermal deposition problem usually leads to the on-off ratio reduction of amplitude OASLM,so it is difficult to achieve better results in high-power laser systems.Through the analysis of the laser-induced temperature rise model and the liquid crystal layer voltage model,it is found that reducing the driving voltage of the liquid crystal light valve and increasing the driving current of the optical writing module can compensate for the decrease of on-off ratio caused by temperature rise.This is the result of effectively utilizing the photoconductive effect of Bi_(12)SiO_(20)(BSO)crystal.The experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed method and increase the laser withstand power of amplitude-only OASLM by about a factor of 2.5.
文摘This study explores the variations in address forms within the Tinghu dialect of Yancheng city.The findings reveal that the ways individuals address one another in this region deviate from the established principles of tone sandhi theory.In Chinese phonology,it is generally assumed that individual characters serve as fundamental forms based on their standard pronunciations,with real-time pronunciations adapting to phonetic conditions.However,the study of address forms has not traditionally been integrated into this framework.Observations indicate that a wide range of addressing methods is employed in social interactions,reflecting the complexity of regional cultural traits and social dynamics.This research highlights the distinctive features of address forms in the Tinghu dialect,particularly in terms of tone sandhi,vocative expressions,and indirect address.By examining these unique characteristics,the study enhances our understanding of the principles governing tonal changes in Chinese.Furthermore,it offers valuable insights into the preservation and inheritance of regional dialects.
文摘China President Xi Jin-ping met with Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization （WHO）, at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, Aug. 20, 2013. XI Jin-ping said that China will continue to improve public health and enhance cooperation with the WHO. The Chinese government always prioritizes its people＇s health and will make unremitting efforts to further implement reform of its public health system, Xi said. He promised that the Chinese government would continue to effectively distribute public health and medical resources in order to achieve full coverage of basic health services to all Chinese people by 2020.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Project No.2022YFB3104300).
文摘The increasing reliance on interconnected Internet of Things(IoT)devices has amplified the demand for robust anonymization strategies to protect device identities and ensure secure communication.However,traditional anonymization methods for IoT networks often rely on static identity models,making them vulnerable to inference attacks through long-term observation.Moreover,these methods tend to sacrifice data availability to protect privacy,limiting their practicality in real-world applications.To overcome these limitations,we propose a dynamic device identity anonymization framework using Moving Target Defense(MTD)principles implemented via Software-Defined Networking(SDN).In our model,the SDN controller periodically reconfigures the network addresses and routes of IoT devices using a constraint-aware backtracking algorithmthat constructs new virtual topologies under connectivity and performance constraints.This address-hopping scheme introduces continuous unpredictability at the network layer dynamically changing device identifiers,routing paths,and even network topology which thwarts attacker reconnaissance while preserving normal communication.Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly reduces device identity exposure and scan success rates for attackers compared to static networks.Moreover,the dynamic schememaintains high data availability and network performance.Under attack conditions it reduced average communication delay by approximately 60% vs.an unprotected network,with minimal overhead on system resources.
文摘1 The 2025 FIRST Robotics Competition(FRC)Shanghai Regional has returned to the city,inspiring youth in science and technology.The three⁃day event,starting from March 14,has brought together nearly 1,000 young competitors from 43 teams—including three international teams.Held at East China Normal University,the event centered on this year's theme“Reefscape”,challenging participants to address environmental issues through robotics.Teams have to design and program robots to transplant artificial coral and collect simulated algae(模拟藻类),simulating marine ecosystems'restoration processes.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Projects of China(Grant No.2022YFA1204100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62488201)+1 种基金CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-003)the Innovation Program of Quantum Science and Technology(2021ZD0302700)。
文摘As a typical in-memory computing hardware design, nonvolatile ternary content-addressable memories(TCAMs) enable the logic operation and data storage for high throughout in parallel big data processing. However,TCAM cells based on conventional silicon-based devices suffer from structural complexity and large footprintlimitations. Here, we demonstrate an ultrafast nonvolatile TCAM cell based on the MoTe2/hBN/multilayergraphene (MLG) van der Waals heterostructure using a top-gated partial floating-gate field-effect transistor(PFGFET) architecture. Based on its ambipolar transport properties, the carrier type in the source/drain andcentral channel regions of the MoTe2 channel can be efficiently tuned by the control gate and top gate, respectively,enabling the reconfigurable operation of the device in either memory or FET mode. When working inthe memory mode, it achieves an ultrafast 60 ns programming/erase speed with a current on-off ratio of ∼105,excellent retention capability, and robust endurance. When serving as a reconfigurable transistor, unipolar p-typeand n-type FETs are obtained by adopting ultrafast 60 ns control-gate voltage pulses with different polarities.The monolithic integration of memory and logic within a single device enables the content-addressable memory(CAM) functionality. Finally, by integrating two PFGFETs in parallel, a TCAM cell with a high current ratioof ∼10^(5) between the match and mismatch states is achieved without requiring additional peripheral circuitry.These results provide a promising route for the design of high-performance TCAM devices for future in-memorycomputing applications.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Project Number:2022YFB2902100).
文摘To ensure the extreme performances of the new 6G services,applications will be deployed at deep edge,resulting in a serious challenge of distributed application addressing.This paper traces back the latest development of mobile network application addressing,analyzes two novel addressing methods in carrier network,and puts forward a 6G endogenous application addressing scheme by integrating some of their essence into the 6G network architecture,combining the new 6G capabilities of computing&network convergence,endogenous intelligence,and communication-sensing integration.This paper further illustrates how that the proposed method works in 6G networks and gives preliminary experimental verification.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0800601)the Key Program of NSFC-Tongyong Union Foundation(No.U1636209)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61602358)the Key Research and Development Programs of Shaanxi(No.2019ZDLGY13-04,No.2019ZDLGY13-07)。
文摘The static and predictable characteristics of cyber systems give attackers an asymmetric advantage in gathering useful information and launching attacks.To reverse this asymmetric advantage,a new defense idea,called Moving Target Defense(MTD),has been proposed to provide additional selectable measures to complement traditional defense.However,MTD is unable to defeat the sophisticated attacker with fingerprint tracking ability.To overcome this limitation,we go one step beyond and show that the combination of MTD and Deception-based Cyber Defense(DCD)can achieve higher performance than either of them.In particular,we first introduce and formalize a novel attacker model named Scan and Foothold Attack(SFA)based on cyber kill chain.Afterwards,we develop probabilistic models for SFA defenses to provide a deeper analysis of the theoretical effect under different defense strategies.These models quantify attack success probability and the probability that the attacker will be deceived under various conditions,such as the size of address space,and the number of hosts,attack analysis time.Finally,the experimental results show that the actual defense effect of each strategy almost perfectly follows its probabilistic model.Also,the defense strategy of combining address mutation and fingerprint camouflage can achieve a better defense effect than the single address mutation.
文摘Detecting sophisticated cyberattacks,mainly Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attacks,with unexpected patterns remains challenging in modern networks.Traditional detection systems often struggle to mitigate such attacks in conventional and software-defined networking(SDN)environments.While Machine Learning(ML)models can distinguish between benign and malicious traffic,their limited feature scope hinders the detection of new zero-day or low-rate DDoS attacks requiring frequent retraining.In this paper,we propose a novel DDoS detection framework that combines Machine Learning(ML)and Ensemble Learning(EL)techniques to improve DDoS attack detection and mitigation in SDN environments.Our model leverages the“DDoS SDN”dataset for training and evaluation and employs a dynamic feature selection mechanism that enhances detection accuracy by focusing on the most relevant features.This adaptive approach addresses the limitations of conventional ML models and provides more accurate detection of various DDoS attack scenarios.Our proposed ensemble model introduces an additional layer of detection,increasing reliability through the innovative application of ensemble techniques.The proposed solution significantly enhances the model’s ability to identify and respond to dynamic threats in SDNs.It provides a strong foundation for proactive DDoS detection and mitigation,enhancing network defenses against evolving threats.Our comprehensive runtime analysis of Simultaneous Multi-Threading(SMT)on identical configurations shows superior accuracy and efficiency,with significantly reduced computational time,making it ideal for real-time DDoS detection in dynamic,rapidly changing SDNs.Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves outstanding performance,outperforming traditional algorithms with 99%accuracy using Random Forest(RF)and K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN)and 98%accuracy using XGBoost.
文摘The article mainly studies the application strategy of automatic addressable single-lamp control technology in tunnel lighting.It encompasses an introduction to this technology,an analysis of the tunnel lighting system using automatic addressable single-lamp control technology,and outlines the main development direction for this technology in modern tunnel lighting.The aim is to offer insights that can inform the rational deployment of this technology,thereby enhancing the lighting control effectiveness in modern tunnels and meeting their specific lighting requirements more effectively.
文摘This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various three-dimensional printing techniques for area exposure additive manufacturing using the patterned control of optical devices.Additive manufacturing techniques can be broadly categorized into low-power exposure and high-power melting,both of which involve innovative patterning and light-sourcing methods.The working principles and accompanying auxiliary devices of core technologies including the digital micromirror device,liquid crystal display,liquid crystal on silicon mask,and optically addressable light valve are summarized.The discussed techniques and devices have played critical roles in advancing both vat photopolymerization and powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes and can be applied to markedly enhance printing efficiency.The advances discussed in this review hold significant promise in fields such as biomedicine,robotics,and sensing.The associated challenges and opportunities faced by the considered techniques and devices are summarized accordingly.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Fundation for Distinguished Young Scholar of China(No.61025014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61174030,61104223,61374126,61374120,61004069 and 61370031)
文摘Once in the hands of end users, such durable equipment as spacecraft, aircraft, ships,automobiles, computers, etc. are in a state of debugging, working or storage. In either state, availability, reliability and super-efficiency are the ultimate goals, which have been achieved through constant monitoring as well as regular, preventive, routine and corrective maintenance. Although some advanced instruments can visualize certain invisible malfunctioning phenomena into visible ones, deeply hidden troubles cannot be found unless monitoring and testing data are addressed using tools that process the data statistically, analytically and mathematically. Some state-of-theart trouble-shooting and life-predicting techniques and approaches are introduced in this paper.
