Background: Physical rehabilitation training as an effective measure was proposed by relevant government sector recently. Many compulsory isolated detoxification centers had already implemented the measure, but rarely...Background: Physical rehabilitation training as an effective measure was proposed by relevant government sector recently. Many compulsory isolated detoxification centers had already implemented the measure, but rarely a systematically comprehensive research was published. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effect of “5433” training program as an exercise intervention on addicts during drug treatment and rehabilitation, in order to provide the experimental data for the research about the effects of mental quality and physical quality of addicts. Methods: The 2132 male addicts were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 1020) and control group (n = 1112), experimental group was training by “5433” program, and control group ordinary was managed alone. Before and after one year training, in accordance with the “SCL-90” and “Standards of People’s Republic of China national physique”, the SCL-90 scores, height/weight, vital capacity, step index, grip strength, vertical jump, push-ups, sit-and-reach, one-leg standing with eye-closed, choice reaction index of two groups were detected. Results: 1) The scores of depression, anxiety, paranoia and psychosis in two groups before the experiment are both lower than those after the experiment, and the experimental group decreased more (P 0.05). Conclusion:These initial findings show that The “5433” Training Program was effective more than a simple kinesiotherapy, thereby opening avenues for the rehabilitation of Chinese drug addicts.展开更多
Li （pseudonym）, once a ＂seasoned＂ drug taker, was sent by his family to the Sanshui Drug Rehabilitation Center of Foshan City, Guangdong Province, in mid-2007. He had tried, involuntarily, to get rid of drug taki...Li （pseudonym）, once a ＂seasoned＂ drug taker, was sent by his family to the Sanshui Drug Rehabilitation Center of Foshan City, Guangdong Province, in mid-2007. He had tried, involuntarily, to get rid of drug taking at three other centers. Shortly after leaving a center, he would be lured into picking up drug taking again.展开更多
Behavioral adjustment plays an important role in the treatment and relapse of drug addiction. Nonetheless,few studies have examined behavioral adjustment and its plasticity following error commission in methamphetamin...Behavioral adjustment plays an important role in the treatment and relapse of drug addiction. Nonetheless,few studies have examined behavioral adjustment and its plasticity following error commission in methamphetamine（METH） dependence, which is detrimental to human health. Thus, we investigated the behavioral adjustment performance following error commission in long-term METH addicts and how it varied with the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation（r TMS） of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex（DLPFC）. Twenty-nine male long-term METH addicts（for [ 3 years） were randomly assigned to high-frequency（10 Hz, n = 15） or sham（n = 14） r TMS of the left DLPFC during a two-choice oddball task. Twenty-six age-matched, healthy male adults participated in the two-choice oddball task pretest to establish normal performance for comparison. The results showed that 10 Hz r TMS over the left DLPFC significantly decreased the post-error slowing effect in response times of METH addicts. In addition, the 10 Hz r TMS intervention remarkably reduced the reaction times during post-error trials but not post-correct trials. While the 10 Hz r TMS group showed a more pronounced post-error slowing effect than the healthy participants during the pretest, the posterror slowing effect in the posttest of this sample was similar to that in the healthy participants. These results suggest that high-frequency r TMS over the left DLPFC is a useful protocol for the improvement of behavioral adjustment after error commission in long-term METH addicts.展开更多
Lead may contaminate opium,heroin and illicit opiates and is particularly observed in Iran.Lead,a natural heavy metal is able to interfere with several organ functions after ingestion or inhalation.Lead poisoning mani...Lead may contaminate opium,heroin and illicit opiates and is particularly observed in Iran.Lead,a natural heavy metal is able to interfere with several organ functions after ingestion or inhalation.Lead poisoning manifestations are non-specific and thus lead poisoning remains difficult to diagnose.Among the manifestations,abdominal pain is almost the most frequent symptom causing patients to seek medical care.In patients with a history of opium addiction presenting with moderate-to-severe abdominal pain,lack of diagnosis of lead toxicity may thus result in time-consuming and unnecessary medical work-ups that can end up in invasive surgery.This paper aims to briefly review abdominal pain as an emergency issue and the leading symptom of lead poisoning that brings most of the patients to healthcare facilities.All published adult cases and case series of opium addicts admitted with abdominal pain due to leadadulterated opium consumption have been reviewed.A trend of increasing numbers of lead poisoning cases has recently emerged among opium addicts in Iran.Due to the non-specific manifestations and hazardous effects,psychiatrists and emergency physicians should consider lead poisoning in patients with a past or present history of opium addiction referred for acute abdominal pain,particularly in case of colicky abdominal pain.展开更多
This study examined the effects of combined administration of tyrosine, lecithin, L-glutamine and L-5-hydroxytryptophan （5-HTP） on heroin withdrawal syndromes and mental symptoms in detoxified heroin addicts. In the...This study examined the effects of combined administration of tyrosine, lecithin, L-glutamine and L-5-hydroxytryptophan （5-HTP） on heroin withdrawal syndromes and mental symptoms in detoxified heroin addicts. In the cluster-randomized placebo-controlled trial, 83 detoxified heroin addicts were recruited from a detoxification treatment center in Wuhan, China. Patients in the intervention group （n=41） were given the combined treatment with tyrosine, lecithin, L-glutamine and 5-HTP and those in the control group （n=42） were administered the placebo. The sleep status and the withdrawal symptoms were observed daily throughout the study, and the mood states were monitored pre- and post-intervention. The results showed that the insomnia and withdrawal scores were significantly improved over time in participants in the intervention group as compared with those in the control group. A greater reduction in tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, fatigue-inertia and total mood disturbance, and a greater increase in their vigor-activity symptoms were found at day 6 in the intervention group than in the control group （all P〈0.05）. It was concluded that the neurotransmitter-precursor-supplement intervention is effective in alleviating the withdrawal and mood symptoms and it may become a supplementary method for patients＇ recovery from heroin addiction.展开更多
BACKGROUND Problematic Internet use(PIU)or Internet addiction has been recognized to be a behavioral addiction characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations,urges,or behaviors regarding computer use a...BACKGROUND Problematic Internet use(PIU)or Internet addiction has been recognized to be a behavioral addiction characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations,urges,or behaviors regarding computer use and Internet access that leads to impairment or distress resembling substance abuse.AIM To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of Internet use and abuse in a group of drug addicts from Southern Italy,by means of a specific questionnaire[“Questionario sull’Utilizzo delle Nuove Tecnologie”(QUNT)].METHODS All subjects(183)were heavy smokers,almost 50%of them used heroin and/or opioid compounds,30%alcohol,10%cannabis,8%cocaine,and 5%were polydrug users.Almost 10%of the individuals were also suffering from gambling disorder.RESULTS The time spent online was more than 4 hours a day in the total sample,with a slight prevalence in male subjects.Cocaine and cannabis users spent more than 6 hours online,significantly more than opioid and alcohol abusers.Distribution of the QUNT factors was not different in both sexes.Cocaine users showed higher scores at the“loss of control”,“pornography addiction”,and“addiction to social networks”factors,for the stimulant effect of this substance.Moreover,15 out of the total 17 cocaine users were pathological gamblers.Positive and statistically significant relationships were observed between some QUNT factors and body mass index.CONCLUSION These findings indicate that PIU is less severe in subjects taking sedative substances,such as heroin/opioids and alcohol,than in subjects taking stimulants.Alternatively,it may be used as a“stimulant”trigger in cocaine and cannabis users.Flattening effect of abuse drugs was noted on possible sex-related differences in QUNT items.We observed a sort of“protective”effect of a love relationship and/or living together with a partner,as those engaged subjects showed lower scores on different items than single subjects or those living alone.The relationship between time spent online(and related sedentary lifestyle)and body mass index would suggest that Internet use might be a contributing factor to increasing weight gain and obesity amongst adolescents and young adults worldwide.Our findings also highlighted the specific vulnerability of drug addicts who use stimulants,rather than sedative compounds,to other kinds of behavioral addictions,such as gambling disorder.展开更多
AIM:To assess the acceptance,safety and efficacy of care and treatment for chronic hepatitis C(CHC)in drug addicts.METHODS:We designed a multidisciplinary,phase IV prospective cohort study.All illicit drug users(IDUs)...AIM:To assess the acceptance,safety and efficacy of care and treatment for chronic hepatitis C(CHC)in drug addicts.METHODS:We designed a multidisciplinary,phase IV prospective cohort study.All illicit drug users(IDUs)visited a Territorial Addiction Service(SerT)in the District of Brescia,and hepatitis C antibody(HCVAb)testing positive were offered as part of a standardised hepatologic visit in our Gastroenterology Unit.Patients with confirmed CHC and without medical contraindications were administered peginterferon alfa-2b 1.5μg/kg per week plus ribavirin(800-1400 mg/d)for 16-48wk.All IDUs were unselected because of ongoing addiction and read and signed an informed consent form.Virologic responses at weeks 4 and 12 of therapy,at the end of treatment and 24 wk after the end of treatment were the main measures of efficacy.Adherence was estimated according to the 80/80/80 criteria.RESULTS:From November 2007 to December 2009,162 HCVAb+IDUs were identified.Sixty-seven patients(41%of the initial cohort)completed the diagnostic procedure,and CHC was diagnosed in 54(33%of the total).Forty-nine patients were offered therapy,and 39agreed(80%of acceptance rate).The prevalent HCV genotype was type 1,and the HCV RNA baseline level was over 5.6 log/mL in 61%of cases.Five patients dropped out,two because of severe adverse events(SAEs)and three without medical need.Twenty-three and 14 patients achieved end of treatment responses(ETRs;59%)and sustained virologic responses(SVRs;36%),respectively.Thirty-one patients were fully compliant with the study protocol(80%adherence).The prevalence of host and viral characteristics negatively affecting the treatment response was high:age over40 years(54%),male gender(85%),overweight body type(36%),previous unsuccessful antiviral therapy(21%),HCV genotype and viral load(60%and 62%,respectively),earlier contact with HBV(40%)and steatosis and fibrosis(44%and 17%,respectively).In a univariate analysis,alcohol intake was associated with a non-response(P=0.0018,95%CI:0.0058-0.4565).CONCLUSION:Drug addicts with CHC can be successfully treated in a multidisciplinary setting using standard antiviral combination therapy,despite several"difficult to reach,manage and treat"characteristics.展开更多
To develop the initial sandplay picture system for Chinese young internet addicts (ISPSCYIA) for the diagnosis and testing studies on internet addiction, 22 pictures were selected from the used pictures of initial san...To develop the initial sandplay picture system for Chinese young internet addicts (ISPSCYIA) for the diagnosis and testing studies on internet addiction, 22 pictures were selected from the used pictures of initial sandplay in existing research results of initial sandplay of Chinese young Internet addicts. 54 normal adolescents were recruited to evaluate the valence of the pictures on a nine-point scale in terms of clarity, pleasure and arousal. Results were shown that there were no significant differences between addiction pictures and non-addiction pictures in clarity, while there were significant differences in pleasure and arousal, as the scores of non-addiction pictures were higher. Correlation analysis indicated that there was obvious positive correlation among clarity, pleasure and arousal of addiction pictures & non-addiction pictures. The coefficients of internal consistency reliability and split-half reliability of 22 pictures’ scores exhibited both over 0.90. ISPSCYIA has proved typical and distinctive through valence assessment, which could be preliminarily applied to measure the characteristics of Chinese adolescents’ internet addiction.展开更多
The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in controlling under treatment addicts’ drug cravings. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest. The sample of this stu...The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in controlling under treatment addicts’ drug cravings. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest. The sample of this study included 30 under treatment male addicts whom were selected through applying random sampling method and were placed in two groups, experimental and control. After holding a preliminary session aiming at aiding the experimental group to become familiar with the procedure, 8 sessions of the mindfulness-based therapy were administered. Assessment tools were Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). After calculating mean and standard deviation, the obtained data were analyzed using covariance. The results indicated that the mindfulness therapy was significantly effective in controlling drug cravings, decreasing stress, anxiety, and depression of under treatment addicts (p < 0.05).展开更多
Objective: One of the common misinterpretation be- liefs in some societies (especially eastern communities) is the using of opium can reduce serum glucose and lipids. Opium is a derivative from a plant family called P...Objective: One of the common misinterpretation be- liefs in some societies (especially eastern communities) is the using of opium can reduce serum glucose and lipids. Opium is a derivative from a plant family called Papaveracea and contains almost 80 types of alkaloids. Drug addiction causes physiological dependency and its withdrawal lead to some disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of opium consumption and its withdrawal on some blood biochemical factors in addicted people. Methods: We enrolled fifty-six opium addicted people according to the especial criteria to this study. Biochemical blood parameter levels such as fasting blood sugar (FBS), urea, Creatinine (Cr), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes levels were measured and urine analysis was also performed before and 3 months after withdrawal. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 18 and a P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: our finding showed that opium withdrawal reduces FBS and increases AST but these changes were not significant. Nevertheless opium withdrawal significantly increased blood urea level (P < 0.0001). We didn’t find any significant difference in Cr, ALP, AST and Urea specific gravity (SG). Conclusion: According to the results of the current study we can concluded that opium increases FBS, which is in contrast to the most previous studies and withdrawal has opposite effects.展开更多
In order to study the regulating effect of electroacupuncture at specific acupoints on the depression level of drug addicts,we randomly selected 42 drug addicts from Sichuan drug rehabilitation center of women and div...In order to study the regulating effect of electroacupuncture at specific acupoints on the depression level of drug addicts,we randomly selected 42 drug addicts from Sichuan drug rehabilitation center of women and divided them into treatment group(13),comfort group(10)and control group(19)from April to August 2019.Venous blood was taken before and after treatment,and the serum samples such as Noradrenalin(NA)and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)were systematically detected.At the same time,Beck Depression Scale was used to detect the level of depression before and after treatment.Results showed that the level of depression in the real acupuncture group decreased significantly after treatment(p<0.05).The contents of NA and BDNF in the serum of the real acupuncture group increased after treatment,but did not reach a significant level.In a word,the combination therapy of electroacupuncture can improve the levels of BDNF and NA in drug addicts and adjust their depression level,which is worthy of clinical promotion.展开更多
Inhibitory control dysfunction is regarded as a core feature in addicts.The major objective of this study was to explore the time course of response inhibition in chronic heroin addicts and provide the neurophysiologi...Inhibitory control dysfunction is regarded as a core feature in addicts.The major objective of this study was to explore the time course of response inhibition in chronic heroin addicts and provide the neurophysiological evidence of their inhibitory control dysfunction.The amplitudes and latencies of ERP components were studied in fourteen heroin addicts(mean duration of heroin use being(13.54±5.71)years(Mean±SD),average abstinence being((4.67±6.44)months))and fourteen matched healthy controls with a visual Go/Nogo task.Our results showed that heroin addicts demonstrated significantly larger Go-N2 amplitudes which results in a decreased N2 Go/Nogo effect,but no statistically significant differences were found between heroin addicts and controls in P3.The ERP data suggest that fronto-central areas of heroin addicts were impaired during the inhibition process(200-300 ms)and over-activated to targets.The impaired early process might reflect an abnormal conflict monitoring process in heroin addicts.These results consolidate the inhibitory control dysfunction hypothesis in chronic heroin users.展开更多
Methamphetamine(METH)addiction is a severe and increasingly prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder for which current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain limited and predominantly symptom-oriented.Exercise,as a s...Methamphetamine(METH)addiction is a severe and increasingly prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder for which current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain limited and predominantly symptom-oriented.Exercise,as a safe,accessible and cost-effective non-pharmacological intervention,has emerged as a promising strategy to ameliorate METH-induced neurotoxicity and addiction-related behaviors.Growing evidence indicates that these benefits are closely linked to the regulation of exercise-induced biomarkers,defined as molecular indicators whose expression or activity is dynamically altered during or after physical activity.This review focuses on the core regulatory role of exercise-induced biomarkers in METH addiction and systematically summarizes their involvement in key neurobiological pathways,outlining molecular pathological mechanisms such as dysregulation of dopamine,glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems,neuroinflammation and oxidative stress,and epigenetic remodeling,and emphasizing how these processes converge on changes in candidate biomarkers in the brain and periphery.On this basis,the review describes how exercise modulates neural plasticity,neurotransmitter systems,inflammation and oxidative stress through biomarkers such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),exerkines,inflammatory cytokines,metabolites and noncoding RNAs,with particular attention to neurotrophic and immune-related markers,microRNAs and other epigenetic regulators that can reverse METH-induced synaptic and structural abnormalities and promote recovery of cognitive and emotional functions.Advances in high-throughput omics technologies,including transcriptomics,metabolomics and multi-omics integration,are summarized to illustrate the screening and identification of key exercise-responsive biomarkers.Studies in METH-addicted animal models have revealed differentially expressed genes,signaling pathways(e.g.,PI3K-Akt,mTOR,Wnt)and core nodes such as NFKBIA and CXCL12 that may mediate the protective effects of exercise.The review further discusses the potential of exercisemediated biomarkers as objective indicators for diagnosis,dynamic monitoring of therapeutic efficacy and patient stratification.Multi-gene diagnostic models based on peripheral samples(e.g.,hair follicles,blood)demonstrate how biomarker panels can distinguish non-recovered,almost-recovered and healthy individuals,providing a molecular basis for staging METH use disorder and evaluating the impact of exercise interventions.The temporal dynamics of biomarker changes before and after exercise are highlighted,underscoring the value of longitudinal monitoring of factors such as BDNF,immune-related genes and circulating microRNAs to capture treatment-relevant windows of plasticity.In addition,the underlying molecular basis of exercise as an adjunct therapy and gene-targeted exercise strategies that leverage individual biomarker and gene expression profiles to optimize exercise prescriptions are summarized.Current conceptual and technical challenges are outlined,including heterogeneity of biomarker responses,individual variability,assay sensitivity and specificity,and gaps between preclinical findings and clinical application,together with future directions for integrating exercise with multi-omics,artificial intelligence-assisted biomarker discovery and,prospectively,gene-editing-based interventions.Particular emphasis is placed on the need to standardize exercise protocols,incorporate stage-specific and sex-sensitive designs,and combine exercise with pharmacotherapy and psychosocial rehabilitation in real-world clinical settings across diverse healthcare systems.Overall,this review aims to provide a comprehensive and integrated mechanistic framework and updated theoretical support for the application of exercise-mediated biomarkers in the diagnosis,therapeutic effect monitoring and personalized intervention of METH addiction,and to offer new and clinically relevant insights into the development of precision medicine strategies for substance use disorders.展开更多
In December 2025,Australia became the first country to ban social media for people under 16,sparking a worldwide debate on how to protect teens online without undue interference.While the goal of keeping young people ...In December 2025,Australia became the first country to ban social media for people under 16,sparking a worldwide debate on how to protect teens online without undue interference.While the goal of keeping young people away from harmful content and addictive algorithms is wise,a total ban may be counterproductive.A better approach is to combine regulation,education and parental guidance.展开更多
This study examined the relationship between loneliness and mobile phone addiction(MPA),and the mediating roles of social anxiety and self presentation in that relationship.The sample comprised 559 students(male=250,f...This study examined the relationship between loneliness and mobile phone addiction(MPA),and the mediating roles of social anxiety and self presentation in that relationship.The sample comprised 559 students(male=250,female=309,mean age=20.78 years,SD=1.13 years).Based on bias-corrected bootstrap method,our indicate loneliness to be associated with MPA of college students.Additionally,social anxiety and self-presentation,respectively,partially mediated the association between loneliness and college students’MPA.Specifically,as loneliness increased,both social anxiety and self-presentation rose,thereby increasing MPA.Social anxiety and self-presentation also sequentially mediated the relationship between loneliness and MPA among college students,such that greater loneliness heightened social anxiety,which subsequently enhanced self-presentation,ultimately resulting in increased MPA.These findings are consistent with Compensatory Internet Use Theory(CIUT).This study findings suggest for college students counselling and development services should alleviate loneliness and social anxiety through group activities,Cognitive-behavioral Therapy(CBT),and social skills training to foster belonging and reduce students’reliance on mobile phones.展开更多
This systematic review synthesizes empirical research on external risk factors for adolescent smartphone addiction.Scopus and Web of Science were searched for English peer-reviewed empirical articles from 2008 onward;...This systematic review synthesizes empirical research on external risk factors for adolescent smartphone addiction.Scopus and Web of Science were searched for English peer-reviewed empirical articles from 2008 onward;28 met inclusion criteria(excluding non-adolescents,generic internet addiction,non-empirical work,or non-English).Thematic synthesis organized findings into three external risk domains—family,school,and peers—considering cultural/contextual mechanisms.Family dynamics(parental phubbing,harsh parenting,dysfunction),school stressors,and adverse peer relationships were identified as accumulating,direct and indirect contributors to smartphone addiction.These operate within a techno-ecological framework,where digital technologies amplify vulnerabilities and create new pathways for maladaptive use.Evidence favors an ecological,multi-level perspective.Future research should use longitudinal designs,standardize measures across cultures,and examine understudied regions—especially Africa—to guide culturally sensitive interventions.展开更多
Background:In the Chinese context,the impact of short video applications on the psychological well-being of older adults is contested.While often examined through a pathological lens of addiction,this perspective may ...Background:In the Chinese context,the impact of short video applications on the psychological well-being of older adults is contested.While often examined through a pathological lens of addiction,this perspective may overlook paradoxical,context-dependent positive outcomes.Therefore,the main objective of this study is to challenge the traditional Compensatory Internet Use Theory by proposing and testing a chained mediation model that explores a paradoxical pathway from social support to life satisfaction via problematic social media use.Methods:Data were collected between July and August 2025 via the Credamo online survey platform,yielding 384 valid responses from Chinese older adults aged 60 and above.Key constructs were assessed using the Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS),Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale(BSMAS),Simplified UCLA Loneliness Scale,and Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS).A chained mediation model was tested using stepwise regression and non-parametric bootstrapping(5000 resamples),controlling for age,gender,household income,and health status.Results:The analysis revealed a paradoxical pathway,which was clarified by a key statistical suppression effect.Social support significantly and positively predicted problematic usage(β=0.157,p=0.002).After controlling for the suppressor effect of social support,problematic usage in turn negatively predicted social connectedness(β=−0.177,p<0.001).Finally,reduced social connectedness—reflecting a state of solitude—positively predicted life satisfaction(β=−0.227,p<0.001).Conclusion:The findings suggest that for older adults with sufficient offline social support,these resources may serve a“social empowerment”function.This empowerment allows behaviors measured as“problematic usage”to be theoretically reframed as a form of“deep immersive entertainment”.This immersion appears to occur alongside a state of“high-quality solitude”,which ultimately is associated with higher life satisfaction.This study provides a novel,non-pathological theoretical perspective on the consequences of high engagement with emerging social media,offering empirical grounds for non-abstinence-based intervention strategies.展开更多
美国人善造词,他们戏称爱看电视者为couch potatoes。这种couchpotatoes“盛产”于哪些国家最多呢:本文给你答案。文章虽短,但写得文采斐然。除了用词非常讲究之外,文笔的幽默,也令读者“读”兴大增。比如: 1)British viewers were not ...美国人善造词,他们戏称爱看电视者为couch potatoes。这种couchpotatoes“盛产”于哪些国家最多呢:本文给你答案。文章虽短,但写得文采斐然。除了用词非常讲究之外,文笔的幽默,也令读者“读”兴大增。比如: 1)British viewers were not far behind… 2)Austrians proved more imaginative in their choice of entertainment,watching just 2.5 hours per day. 3)Putting to rest fears that the Internet would draw viewers away from thetelevision set,the report showed that Europeans are watching more television thanever. 注意第3句的开头比较难理解,但是,你如果能够看出其正常词序是(Putting the fear to rest that…)理解就不难了。 此文充满了西方社会的文化信息,值得我们咀嚼。展开更多
WHEN China opens its doors to the outside world, fresh air comes in. So do flies. While drug addicts were unknown in China for 30 years, there are now reports of drug users and their related crimes. In an effort to ab...WHEN China opens its doors to the outside world, fresh air comes in. So do flies. While drug addicts were unknown in China for 30 years, there are now reports of drug users and their related crimes. In an effort to abolish drug abuse in China, rehabilitation centers are being set up throughout the country to give medical aid to drug users trying to kick the habit. These photos were taken in a rehabilitation center in a small town in Gansu Province in the northwestern part of China.展开更多
文摘Background: Physical rehabilitation training as an effective measure was proposed by relevant government sector recently. Many compulsory isolated detoxification centers had already implemented the measure, but rarely a systematically comprehensive research was published. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effect of “5433” training program as an exercise intervention on addicts during drug treatment and rehabilitation, in order to provide the experimental data for the research about the effects of mental quality and physical quality of addicts. Methods: The 2132 male addicts were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 1020) and control group (n = 1112), experimental group was training by “5433” program, and control group ordinary was managed alone. Before and after one year training, in accordance with the “SCL-90” and “Standards of People’s Republic of China national physique”, the SCL-90 scores, height/weight, vital capacity, step index, grip strength, vertical jump, push-ups, sit-and-reach, one-leg standing with eye-closed, choice reaction index of two groups were detected. Results: 1) The scores of depression, anxiety, paranoia and psychosis in two groups before the experiment are both lower than those after the experiment, and the experimental group decreased more (P 0.05). Conclusion:These initial findings show that The “5433” Training Program was effective more than a simple kinesiotherapy, thereby opening avenues for the rehabilitation of Chinese drug addicts.
文摘Li （pseudonym）, once a ＂seasoned＂ drug taker, was sent by his family to the Sanshui Drug Rehabilitation Center of Foshan City, Guangdong Province, in mid-2007. He had tried, involuntarily, to get rid of drug taking at three other centers. Shortly after leaving a center, he would be lured into picking up drug taking again.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371042, 31400906 and 31600886)the Key Program of the Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province, China (17AJ90002)
文摘Behavioral adjustment plays an important role in the treatment and relapse of drug addiction. Nonetheless,few studies have examined behavioral adjustment and its plasticity following error commission in methamphetamine（METH） dependence, which is detrimental to human health. Thus, we investigated the behavioral adjustment performance following error commission in long-term METH addicts and how it varied with the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation（r TMS） of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex（DLPFC）. Twenty-nine male long-term METH addicts（for [ 3 years） were randomly assigned to high-frequency（10 Hz, n = 15） or sham（n = 14） r TMS of the left DLPFC during a two-choice oddball task. Twenty-six age-matched, healthy male adults participated in the two-choice oddball task pretest to establish normal performance for comparison. The results showed that 10 Hz r TMS over the left DLPFC significantly decreased the post-error slowing effect in response times of METH addicts. In addition, the 10 Hz r TMS intervention remarkably reduced the reaction times during post-error trials but not post-correct trials. While the 10 Hz r TMS group showed a more pronounced post-error slowing effect than the healthy participants during the pretest, the posterror slowing effect in the posttest of this sample was similar to that in the healthy participants. These results suggest that high-frequency r TMS over the left DLPFC is a useful protocol for the improvement of behavioral adjustment after error commission in long-term METH addicts.
文摘Lead may contaminate opium,heroin and illicit opiates and is particularly observed in Iran.Lead,a natural heavy metal is able to interfere with several organ functions after ingestion or inhalation.Lead poisoning manifestations are non-specific and thus lead poisoning remains difficult to diagnose.Among the manifestations,abdominal pain is almost the most frequent symptom causing patients to seek medical care.In patients with a history of opium addiction presenting with moderate-to-severe abdominal pain,lack of diagnosis of lead toxicity may thus result in time-consuming and unnecessary medical work-ups that can end up in invasive surgery.This paper aims to briefly review abdominal pain as an emergency issue and the leading symptom of lead poisoning that brings most of the patients to healthcare facilities.All published adult cases and case series of opium addicts admitted with abdominal pain due to leadadulterated opium consumption have been reviewed.A trend of increasing numbers of lead poisoning cases has recently emerged among opium addicts in Iran.Due to the non-specific manifestations and hazardous effects,psychiatrists and emergency physicians should consider lead poisoning in patients with a past or present history of opium addiction referred for acute abdominal pain,particularly in case of colicky abdominal pain.
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30872175)
文摘This study examined the effects of combined administration of tyrosine, lecithin, L-glutamine and L-5-hydroxytryptophan （5-HTP） on heroin withdrawal syndromes and mental symptoms in detoxified heroin addicts. In the cluster-randomized placebo-controlled trial, 83 detoxified heroin addicts were recruited from a detoxification treatment center in Wuhan, China. Patients in the intervention group （n=41） were given the combined treatment with tyrosine, lecithin, L-glutamine and 5-HTP and those in the control group （n=42） were administered the placebo. The sleep status and the withdrawal symptoms were observed daily throughout the study, and the mood states were monitored pre- and post-intervention. The results showed that the insomnia and withdrawal scores were significantly improved over time in participants in the intervention group as compared with those in the control group. A greater reduction in tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, fatigue-inertia and total mood disturbance, and a greater increase in their vigor-activity symptoms were found at day 6 in the intervention group than in the control group （all P〈0.05）. It was concluded that the neurotransmitter-precursor-supplement intervention is effective in alleviating the withdrawal and mood symptoms and it may become a supplementary method for patients＇ recovery from heroin addiction.
基金Supported by A grant from “Regione Calabria”,Italy
文摘BACKGROUND Problematic Internet use(PIU)or Internet addiction has been recognized to be a behavioral addiction characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations,urges,or behaviors regarding computer use and Internet access that leads to impairment or distress resembling substance abuse.AIM To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of Internet use and abuse in a group of drug addicts from Southern Italy,by means of a specific questionnaire[“Questionario sull’Utilizzo delle Nuove Tecnologie”(QUNT)].METHODS All subjects(183)were heavy smokers,almost 50%of them used heroin and/or opioid compounds,30%alcohol,10%cannabis,8%cocaine,and 5%were polydrug users.Almost 10%of the individuals were also suffering from gambling disorder.RESULTS The time spent online was more than 4 hours a day in the total sample,with a slight prevalence in male subjects.Cocaine and cannabis users spent more than 6 hours online,significantly more than opioid and alcohol abusers.Distribution of the QUNT factors was not different in both sexes.Cocaine users showed higher scores at the“loss of control”,“pornography addiction”,and“addiction to social networks”factors,for the stimulant effect of this substance.Moreover,15 out of the total 17 cocaine users were pathological gamblers.Positive and statistically significant relationships were observed between some QUNT factors and body mass index.CONCLUSION These findings indicate that PIU is less severe in subjects taking sedative substances,such as heroin/opioids and alcohol,than in subjects taking stimulants.Alternatively,it may be used as a“stimulant”trigger in cocaine and cannabis users.Flattening effect of abuse drugs was noted on possible sex-related differences in QUNT items.We observed a sort of“protective”effect of a love relationship and/or living together with a partner,as those engaged subjects showed lower scores on different items than single subjects or those living alone.The relationship between time spent online(and related sedentary lifestyle)and body mass index would suggest that Internet use might be a contributing factor to increasing weight gain and obesity amongst adolescents and young adults worldwide.Our findings also highlighted the specific vulnerability of drug addicts who use stimulants,rather than sedative compounds,to other kinds of behavioral addictions,such as gambling disorder.
文摘AIM:To assess the acceptance,safety and efficacy of care and treatment for chronic hepatitis C(CHC)in drug addicts.METHODS:We designed a multidisciplinary,phase IV prospective cohort study.All illicit drug users(IDUs)visited a Territorial Addiction Service(SerT)in the District of Brescia,and hepatitis C antibody(HCVAb)testing positive were offered as part of a standardised hepatologic visit in our Gastroenterology Unit.Patients with confirmed CHC and without medical contraindications were administered peginterferon alfa-2b 1.5μg/kg per week plus ribavirin(800-1400 mg/d)for 16-48wk.All IDUs were unselected because of ongoing addiction and read and signed an informed consent form.Virologic responses at weeks 4 and 12 of therapy,at the end of treatment and 24 wk after the end of treatment were the main measures of efficacy.Adherence was estimated according to the 80/80/80 criteria.RESULTS:From November 2007 to December 2009,162 HCVAb+IDUs were identified.Sixty-seven patients(41%of the initial cohort)completed the diagnostic procedure,and CHC was diagnosed in 54(33%of the total).Forty-nine patients were offered therapy,and 39agreed(80%of acceptance rate).The prevalent HCV genotype was type 1,and the HCV RNA baseline level was over 5.6 log/mL in 61%of cases.Five patients dropped out,two because of severe adverse events(SAEs)and three without medical need.Twenty-three and 14 patients achieved end of treatment responses(ETRs;59%)and sustained virologic responses(SVRs;36%),respectively.Thirty-one patients were fully compliant with the study protocol(80%adherence).The prevalence of host and viral characteristics negatively affecting the treatment response was high:age over40 years(54%),male gender(85%),overweight body type(36%),previous unsuccessful antiviral therapy(21%),HCV genotype and viral load(60%and 62%,respectively),earlier contact with HBV(40%)and steatosis and fibrosis(44%and 17%,respectively).In a univariate analysis,alcohol intake was associated with a non-response(P=0.0018,95%CI:0.0058-0.4565).CONCLUSION:Drug addicts with CHC can be successfully treated in a multidisciplinary setting using standard antiviral combination therapy,despite several"difficult to reach,manage and treat"characteristics.
文摘To develop the initial sandplay picture system for Chinese young internet addicts (ISPSCYIA) for the diagnosis and testing studies on internet addiction, 22 pictures were selected from the used pictures of initial sandplay in existing research results of initial sandplay of Chinese young Internet addicts. 54 normal adolescents were recruited to evaluate the valence of the pictures on a nine-point scale in terms of clarity, pleasure and arousal. Results were shown that there were no significant differences between addiction pictures and non-addiction pictures in clarity, while there were significant differences in pleasure and arousal, as the scores of non-addiction pictures were higher. Correlation analysis indicated that there was obvious positive correlation among clarity, pleasure and arousal of addiction pictures & non-addiction pictures. The coefficients of internal consistency reliability and split-half reliability of 22 pictures’ scores exhibited both over 0.90. ISPSCYIA has proved typical and distinctive through valence assessment, which could be preliminarily applied to measure the characteristics of Chinese adolescents’ internet addiction.
文摘The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in controlling under treatment addicts’ drug cravings. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest. The sample of this study included 30 under treatment male addicts whom were selected through applying random sampling method and were placed in two groups, experimental and control. After holding a preliminary session aiming at aiding the experimental group to become familiar with the procedure, 8 sessions of the mindfulness-based therapy were administered. Assessment tools were Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). After calculating mean and standard deviation, the obtained data were analyzed using covariance. The results indicated that the mindfulness therapy was significantly effective in controlling drug cravings, decreasing stress, anxiety, and depression of under treatment addicts (p < 0.05).
文摘Objective: One of the common misinterpretation be- liefs in some societies (especially eastern communities) is the using of opium can reduce serum glucose and lipids. Opium is a derivative from a plant family called Papaveracea and contains almost 80 types of alkaloids. Drug addiction causes physiological dependency and its withdrawal lead to some disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of opium consumption and its withdrawal on some blood biochemical factors in addicted people. Methods: We enrolled fifty-six opium addicted people according to the especial criteria to this study. Biochemical blood parameter levels such as fasting blood sugar (FBS), urea, Creatinine (Cr), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes levels were measured and urine analysis was also performed before and 3 months after withdrawal. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 18 and a P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: our finding showed that opium withdrawal reduces FBS and increases AST but these changes were not significant. Nevertheless opium withdrawal significantly increased blood urea level (P < 0.0001). We didn’t find any significant difference in Cr, ALP, AST and Urea specific gravity (SG). Conclusion: According to the results of the current study we can concluded that opium increases FBS, which is in contrast to the most previous studies and withdrawal has opposite effects.
基金supported by the Xinglin Scholar Project(QJJJ2021006).
文摘In order to study the regulating effect of electroacupuncture at specific acupoints on the depression level of drug addicts,we randomly selected 42 drug addicts from Sichuan drug rehabilitation center of women and divided them into treatment group(13),comfort group(10)and control group(19)from April to August 2019.Venous blood was taken before and after treatment,and the serum samples such as Noradrenalin(NA)and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)were systematically detected.At the same time,Beck Depression Scale was used to detect the level of depression before and after treatment.Results showed that the level of depression in the real acupuncture group decreased significantly after treatment(p<0.05).The contents of NA and BDNF in the serum of the real acupuncture group increased after treatment,but did not reach a significant level.In a word,the combination therapy of electroacupuncture can improve the levels of BDNF and NA in drug addicts and adjust their depression level,which is worthy of clinical promotion.
基金Supported by Beijing Bureau of Reeducation-through-laber Administration(Grant NO.2006021515)
文摘Inhibitory control dysfunction is regarded as a core feature in addicts.The major objective of this study was to explore the time course of response inhibition in chronic heroin addicts and provide the neurophysiological evidence of their inhibitory control dysfunction.The amplitudes and latencies of ERP components were studied in fourteen heroin addicts(mean duration of heroin use being(13.54±5.71)years(Mean±SD),average abstinence being((4.67±6.44)months))and fourteen matched healthy controls with a visual Go/Nogo task.Our results showed that heroin addicts demonstrated significantly larger Go-N2 amplitudes which results in a decreased N2 Go/Nogo effect,but no statistically significant differences were found between heroin addicts and controls in P3.The ERP data suggest that fronto-central areas of heroin addicts were impaired during the inhibition process(200-300 ms)and over-activated to targets.The impaired early process might reflect an abnormal conflict monitoring process in heroin addicts.These results consolidate the inhibitory control dysfunction hypothesis in chronic heroin users.
基金supported by grants from The National Natural Science Foundation of China(82472611)The“14th Five Year Plan”Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Chengdu Sport University(23CXTD02)Sports Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/Key Laboratory of Sports Medicine,General Administration of Sport of China(2025-A028)。
文摘Methamphetamine(METH)addiction is a severe and increasingly prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder for which current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain limited and predominantly symptom-oriented.Exercise,as a safe,accessible and cost-effective non-pharmacological intervention,has emerged as a promising strategy to ameliorate METH-induced neurotoxicity and addiction-related behaviors.Growing evidence indicates that these benefits are closely linked to the regulation of exercise-induced biomarkers,defined as molecular indicators whose expression or activity is dynamically altered during or after physical activity.This review focuses on the core regulatory role of exercise-induced biomarkers in METH addiction and systematically summarizes their involvement in key neurobiological pathways,outlining molecular pathological mechanisms such as dysregulation of dopamine,glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems,neuroinflammation and oxidative stress,and epigenetic remodeling,and emphasizing how these processes converge on changes in candidate biomarkers in the brain and periphery.On this basis,the review describes how exercise modulates neural plasticity,neurotransmitter systems,inflammation and oxidative stress through biomarkers such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),exerkines,inflammatory cytokines,metabolites and noncoding RNAs,with particular attention to neurotrophic and immune-related markers,microRNAs and other epigenetic regulators that can reverse METH-induced synaptic and structural abnormalities and promote recovery of cognitive and emotional functions.Advances in high-throughput omics technologies,including transcriptomics,metabolomics and multi-omics integration,are summarized to illustrate the screening and identification of key exercise-responsive biomarkers.Studies in METH-addicted animal models have revealed differentially expressed genes,signaling pathways(e.g.,PI3K-Akt,mTOR,Wnt)and core nodes such as NFKBIA and CXCL12 that may mediate the protective effects of exercise.The review further discusses the potential of exercisemediated biomarkers as objective indicators for diagnosis,dynamic monitoring of therapeutic efficacy and patient stratification.Multi-gene diagnostic models based on peripheral samples(e.g.,hair follicles,blood)demonstrate how biomarker panels can distinguish non-recovered,almost-recovered and healthy individuals,providing a molecular basis for staging METH use disorder and evaluating the impact of exercise interventions.The temporal dynamics of biomarker changes before and after exercise are highlighted,underscoring the value of longitudinal monitoring of factors such as BDNF,immune-related genes and circulating microRNAs to capture treatment-relevant windows of plasticity.In addition,the underlying molecular basis of exercise as an adjunct therapy and gene-targeted exercise strategies that leverage individual biomarker and gene expression profiles to optimize exercise prescriptions are summarized.Current conceptual and technical challenges are outlined,including heterogeneity of biomarker responses,individual variability,assay sensitivity and specificity,and gaps between preclinical findings and clinical application,together with future directions for integrating exercise with multi-omics,artificial intelligence-assisted biomarker discovery and,prospectively,gene-editing-based interventions.Particular emphasis is placed on the need to standardize exercise protocols,incorporate stage-specific and sex-sensitive designs,and combine exercise with pharmacotherapy and psychosocial rehabilitation in real-world clinical settings across diverse healthcare systems.Overall,this review aims to provide a comprehensive and integrated mechanistic framework and updated theoretical support for the application of exercise-mediated biomarkers in the diagnosis,therapeutic effect monitoring and personalized intervention of METH addiction,and to offer new and clinically relevant insights into the development of precision medicine strategies for substance use disorders.
文摘In December 2025,Australia became the first country to ban social media for people under 16,sparking a worldwide debate on how to protect teens online without undue interference.While the goal of keeping young people away from harmful content and addictive algorithms is wise,a total ban may be counterproductive.A better approach is to combine regulation,education and parental guidance.
基金supported by The Xingdian Talent Support Program Project(41112080006/015)Yunnan University Graduate Research Innovation Fund Project(KC-252512463).
文摘This study examined the relationship between loneliness and mobile phone addiction(MPA),and the mediating roles of social anxiety and self presentation in that relationship.The sample comprised 559 students(male=250,female=309,mean age=20.78 years,SD=1.13 years).Based on bias-corrected bootstrap method,our indicate loneliness to be associated with MPA of college students.Additionally,social anxiety and self-presentation,respectively,partially mediated the association between loneliness and college students’MPA.Specifically,as loneliness increased,both social anxiety and self-presentation rose,thereby increasing MPA.Social anxiety and self-presentation also sequentially mediated the relationship between loneliness and MPA among college students,such that greater loneliness heightened social anxiety,which subsequently enhanced self-presentation,ultimately resulting in increased MPA.These findings are consistent with Compensatory Internet Use Theory(CIUT).This study findings suggest for college students counselling and development services should alleviate loneliness and social anxiety through group activities,Cognitive-behavioral Therapy(CBT),and social skills training to foster belonging and reduce students’reliance on mobile phones.
基金supported by the 2025 Fujian Provincial Social Science Foundation Project(FJ2025C074).
文摘This systematic review synthesizes empirical research on external risk factors for adolescent smartphone addiction.Scopus and Web of Science were searched for English peer-reviewed empirical articles from 2008 onward;28 met inclusion criteria(excluding non-adolescents,generic internet addiction,non-empirical work,or non-English).Thematic synthesis organized findings into three external risk domains—family,school,and peers—considering cultural/contextual mechanisms.Family dynamics(parental phubbing,harsh parenting,dysfunction),school stressors,and adverse peer relationships were identified as accumulating,direct and indirect contributors to smartphone addiction.These operate within a techno-ecological framework,where digital technologies amplify vulnerabilities and create new pathways for maladaptive use.Evidence favors an ecological,multi-level perspective.Future research should use longitudinal designs,standardize measures across cultures,and examine understudied regions—especially Africa—to guide culturally sensitive interventions.
基金funded by the Guangxi Philosophy and Social Science Research Project,grant number 24XWC002.
文摘Background:In the Chinese context,the impact of short video applications on the psychological well-being of older adults is contested.While often examined through a pathological lens of addiction,this perspective may overlook paradoxical,context-dependent positive outcomes.Therefore,the main objective of this study is to challenge the traditional Compensatory Internet Use Theory by proposing and testing a chained mediation model that explores a paradoxical pathway from social support to life satisfaction via problematic social media use.Methods:Data were collected between July and August 2025 via the Credamo online survey platform,yielding 384 valid responses from Chinese older adults aged 60 and above.Key constructs were assessed using the Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS),Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale(BSMAS),Simplified UCLA Loneliness Scale,and Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS).A chained mediation model was tested using stepwise regression and non-parametric bootstrapping(5000 resamples),controlling for age,gender,household income,and health status.Results:The analysis revealed a paradoxical pathway,which was clarified by a key statistical suppression effect.Social support significantly and positively predicted problematic usage(β=0.157,p=0.002).After controlling for the suppressor effect of social support,problematic usage in turn negatively predicted social connectedness(β=−0.177,p<0.001).Finally,reduced social connectedness—reflecting a state of solitude—positively predicted life satisfaction(β=−0.227,p<0.001).Conclusion:The findings suggest that for older adults with sufficient offline social support,these resources may serve a“social empowerment”function.This empowerment allows behaviors measured as“problematic usage”to be theoretically reframed as a form of“deep immersive entertainment”.This immersion appears to occur alongside a state of“high-quality solitude”,which ultimately is associated with higher life satisfaction.This study provides a novel,non-pathological theoretical perspective on the consequences of high engagement with emerging social media,offering empirical grounds for non-abstinence-based intervention strategies.
文摘美国人善造词,他们戏称爱看电视者为couch potatoes。这种couchpotatoes“盛产”于哪些国家最多呢:本文给你答案。文章虽短,但写得文采斐然。除了用词非常讲究之外,文笔的幽默,也令读者“读”兴大增。比如: 1)British viewers were not far behind… 2)Austrians proved more imaginative in their choice of entertainment,watching just 2.5 hours per day. 3)Putting to rest fears that the Internet would draw viewers away from thetelevision set,the report showed that Europeans are watching more television thanever. 注意第3句的开头比较难理解,但是,你如果能够看出其正常词序是(Putting the fear to rest that…)理解就不难了。 此文充满了西方社会的文化信息,值得我们咀嚼。
文摘WHEN China opens its doors to the outside world, fresh air comes in. So do flies. While drug addicts were unknown in China for 30 years, there are now reports of drug users and their related crimes. In an effort to abolish drug abuse in China, rehabilitation centers are being set up throughout the country to give medical aid to drug users trying to kick the habit. These photos were taken in a rehabilitation center in a small town in Gansu Province in the northwestern part of China.
