在当前能够实现网状Meta分析的软件中,ADDIS软件是一款基于贝叶斯框架、运用Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)法对数据进行先验评估与处理的非编程软件。该软件操作较为简便,只需操作者对模型一致性及结果收敛性诊断做相关判断后,软件将...在当前能够实现网状Meta分析的软件中,ADDIS软件是一款基于贝叶斯框架、运用Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)法对数据进行先验评估与处理的非编程软件。该软件操作较为简便,只需操作者对模型一致性及结果收敛性诊断做相关判断后,软件将自动产出结果及相关图形;但该软件的最大缺点在于数据录入较为繁琐。本文介绍了如何应用ADDIS软件实现网状Meta分析。展开更多
Currently,vehicle-related particulate matter is the main determinant air pollution in the urban environment.This study was designed to investigate the level of fine(PM_(2.5))and coarse particle(PM_(10))concentration o...Currently,vehicle-related particulate matter is the main determinant air pollution in the urban environment.This study was designed to investigate the level of fine(PM_(2.5))and coarse particle(PM_(10))concentration of roadside vehicles in Addis Ababa,the capital city of Ethiopia using artificial neural network model.To train,test and validate the model,the traffic volume,weather data and particulate matter concentrations were collected from 15 different sites in the city.The experimental results showed that the city average 24-hr PM_(2.5)concentration is 13%-144%and 58%-241%higher than air quality index(AQI)and world health organization(WHO)standards,respectively.The PM_(10)results also exceeded the AQI(54%-65%)and WHO(8%-395%)standards.The model runs using the Levenberg-Marquardt(Trainlm)and the Scaled Conjugate Gradient(Trainscg)and comparison were performed,to identify the minimum fractional error between the observed and the predicted value.The two models were determined using the correlation coefficient and other statistical parameters.The Trainscg model,the average concentration of PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)exhaust emission correlation coefficient were predicted to be(R^(2)=0.775)and(R^(2)=0.92),respectively.The Trainlm model has also well predicted the exhaust emission of PM_(2.5)(R~2=0.943)and PM_(10)(R^(2)=0.959).The overall results showed that a better correlation coefficient obtained in the Trainlm model,could be considered as optional methods to predict transport-related particulate matter concentration emission using traffic volume and weather data for Ethiopia cities and other countries that have similar geographical and development settings.展开更多
Urbanization in developing countries often negatively impacts water re-sources by polluting surface waters. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is currently experiencing rapid urbanization accompanied by significant water shortage...Urbanization in developing countries often negatively impacts water re-sources by polluting surface waters. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is currently experiencing rapid urbanization accompanied by significant water shortages, unmanaged stormwater, and increasing river water pollution. To supplement the need for non-potable water and address stormwater runoff pollution, we constructed a low cost stormwater filtration system. The filtration system is comprised of a sedimentation area followed by three gravel grain sizes arranged horizontally from coarse to medium to fine filter media. We compared the quality of pretreatment water with post-treatment water by measuring physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and nutrients. We found that the filtration system reduced turbidity by 87%, TSS by 80%, Cu by 87% and Zn by 90%. Further, it positively increased the concentration of DO by 42%. However, the filtration system did not remove nitrates and nitrites. Implementing this system at outfalls in the rapidly expanding condominium housing areas can increase residents’ supply of non-potable water and reduce the amount of polluted stormwater entering nearby streams and rivers.展开更多
Introduction: Alcohol drinking and risky sexual practices have become serious public health problem among teenagers and young adults globally, including many developing countries. The available reports are sparse, esp...Introduction: Alcohol drinking and risky sexual practices have become serious public health problem among teenagers and young adults globally, including many developing countries. The available reports are sparse, especially there is a lack of recent and representative data for high school students in developing countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, identify determinants, and examine the association of alcohol drinking with sexual practices among high school students in Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Methods: School based cross sectional study was conducted from November to December 2010. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between students’ background characteristics and alcohol use, and alcohol use and sexual practices. Results: Among 2551 students surveyed, lifetime and current (past month) alcohol drinking was reported by 1166 (45.7%) and 676 (26.5%) students, respectively. Having sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetime was reported by 412 (16.2%) with151 (5.9%) of them being sexually active during a month prior to the survey. Having multiple sexual partners (52.5%), drinking alcohol before sexual intercourse (26.4%), and having sexual intercourse without the use of condom (47.3%) were also common among sexually active students. In adjusted logistic regression model, age (18 and 19 and older), living with 2 parents, getting pocket money, having alcohol drinking friends and attending general secondary school (grade 9-10) were positive predictors of current alcohol drinking. Nergative predictors of current alcohol drinking were being Protestant Christian and living with relatives or siblings. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking before sexual intercourse was a major problem among high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Male gender, older age and higher school grade, friends influence, religious affiliation, living with parents and getting pocket money were significant predictors of current alcohol drinking. Educating about substance use and risky sexual behaviors, engaging students in extracurricular activities and restrict access to alcohol to high school students may help in solution of these problems on a local scale.展开更多
Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur a...Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur at home. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of physician reviewers of verbal autopsies in diagnosing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in the adult population of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Methods: This study was done within the context of a burial surveillance system in Addis Ababa. Trained interviewers completed a standard verbal autopsy questionnaire and an independent panel of physicians reviewed the completed form to assign cause of death. Physicians' review was compared to a reference standard constructed based on prospectively collected HIV-serostatus and patients' hospital record. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to validate the physicians' verbal autopsy diagnoses against reference standards. Results: Physicians accurately identified AIDS-related deaths with sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80 - 0.93) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64 - 0.87), respectively. Generally, there was high level of agreement (Cohen's Kappa Statistic (K > 0.6) between the first two physicians with some yearly variations. In 2008 and 2009 there was an almost perfect agreement (K > 0.80). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the agreement level between two independent physicians in diagnosing AIDS-related death is very high and thus using a single verbal autopsy coder is practical for programmatic purposes in countries where there is critical shortage of doctors.展开更多
Back Ground: Risky sexual behavior among orphans and vulnerable children and its associated physical, psychological and social consequences is becoming a major public health concern globally. Objectives: To assess the...Back Ground: Risky sexual behavior among orphans and vulnerable children and its associated physical, psychological and social consequences is becoming a major public health concern globally. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of risky sexual behavior and its determinants among orphan and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted on three support and care giving organizations for orphans and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March to June 2014. A total of 422 orphan and vulnerable children were selected using systematic sampling. Data were collected using pre tested self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Result: A total of 407 (96.4%) respondents participated in this study. Among them 112 (27.5%) had sexual intercourse in their life time, of these 50 (44.6%) started sex before the age of 15, 94 (83.9%) had forced sex, 84 (75.0%) had multiple sexual partners, only 16 (14.3%) used condom the first time they had sex and 96 (85.7%) participated in transactional sex. Females were about 3.25 (2.67 - 7.3) times more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior than male respondents, double orphans had 4.32 (2.45 - 9.54) odds of risky sexual behavior compared to their counterparts. Those respondents who had knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention were less likely to be involved in risky sexual behavior 0.58 (0.41 - 0.93). Conclusion: Orphan and vulnerable children are at a higher likelihood of risky sexual behavior. Intervention targeted at multilevel such as orphan survival training, assertive communication skills, sexuality education and education about HIV risk perception, physical, psychological and human right protection, social support, and economic access for basic needs need to be given consideration.展开更多
Today Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is used as a tool to create a livable urban environment by improving the integration between land-use and transportation systems.The capital city of Ethiopia,Addis Ababa,aims t...Today Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is used as a tool to create a livable urban environment by improving the integration between land-use and transportation systems.The capital city of Ethiopia,Addis Ababa,aims to promote a sustainable transportation system by launching its first Light Rail Transit (LRT) network.Mitigate the need for mass transport,congestion,make transit a better choice,and encourage local economic development.Hence,a method was introduced to analyze the spatial and statistical conditions of accessibility on the existing transit stations of Addis Ababa.The methodology proposed measured the impact of accessibility around the existing TOD by defining a criterion that establishes the accessibility level[5-6].These criteria included proximity,urban densities,land-use diversity,and design of the urban spaces.The urban form of a place depends on accessibility.Mobility changes the character of a place.If the place changes,accessibility is likely to change.Therefore,TOD features that directly correlated with accessibility along the rail-based train stations will be explored.展开更多
为满足卫生健康事业和护理学科发展需求,2010年国务院学位委员会批准设置护理硕士专业学位(master of nursing specialist,MNS),我国护理硕士专业学位研究生教育正式全面启动[1]。护理硕士专业学位研究生是以临床实践为主、理论课程和...为满足卫生健康事业和护理学科发展需求,2010年国务院学位委员会批准设置护理硕士专业学位(master of nursing specialist,MNS),我国护理硕士专业学位研究生教育正式全面启动[1]。护理硕士专业学位研究生是以临床实践为主、理论课程和科研训练为辅的高层次、应用型、专科型护理人才[2]。展开更多
文摘在当前能够实现网状Meta分析的软件中,ADDIS软件是一款基于贝叶斯框架、运用Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)法对数据进行先验评估与处理的非编程软件。该软件操作较为简便,只需操作者对模型一致性及结果收敛性诊断做相关判断后,软件将自动产出结果及相关图形;但该软件的最大缺点在于数据录入较为繁琐。本文介绍了如何应用ADDIS软件实现网状Meta分析。
文摘Currently,vehicle-related particulate matter is the main determinant air pollution in the urban environment.This study was designed to investigate the level of fine(PM_(2.5))and coarse particle(PM_(10))concentration of roadside vehicles in Addis Ababa,the capital city of Ethiopia using artificial neural network model.To train,test and validate the model,the traffic volume,weather data and particulate matter concentrations were collected from 15 different sites in the city.The experimental results showed that the city average 24-hr PM_(2.5)concentration is 13%-144%and 58%-241%higher than air quality index(AQI)and world health organization(WHO)standards,respectively.The PM_(10)results also exceeded the AQI(54%-65%)and WHO(8%-395%)standards.The model runs using the Levenberg-Marquardt(Trainlm)and the Scaled Conjugate Gradient(Trainscg)and comparison were performed,to identify the minimum fractional error between the observed and the predicted value.The two models were determined using the correlation coefficient and other statistical parameters.The Trainscg model,the average concentration of PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)exhaust emission correlation coefficient were predicted to be(R^(2)=0.775)and(R^(2)=0.92),respectively.The Trainlm model has also well predicted the exhaust emission of PM_(2.5)(R~2=0.943)and PM_(10)(R^(2)=0.959).The overall results showed that a better correlation coefficient obtained in the Trainlm model,could be considered as optional methods to predict transport-related particulate matter concentration emission using traffic volume and weather data for Ethiopia cities and other countries that have similar geographical and development settings.
文摘Urbanization in developing countries often negatively impacts water re-sources by polluting surface waters. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is currently experiencing rapid urbanization accompanied by significant water shortages, unmanaged stormwater, and increasing river water pollution. To supplement the need for non-potable water and address stormwater runoff pollution, we constructed a low cost stormwater filtration system. The filtration system is comprised of a sedimentation area followed by three gravel grain sizes arranged horizontally from coarse to medium to fine filter media. We compared the quality of pretreatment water with post-treatment water by measuring physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and nutrients. We found that the filtration system reduced turbidity by 87%, TSS by 80%, Cu by 87% and Zn by 90%. Further, it positively increased the concentration of DO by 42%. However, the filtration system did not remove nitrates and nitrites. Implementing this system at outfalls in the rapidly expanding condominium housing areas can increase residents’ supply of non-potable water and reduce the amount of polluted stormwater entering nearby streams and rivers.
文摘Introduction: Alcohol drinking and risky sexual practices have become serious public health problem among teenagers and young adults globally, including many developing countries. The available reports are sparse, especially there is a lack of recent and representative data for high school students in developing countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, identify determinants, and examine the association of alcohol drinking with sexual practices among high school students in Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Methods: School based cross sectional study was conducted from November to December 2010. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between students’ background characteristics and alcohol use, and alcohol use and sexual practices. Results: Among 2551 students surveyed, lifetime and current (past month) alcohol drinking was reported by 1166 (45.7%) and 676 (26.5%) students, respectively. Having sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetime was reported by 412 (16.2%) with151 (5.9%) of them being sexually active during a month prior to the survey. Having multiple sexual partners (52.5%), drinking alcohol before sexual intercourse (26.4%), and having sexual intercourse without the use of condom (47.3%) were also common among sexually active students. In adjusted logistic regression model, age (18 and 19 and older), living with 2 parents, getting pocket money, having alcohol drinking friends and attending general secondary school (grade 9-10) were positive predictors of current alcohol drinking. Nergative predictors of current alcohol drinking were being Protestant Christian and living with relatives or siblings. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking before sexual intercourse was a major problem among high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Male gender, older age and higher school grade, friends influence, religious affiliation, living with parents and getting pocket money were significant predictors of current alcohol drinking. Educating about substance use and risky sexual behaviors, engaging students in extracurricular activities and restrict access to alcohol to high school students may help in solution of these problems on a local scale.
文摘Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur at home. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of physician reviewers of verbal autopsies in diagnosing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in the adult population of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Methods: This study was done within the context of a burial surveillance system in Addis Ababa. Trained interviewers completed a standard verbal autopsy questionnaire and an independent panel of physicians reviewed the completed form to assign cause of death. Physicians' review was compared to a reference standard constructed based on prospectively collected HIV-serostatus and patients' hospital record. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to validate the physicians' verbal autopsy diagnoses against reference standards. Results: Physicians accurately identified AIDS-related deaths with sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80 - 0.93) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64 - 0.87), respectively. Generally, there was high level of agreement (Cohen's Kappa Statistic (K > 0.6) between the first two physicians with some yearly variations. In 2008 and 2009 there was an almost perfect agreement (K > 0.80). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the agreement level between two independent physicians in diagnosing AIDS-related death is very high and thus using a single verbal autopsy coder is practical for programmatic purposes in countries where there is critical shortage of doctors.
文摘Back Ground: Risky sexual behavior among orphans and vulnerable children and its associated physical, psychological and social consequences is becoming a major public health concern globally. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of risky sexual behavior and its determinants among orphan and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted on three support and care giving organizations for orphans and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March to June 2014. A total of 422 orphan and vulnerable children were selected using systematic sampling. Data were collected using pre tested self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Result: A total of 407 (96.4%) respondents participated in this study. Among them 112 (27.5%) had sexual intercourse in their life time, of these 50 (44.6%) started sex before the age of 15, 94 (83.9%) had forced sex, 84 (75.0%) had multiple sexual partners, only 16 (14.3%) used condom the first time they had sex and 96 (85.7%) participated in transactional sex. Females were about 3.25 (2.67 - 7.3) times more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior than male respondents, double orphans had 4.32 (2.45 - 9.54) odds of risky sexual behavior compared to their counterparts. Those respondents who had knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention were less likely to be involved in risky sexual behavior 0.58 (0.41 - 0.93). Conclusion: Orphan and vulnerable children are at a higher likelihood of risky sexual behavior. Intervention targeted at multilevel such as orphan survival training, assertive communication skills, sexuality education and education about HIV risk perception, physical, psychological and human right protection, social support, and economic access for basic needs need to be given consideration.
文摘Today Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is used as a tool to create a livable urban environment by improving the integration between land-use and transportation systems.The capital city of Ethiopia,Addis Ababa,aims to promote a sustainable transportation system by launching its first Light Rail Transit (LRT) network.Mitigate the need for mass transport,congestion,make transit a better choice,and encourage local economic development.Hence,a method was introduced to analyze the spatial and statistical conditions of accessibility on the existing transit stations of Addis Ababa.The methodology proposed measured the impact of accessibility around the existing TOD by defining a criterion that establishes the accessibility level[5-6].These criteria included proximity,urban densities,land-use diversity,and design of the urban spaces.The urban form of a place depends on accessibility.Mobility changes the character of a place.If the place changes,accessibility is likely to change.Therefore,TOD features that directly correlated with accessibility along the rail-based train stations will be explored.
文摘为满足卫生健康事业和护理学科发展需求,2010年国务院学位委员会批准设置护理硕士专业学位(master of nursing specialist,MNS),我国护理硕士专业学位研究生教育正式全面启动[1]。护理硕士专业学位研究生是以临床实践为主、理论课程和科研训练为辅的高层次、应用型、专科型护理人才[2]。
