Drought stress linked with climate change is one of the major constraints faced by common bean farmers in Africa and elsewhere. Mitigating this constraint requires the selection of resilient varieties that withstand d...Drought stress linked with climate change is one of the major constraints faced by common bean farmers in Africa and elsewhere. Mitigating this constraint requires the selection of resilient varieties that withstand drought threats to common bean production.This study assessed the drought response of 64 small red-seeded genotypes of common bean grown in a lattice design replicated twice under contrasting moisture regimes,terminal drought stress and non-stress, in Ethiopia during the dry season from November2014 to March 2015. Multiple plant traits associated with drought were assessed for their contribution to drought adaptation of the genotypes. Drought stress determined by a drought intensity index was moderate(0.3). All the assessed traits showed significantly different genotypic responses under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Eleven genotypes significantly(P ≤ 0.05) outperformed the drought check cultivar under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in seed yielding potential. Seed yield showed positive and significant correlations with chlorophyll meter reading, vertical root pulling resistance force, number of pods per plant, and seeds per pod under both soil moisture regimes, indicating their potential use in selection of genotypes yielding well under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Clustering analysis using Mahalanobis distance grouped the genotypes into four groups showing high and significant inter-cluster distance, suggesting that hybridization between drought-adapted parents from the groups will provide the maximum genetic recombination for drought tolerance in subsequent generations.展开更多
Cattle are central to the lives and diverse cultures of African people.It has played a crucial role in providing valuable protein for billions of households and sources of income and employment for producers and other...Cattle are central to the lives and diverse cultures of African people.It has played a crucial role in providing valuable protein for billions of households and sources of income and employment for producers and other actors in the livestock value chains.The long-term natural selection of African cattle typically signals signatures in the genome,contributes to high genetic differentiations across breeds.This has enabled them to develop unique adaptive traits to cope with inadequate feed supply,high temperatures,high internal and external parasites,and diseases.However,these unique cattle genetic resources are threatened by indiscriminate cross-breeding,breed replacements with exotic cosmopolitan breeds,and climate change pressures.Although there are no functional genomics studies,recent advancements in genotyping and sequencing technologies have identified and annotated limited functional genes and causal variants associated with unique adaptive and economical traits of African cattle populations.These genome-wide variants serve as candidates for breed improvement and support conservation efforts for endangered cattle breeds against future climate changes.Therefore,this review plans to collate comprehensive information on the identified selection footprints to support genomic studies in African cattle to confirm the validity of the results and provide a framework for further genetic association and QTL fine mapping studies.展开更多
Weeds cause tremendous economic and ecological damage worldwide.The number of genomes established for weed species has sharply increased during the recent decade,with some 26 weed species having been sequenced and de ...Weeds cause tremendous economic and ecological damage worldwide.The number of genomes established for weed species has sharply increased during the recent decade,with some 26 weed species having been sequenced and de novo genomes assembled.These genomes range from 270 Mb(Barbarea vulgaris)to almost 4.4 Gb(Aegilops tauschii).Importantly,chromosome-level assemblies are now available for 17 of these 26 species,and genomic investigations on weed populations have been conducted in at least 12 species.The resulting genomic data have greatly facilitated studies of weed management and biology,especially origin and evolution.Available weed genomes have indeed revealed valuable weed-derived genetic materials for crop improvement.In this review,we summarize the recent progress made in weed genomics and provide a perspective for further exploitation in this emerging field.展开更多
Wild animals and plants have developed a variety of adaptive traits driven by adaptive evolution,an important strategy for species survival and persistence.Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution is ...Wild animals and plants have developed a variety of adaptive traits driven by adaptive evolution,an important strategy for species survival and persistence.Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution is the key to understanding species diversification,phenotypic convergence,and inter-species interaction.As the genome sequences of more and more non-model organisms are becoming available,the focus of studies on molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution has shifted from the candidate gene method to genetic mapping based on genome-wide scanning.In this study,we reviewed the latest research advances in wild animals and plants,focusing on adaptive traits,convergent evolution,and coevolution.Firstly,we focused on the adaptive evolution of morphological,behavioral,and physiological traits.Secondly,we reviewed the phenotypic convergences of life history traits and responding to environmental pressures,and the underlying molecular convergence mechanisms.Thirdly,we summarized the advances of coevolution,including the four main types:mutualism,parasitism,predation and competition.Overall,these latest advances greatly increase our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms for diverse adaptive traits and species interaction,demonstrating that the development of evolutionary biology has been greatly accelerated by multi-omics technologies.Finally,we highlighted the emerging trends and future prospects around the above three aspects of adaptive evolution.展开更多
To elucidate the process of adaptation,particularly the traits subject to natural selection and the molecular mechanisms underlying their natural variation,is one of the primary objectives of evolutionary biology.The ...To elucidate the process of adaptation,particularly the traits subject to natural selection and the molecular mechanisms underlying their natural variation,is one of the primary objectives of evolutionary biology.The uplifted landscape offers an excellent framework for understanding how organisms adapt to dramatic climatic gradients.To investigate the genetic basis of plant adaptation to the extremely high altitude,we first compared the genomic and phenotypic variations of two closely related Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from high altitude(Xizang,also known as“Tibet”)and low altitude(Yunnan),respectively.The Xizang population represents a relict group characterized by a small effective population size.Notably,the Xizang genome has more transposable elements(TEs)and more gene loss-offunction(LoF)mutations.Differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes of cellular response to oxygen-containing compound,regulation of defense response,and response to light intensity.Intriguingly,the phenotypic selection analysis revealed that silique density was under natural selection.Furthermore,we genetically mapped and validated that the LoF mutation of GA20ox1,the homologous gene of green revolution in rice,resulted in a higher silique density in Xizang Arabidopsis.Given that GA20ox1 is linked to Arabidopsis adaptation to the Alps Mountains,its parallel evolution plays an important role in the adaptation to Alpine habitats.Overall,our results highlight that identifying adaptive traits and elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying natural variation of these traits is crucial for unraveling the mystery of adaptive evolution and has significant implications for crop breeding.展开更多
基金funding to D. Ambachew, A. Asfaw, and M. W. Blair by the Tropical Legumes project of the Generation Challenge Program (C-086-13) with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates FoundationThe Evans Allen Fund is recognized for funding Matthew W. Blair and Daniel Ambachew at Tennessee State University
文摘Drought stress linked with climate change is one of the major constraints faced by common bean farmers in Africa and elsewhere. Mitigating this constraint requires the selection of resilient varieties that withstand drought threats to common bean production.This study assessed the drought response of 64 small red-seeded genotypes of common bean grown in a lattice design replicated twice under contrasting moisture regimes,terminal drought stress and non-stress, in Ethiopia during the dry season from November2014 to March 2015. Multiple plant traits associated with drought were assessed for their contribution to drought adaptation of the genotypes. Drought stress determined by a drought intensity index was moderate(0.3). All the assessed traits showed significantly different genotypic responses under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Eleven genotypes significantly(P ≤ 0.05) outperformed the drought check cultivar under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in seed yielding potential. Seed yield showed positive and significant correlations with chlorophyll meter reading, vertical root pulling resistance force, number of pods per plant, and seeds per pod under both soil moisture regimes, indicating their potential use in selection of genotypes yielding well under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Clustering analysis using Mahalanobis distance grouped the genotypes into four groups showing high and significant inter-cluster distance, suggesting that hybridization between drought-adapted parents from the groups will provide the maximum genetic recombination for drought tolerance in subsequent generations.
基金The authors are grateful for the financial support by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,China(CAAS-ASTIP-2014-LIHPS-01)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-37)+1 种基金the Foundation for Innovation,Groups of Basic Research in Gansu Province,China(20JR5RA580)the Key Research and Development Programs of Science and Technology of Gansu Province,China(20YF8WA031)are duly acknowledged.
文摘Cattle are central to the lives and diverse cultures of African people.It has played a crucial role in providing valuable protein for billions of households and sources of income and employment for producers and other actors in the livestock value chains.The long-term natural selection of African cattle typically signals signatures in the genome,contributes to high genetic differentiations across breeds.This has enabled them to develop unique adaptive traits to cope with inadequate feed supply,high temperatures,high internal and external parasites,and diseases.However,these unique cattle genetic resources are threatened by indiscriminate cross-breeding,breed replacements with exotic cosmopolitan breeds,and climate change pressures.Although there are no functional genomics studies,recent advancements in genotyping and sequencing technologies have identified and annotated limited functional genes and causal variants associated with unique adaptive and economical traits of African cattle populations.These genome-wide variants serve as candidates for breed improvement and support conservation efforts for endangered cattle breeds against future climate changes.Therefore,this review plans to collate comprehensive information on the identified selection footprints to support genomic studies in African cattle to confirm the validity of the results and provide a framework for further genetic association and QTL fine mapping studies.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971865)to LF.
文摘Weeds cause tremendous economic and ecological damage worldwide.The number of genomes established for weed species has sharply increased during the recent decade,with some 26 weed species having been sequenced and de novo genomes assembled.These genomes range from 270 Mb(Barbarea vulgaris)to almost 4.4 Gb(Aegilops tauschii).Importantly,chromosome-level assemblies are now available for 17 of these 26 species,and genomic investigations on weed populations have been conducted in at least 12 species.The resulting genomic data have greatly facilitated studies of weed management and biology,especially origin and evolution.Available weed genomes have indeed revealed valuable weed-derived genetic materials for crop improvement.In this review,we summarize the recent progress made in weed genomics and provide a perspective for further exploitation in this emerging field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31821001)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31000000)。
文摘Wild animals and plants have developed a variety of adaptive traits driven by adaptive evolution,an important strategy for species survival and persistence.Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution is the key to understanding species diversification,phenotypic convergence,and inter-species interaction.As the genome sequences of more and more non-model organisms are becoming available,the focus of studies on molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution has shifted from the candidate gene method to genetic mapping based on genome-wide scanning.In this study,we reviewed the latest research advances in wild animals and plants,focusing on adaptive traits,convergent evolution,and coevolution.Firstly,we focused on the adaptive evolution of morphological,behavioral,and physiological traits.Secondly,we reviewed the phenotypic convergences of life history traits and responding to environmental pressures,and the underlying molecular convergence mechanisms.Thirdly,we summarized the advances of coevolution,including the four main types:mutualism,parasitism,predation and competition.Overall,these latest advances greatly increase our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms for diverse adaptive traits and species interaction,demonstrating that the development of evolutionary biology has been greatly accelerated by multi-omics technologies.Finally,we highlighted the emerging trends and future prospects around the above three aspects of adaptive evolution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31925004 and 32430008 to Y.-L.G.,and 32100175 to Y.-C.X.)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-078 to Y.-C.X.)。
文摘To elucidate the process of adaptation,particularly the traits subject to natural selection and the molecular mechanisms underlying their natural variation,is one of the primary objectives of evolutionary biology.The uplifted landscape offers an excellent framework for understanding how organisms adapt to dramatic climatic gradients.To investigate the genetic basis of plant adaptation to the extremely high altitude,we first compared the genomic and phenotypic variations of two closely related Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from high altitude(Xizang,also known as“Tibet”)and low altitude(Yunnan),respectively.The Xizang population represents a relict group characterized by a small effective population size.Notably,the Xizang genome has more transposable elements(TEs)and more gene loss-offunction(LoF)mutations.Differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes of cellular response to oxygen-containing compound,regulation of defense response,and response to light intensity.Intriguingly,the phenotypic selection analysis revealed that silique density was under natural selection.Furthermore,we genetically mapped and validated that the LoF mutation of GA20ox1,the homologous gene of green revolution in rice,resulted in a higher silique density in Xizang Arabidopsis.Given that GA20ox1 is linked to Arabidopsis adaptation to the Alps Mountains,its parallel evolution plays an important role in the adaptation to Alpine habitats.Overall,our results highlight that identifying adaptive traits and elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying natural variation of these traits is crucial for unraveling the mystery of adaptive evolution and has significant implications for crop breeding.
