Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks(FANETs)are widely used in both civilian and military fields,but they face severe security,trust,and privacy vulnerabilities due to their high mobility,dynamic to...Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks(FANETs)are widely used in both civilian and military fields,but they face severe security,trust,and privacy vulnerabilities due to their high mobility,dynamic topology,and open wireless channels.Existing security protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks(MANETs)cannot be directly applied to FANETs,as FANETs require lightweight,high real-time performance,and strong anonymity.The current FANETs security protocol cannot simultaneously meet the requirements of strong anonymity,high security,and low overhead in high dynamic and resource-constrained scenarios.To address these challenges,this paper proposes an Anonymous Authentication and Key Exchange Protocol(AAKE-OWA)for UAVs in FANETs based on OneWay Accumulators(OWA).During the UAV registration phase,the Key Management Center(KMC)generates an identity ticket for each UAV using OWA and transmits it securely to the UAV’s on-board tamper-proof module.In the key exchange phase,UAVs generate temporary authentication tickets with random numbers and compute the same session key leveraging the quasi-commutativity of OWA.For mutual anonymous authentication,UAVs encrypt random numbers with the session key and verify identities by comparing computed values with authentication values.Formal analysis using the Scyther tool confirms that the protocol resists identity spoofing,man-in-the-middle,and replay attacks.Through Burrows Abadi Needham(BAN)logic proof,it achieves mutual anonymity,prevents simulation and physical capture attacks,and ensures secure connectivity of 1.Experimental comparisons with existing protocols prove that the AAKE-OWA protocol has lower computational overhead,communication overhead,and storage overhead,making it more suitable for resource-constrained FANET scenarios.Performance comparison experiments show that,compared with other schemes,this scheme only requires 8 one-way accumulator operations and 4 symmetric encryption/decryption operations,with a total computational overhead as low as 2.3504 ms,a communication overhead of merely 1216 bits,and a storage overhead of 768 bits.We have achieved a reduction in computational costs from 6.3%to 90.3%,communication costs from 5.0%to 69.1%,and overall storage costs from 33%to 68%compared to existing solutions.It can meet the performance requirements of lightweight,real-time,and anonymity for unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)networks.展开更多
Flying ad hoc networks(FANETs),which are composed of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),face severe quality-of-service(QoS)challenges because of their high mobility,rapidly changing topologies,and limited infrastructure s...Flying ad hoc networks(FANETs),which are composed of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),face severe quality-of-service(QoS)challenges because of their high mobility,rapidly changing topologies,and limited infrastructure support.Conventional MAC protocols,such as contention-based CSMA/CA,often fail to guarantee low latency and high throughput under these conditions.To address these challenges,this paper investigates the MAC-layer QoS problem in FANETs and proposes a polling-based MAC protocol integrated with the IEEE 802.11 point coordination function(PCF).The protocol adopts a centralized scheduling mechanism using a master node to coordinate data transmission on the basis of a first-in-first-out(FIFO)policy.While this centralized approach simplifies coordination and reduces contention,it introduces limitations regarding scalability and robustness in decentralized or dynamic environments,which are common in FANET scenarios.To analyse protocol behavior,a polling system model is developed with three service strategies:Gated Service,Exhaustive Service,and Limited-1 Service.Analytical models are derived for queue length and delay,and MATLAB simulations validate the feasibility of the proposed scheme.The results show that despite its structural constraints,the proposed protocol can achieve a balance between throughput,delay,and fairness in specific mission-driven UAV applications,such as coordinated surveillance and real-time task distribution.Further research will explore decentralized adaptations to improve protocol flexibility and fault tolerance in dynamic UAV networks.展开更多
Message structure reconstruction is a critical task in protocol reverse engineering,aiming to recover protocol field structures without access to source code.It enables important applications in network security,inclu...Message structure reconstruction is a critical task in protocol reverse engineering,aiming to recover protocol field structures without access to source code.It enables important applications in network security,including malware analysis and protocol fuzzing.However,existing methods suffer from inaccurate field boundary delineation and lack hierarchical relationship recovery,resulting in imprecise and incomplete reconstructions.In this paper,we propose ProRE,a novel method for reconstructing protocol field structures based on program execution slice embedding.ProRE extracts code slices from protocol parsing at runtime,converts them into embedding vectors using a data flow-sensitive assembly language model,and performs hierarchical clustering to recover complete protocol field structures.Evaluation on two datasets containing 12 protocols shows that ProRE achieves an average F1 score of 0.85 and a cophenetic correlation coefficient of 0.189,improving by 19%and 0.126%respectively over state-of-the-art methods(including BinPRE,Tupni,Netlifter,and QwQ-32B-preview),demonstrating significant superiority in both accuracy and completeness of field structure recovery.Case studies further validate the effectiveness of ProRE in practical malware analysis scenarios.展开更多
Rwanda secured access to one of the world’s most lucrative agricultural markets this month when it finalised a trade protocol allowing fresh avocado exports to China,a deal that could fundamentally alter the trajecto...Rwanda secured access to one of the world’s most lucrative agricultural markets this month when it finalised a trade protocol allowing fresh avocado exports to China,a deal that could fundamentally alter the trajectory of the country’s trade.展开更多
Hyperpolarization of nuclear spins is crucial for advancing nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum information technologies,as nuclear spins typically exhibit extremely low polarization at room temperature due to thei...Hyperpolarization of nuclear spins is crucial for advancing nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum information technologies,as nuclear spins typically exhibit extremely low polarization at room temperature due to their small gyromagnetic ratios.A promising approach to achieving high nuclear spin polarization is transferring the polarization of electrons to nuclear spins.The nitrogen-vacancy(NV)center in diamond has emerged as a highly effective medium for this purpose,and various hyperpolarization protocols have been developed.Among these,the pulsed polarization(PulsePol)method has been extensively studied due to its robustness against static energy shifts of the electron spin.In this work,we present a novel polarization protocol and uncover a family of magic sequences for hyperpolarizing nuclear spins,with PulsePol emerging as a special case of our general approach.Notably,we demonstrate that some of these magic sequences exhibit significantly greater robustness compared to the PulsePol protocol in the presence of finite half𝜋pulse duration of the protocol,Rabi and detuning errors.This enhanced robustness positions our protocol as a more suitable candidate for hyper-polarizing nuclear spins species with large gyromagnetic ratios and also ensures better compatibility with high-efficiency readout techniques at high magnetic fields.Additionally,the generality of our protocol allows for its direct application to other solid-state quantum systems beyond the NV center.展开更多
This paper comes up with a SDN Based Vehicle Ad-Hoc On-Demand Routing Protocol(SVAO),which separates the data forwarding layer and network control layer,as in software defined networking(SDN),to enhance data transmiss...This paper comes up with a SDN Based Vehicle Ad-Hoc On-Demand Routing Protocol(SVAO),which separates the data forwarding layer and network control layer,as in software defined networking(SDN),to enhance data transmission efficiency within vehicle ad-hoc networks(VANETs).The roadside service unit plays the role of local controller and is in charge of selecting vehicles to forward packets within a road segment.All the vehicles state in the road.Correspondingly,a two-level design is used.The global level is distributed and adopts a ranked query scheme to collect vehicle information and determine the road segments along which a message should be forwarded.On the other hand,the local level is in charge of selecting forwarding vehicles in each road segment determined by the global level.We implement two routing algorithms of SVAO,and compare their performance in our simulation.We compare SVAO with popular ad-hoc network routing protocols,including Optimized Link State Routing(OLSR),Dynamic Source Routing(DSR),Destination Sequence Distance Vector(DSDV),and distance-based routing protocol(DB)via simulations.We consider the impact of vehicle density,speed on data transmission rate and average packet delay.The simulation results show that SVAO performs better than the others in large-scale networks or with high vehicle speeds.展开更多
Due to highly dynamic topology caused by fast moving nodes the Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) results in the existence of transient communication links, which degrade the performance of developed protocols. Establis...Due to highly dynamic topology caused by fast moving nodes the Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) results in the existence of transient communication links, which degrade the performance of developed protocols. Established routes frequently become stale, and existing communication flows are interrupted, incurring delay and additional overhead. In this paper we propose a novel hybrid routing protocol, which is the combined between of the table-driven routing and on-demand routing in VANET. It makes fast convergence in routing process, minimal drop links, making more reliable links, and adaptive with changing of VANET topology. With neighbor table is updated instantaneously, and using strong neighbor for routing process makes route discovery process start whenever it received requirement, and through using route mechanism appropriately it reduces significantly route overhead at each node. The simulation results illustrate the outstanding properties of our proposed routing protocol.展开更多
Routing on ad-hoc network has become a major research issue among the networking communities due to its increasing complexity and the surge of challenging problems. One major factor contributing to this tendency is th...Routing on ad-hoc network has become a major research issue among the networking communities due to its increasing complexity and the surge of challenging problems. One major factor contributing to this tendency is that every terminal of an ad-hoc network is also functioning as a network router. In this paper we provide a comprehensive review about the principles and mechanisms of routing protocols used in ad-hoc networks. For comparison purposes, we discuss some relevant technical issues of two well-known routing strategies, namely On-Demand (Proactive routing) and Table-Driven (Reactive routing). In particular, focus our attention on two major and well-known routing protocols: AODV (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Protocol) and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol). Our study has no intention to suggest any definite solution for any ad-hoc network, because it is the case depending on dictated by the nature and varying factors of networks. Instead, we demonstrate our major perception and describe general models that may assist us while modeling a given network.展开更多
Nowadays, Health Care Training-based System (HCTS) is a vital component in the education and training of health care in 3D Virtual Environment (VE). The practice of HCTS continues to grow at rapid pace throughout all ...Nowadays, Health Care Training-based System (HCTS) is a vital component in the education and training of health care in 3D Virtual Environment (VE). The practice of HCTS continues to grow at rapid pace throughout all of the healthcare disciplines, however research in this field is still in its early stage. Increasingly, decision makers and developers look forward to offer more sophisticated, much larger, and more complex HCTS to serve the desired outcome and improve the quality and safety of patient care. Due to the rapidly increasing usage of personal mobile devices and the need of executing HCTS applications in environments that have no previous network infrastructure available, Mobile Health Care Training-based System (MHCTS) is an expected future trend. In such systems, medical staff will share and collaborate in a 3D virtual environment through their mobile devices in an ad-hoc network (MANET) in order to accomplish specific missions’ typically surgical emergency room. Users are organized into various groups (Radiologists, Maternity departments, and General surgery etc...), and need to be managed by a multicast scheme to save network bandwidth and offer immersive sense. MHCTS is sensitive to networking issues, since interactive 3D graphics requires additional load due to the use of mobile devices. Therefore, we need to emphasize on the importance and the improvement of multicast techniques for the effectiveness of MHCTS and the management of collaborative group interaction. Research so far has devoted little attention to the network communication protocols design of such systems which is crucial to preserve the sense of immersion for participating users. In this paper, we investigate the effect of multicast routing protocol in advancing the field of Health care Training-based System to the benefit of patient’s safety, and health care professional. Also, we address the issue of selecting a multicast protocol to provide the best performance for a particular e-health system at any time. Previous work has demonstrated that multicast operates at least as efficiently as traditional MAODV. A comprehensive analysis about various ad-hoc multicast routing protocols is proposed. The selection key factors for the right protocol for MHCTS applications were safety and robustness. To the best of our knowledge, this work will be the first initiative involving systematic literature reviews to identify a research gate for the use of multicast protocol in health care simulation learning community.展开更多
Jamming attack is quite serious threat for Mobile networks that collapses all necessary communication infrastructure. Since mobile nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) communicate in a multi-hop mode, there is alwa...Jamming attack is quite serious threat for Mobile networks that collapses all necessary communication infrastructure. Since mobile nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) communicate in a multi-hop mode, there is always a possibility for an intruder to launch a jamming attack in order to intercept communication among communication nodes. In this study, a network simulation has been carried out in order to explore and evaluate the possible impacts of jamming attack on MACAW protocol. Ad-hoc network modelling is used to provide communication infrastructure among mobile nodes in order to modelling the simulation scenarios. In simulation model, these nodes have used AODV routing protocol which is designed for MANET while second scenario contains simulated MACAW node models for comparison. On the other hand, this paper is the first study that addresses performance evaluation of MACAW protocol under a constant Jamming Attack. The performance of MACAW protocol is simulated through OPNET Modeler 14.5 software.展开更多
As an indispensable part of the Intelli-gent Transportation System(ITS),the vehicular ad-hoc network(VANET)has attracted widespread atten-tion from academia and industry.In order to ensure the security of VANET,vehicl...As an indispensable part of the Intelli-gent Transportation System(ITS),the vehicular ad-hoc network(VANET)has attracted widespread atten-tion from academia and industry.In order to ensure the security of VANET,vehicles need to be authen-ticated before accessing the network.Most existing authentication protocols in VANET adopt the Trusted Authority(TA)with centralized structure which is re-sponsible for the authentication tasks of all vehicles.However,the large-scale network consume a lot of computing resources,which leads to unacceptable de-lay in message transmission in VANET.For reducing the computational cost of TA,an efficient three-factor privacy-preserving authentication and key agreement protocol was proposed in our paper.Different from before,the RoadSide Unit(RSU)no longer acts as an intermediate node but is responsible for assisting user authentication,which lead to the computational cost of TA is very low.Through formal and informal analysis,our protocol demonstrates excellent security.Com-pared with previous studies,our work emerges advan-tages and superiorities in the following aspects:com-putational cost,communication cost,security proper-ties and functions,message loss ratio,and message de-lay.These data and evidence indicate that our protocol is an ideal choice for large-scale VANET.展开更多
Security is one of the most critical issues to Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) since the information transmitted is asynchronous and distributed. Vulnerability and instability are two of the challenges remain to be...Security is one of the most critical issues to Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) since the information transmitted is asynchronous and distributed. Vulnerability and instability are two of the challenges remain to be addressed by the research community and the industry. In this paper, we first proposed a trust reliability based model and extended the GPSR protocol to TM-GPSR protocol. Then, we improved the LET-GPSR protocol based on the link connection time prediction. On this basis, combined the decision index of the TM-GPSR and LET-GPSR protocols, we proposed the RC-GPSR routing protocol. We built the standard testing platform on the NS2 and SUMO, the average end-to-end delay and packet delivery rate of GPSR protocol and the three updates protocols under different node density, node speed, and malicious node ratio are simulated and evaluated. The results showed that under the same conditions, compared with GPSR protocol, RC-GPSR protocol has a lower average end-to-end delay and a higher packet delivery rate, which effectively improves the link stability and security.展开更多
The multi-hop wireless networks that provide the feasible means of communication and information access in real time services are named as Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS). The Dual Busy-Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA) me...The multi-hop wireless networks that provide the feasible means of communication and information access in real time services are named as Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS). The Dual Busy-Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA) mechanism concedes the RTS-CTS scheme to establish communication between two nodes and medium access for applications with a high QoS requirement by assigning two narrow band busy-tones to notify the on-going transmission. In this paper, we obtained results relative to the interest of AODV based reactive routing protocol for MANETS and DBTMA mechanism. The performance is governed under real time sound traffic through simulation using NS-2. The performance of the protocol is measured in terms of various QoS metrics that include route discovery time, throughput, delay and hops per route which are calculated, and graphs have been plotted. A simulation result shows that very substantial improvements in terms of AODV performance parameters and minimum delay are attained due to increased routing responsiveness.展开更多
This article discusses the evolving real-world practice using nitazoxanide,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)and/or azithromycin(Kelleni’s protocol)to manage the evolving manifestations of severe acute resp...This article discusses the evolving real-world practice using nitazoxanide,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)and/or azithromycin(Kelleni’s protocol)to manage the evolving manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)Omicron EG.5.1,its descendant HV.1 as well as BA.2.86 and its descendant JN.1 subvariants in Egypt in 2024.These subvariants are well-known for their highly evolved immune-evasive properties and the manifestations include some peculiar manifestations as persistent cough besides high fever in young children as well as high fever,persistent severe cough,change of voice,loss of taste and smell,epigastric pain,nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,generalized malaise and marked bone aches in adults including the high-risk groups.It’s suggested that the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution is continuing to mostly affect the high-risk groups of patients,to some of whom we’ve also successfully prescribed nitazoxanide and/or NSAIDs for post-exposure prophylaxis of all household contacts.We also continue to recommend starting the immune-modulatory antiviral Kelleni’s protocol as soon as possible in the course of infection and adjusting it in a personalized manner to be more aggressive from the beginning for the high risk patients,at least until the currently encountered surge of infections subsides.展开更多
The care of a patient involved in major trauma with exsanguinating haemorrhage is time-critical to achieve definitive haemorrhage control,and it requires coordinated multidisciplinary care.During initial resuscitation...The care of a patient involved in major trauma with exsanguinating haemorrhage is time-critical to achieve definitive haemorrhage control,and it requires coordinated multidisciplinary care.During initial resuscitation of a patient in the emergency department(ED),Code Crimson activation facilitates rapid decisionmaking by multi-disciplinary specialists for definitive haemorrhage control in operating theatre(OT)and/or interventional radiology(IR)suite.Once this decision has been made,there may still be various factors that lead to delay in transporting the patient from ED to OT/IR.Red Blanket protocol identifies and addresses these factors and processes which cause delay,and aims to facilitate rapid and safe transport of the haemodynamically unstable patient from ED to OT,while minimizing delay in resuscitation during the transfer.The two processes,Code Crimson and Red Blanket,complement each other.It would be ideal to merge the two processes into a single protocol rather than having two separate workflows.Introducing these quality improvement strategies and coor-dinated processes within the trauma framework of the hospitals/healthcare systems will help in further improving the multi-disciplinary care for the complex trauma patients requiring rapid and definitive haemorrhage control.展开更多
Protocol Reverse Engineering(PRE)is of great practical importance in Internet security-related fields such as intrusion detection,vulnerability mining,and protocol fuzzing.For unknown binary protocols having fixed-len...Protocol Reverse Engineering(PRE)is of great practical importance in Internet security-related fields such as intrusion detection,vulnerability mining,and protocol fuzzing.For unknown binary protocols having fixed-length fields,and the accurate identification of field boundaries has a great impact on the subsequent analysis and final performance.Hence,this paper proposes a new protocol segmentation method based on Information-theoretic statistical analysis for binary protocols by formulating the field segmentation of unsupervised binary protocols as a probabilistic inference problem and modeling its uncertainty.Specifically,we design four related constructions between entropy changes and protocol field segmentation,introduce random variables,and construct joint probability distributions with traffic sample observations.Probabilistic inference is then performed to identify the possible protocol segmentation points.Extensive trials on nine common public and industrial control protocols show that the proposed method yields higher-quality protocol segmentation results.展开更多
“Flying Ad Hoc Networks(FANETs)”,which use“Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)”,are developing as a critical mechanism for numerous applications,such as military operations and civilian services.The dynamic nature of F...“Flying Ad Hoc Networks(FANETs)”,which use“Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)”,are developing as a critical mechanism for numerous applications,such as military operations and civilian services.The dynamic nature of FANETs,with high mobility,quick node migration,and frequent topology changes,presents substantial hurdles for routing protocol development.Over the preceding few years,researchers have found that machine learning gives productive solutions in routing while preserving the nature of FANET,which is topology change and high mobility.This paper reviews current research on routing protocols and Machine Learning(ML)approaches applied to FANETs,emphasizing developments between 2021 and 2023.The research uses the PRISMA approach to sift through the literature,filtering results from the SCOPUS database to find 82 relevant publications.The research study uses machine learning-based routing algorithms to beat the issues of high mobility,dynamic topologies,and intermittent connection in FANETs.When compared with conventional routing,it gives an energy-efficient and fast decision-making solution in a real-time environment,with greater fault tolerance capabilities.These protocols aim to increase routing efficiency,flexibility,and network stability using ML’s predictive and adaptive capabilities.This comprehensive review seeks to integrate existing information,offer novel integration approaches,and recommend future research topics for improving routing efficiency and flexibility in FANETs.Moreover,the study highlights emerging trends in ML integration,discusses challenges faced during the review,and discusses overcoming these hurdles in future research.展开更多
A decentralized network made up of mobile nodes is termed the Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET).Mobility and a finite battery lifespan are the two main problems with MANETs.Advanced methods are essential for enhancing MANE...A decentralized network made up of mobile nodes is termed the Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET).Mobility and a finite battery lifespan are the two main problems with MANETs.Advanced methods are essential for enhancing MANET security,network longevity,and energy efficiency.Hence,selecting an appropriate cluster.The cluster’s head further boosts the network’s energy effectiveness.As a result,a Hybrid Swallow Swarm Optimisation-Memetic Algorithm(SSO-MA)is suggested to develop the energy efficiency&of the MANET network.Then,to secure the network Abnormality Detection System(ADS)is proposed.The MATLAB-2021a platform is used to implement the suggested technique and conduct the analysis.In terms of network performance,the suggested model outperforms the current Genetic Algorithm,Optimised Link State Routing protocol,and Particle Swarm Optimisation techniques.The performance of the model has a minimum delay in the range of 0.82 seconds and a Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR)of 99.82%.Hence,the validation shows that the Hybrid SSO-MA strategy is superior to the other approaches in terms of efficiency.展开更多
Accurate time synchronization is fundamental to the correct and efficient operation of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),especially in security-critical,time-sensitive applications.However,most existing protocols degrade...Accurate time synchronization is fundamental to the correct and efficient operation of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),especially in security-critical,time-sensitive applications.However,most existing protocols degrade substantially under malicious interference.We introduce iSTSP,an Intelligent and Secure Time Synchronization Protocol that implements a four-stage defense pipeline to ensure robust,precise synchronization even in hostile environments:(1)trust preprocessing that filters node participation using behavioral trust scoring;(2)anomaly isolation employing a lightweight autoencoder to detect and excise malicious nodes in real time;(3)reliability-weighted consensus that prioritizes high-trust nodes during time aggregation;and(4)convergence-optimized synchronization that dynamically adjusts parameters using theoretical stability bounds.We provide rigorous convergence analysis including a closed-form expression for convergence time,and validate the protocol through both simulations and realworld experiments on a controlled 16-node testbed.Under Sybil attacks with five malicious nodes within this testbed,iSTSP maintains synchronization error increases under 12%and achieves a rapid convergence.Compared to state-ofthe-art protocols like TPSN,SE-FTSP,and MMAR-CTS,iSTSP offers 60%faster detection,broader threat coverage,and more than 7 times lower synchronization error,with a modest 9.3%energy overhead over 8 h.We argue this is an acceptable trade-off for mission-critical deployments requiring guaranteed security.These findings demonstrate iSTSP’s potential as a reliable solution for secure WSN synchronization and motivate future work on large-scale IoT deployments and integration with energy-efficient communication protocols.展开更多
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(under Grant 61902163)the Jiangsu“Qing Lan Project”,Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Major Research Project:23KJA520007)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX25_1303).
文摘Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks(FANETs)are widely used in both civilian and military fields,but they face severe security,trust,and privacy vulnerabilities due to their high mobility,dynamic topology,and open wireless channels.Existing security protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks(MANETs)cannot be directly applied to FANETs,as FANETs require lightweight,high real-time performance,and strong anonymity.The current FANETs security protocol cannot simultaneously meet the requirements of strong anonymity,high security,and low overhead in high dynamic and resource-constrained scenarios.To address these challenges,this paper proposes an Anonymous Authentication and Key Exchange Protocol(AAKE-OWA)for UAVs in FANETs based on OneWay Accumulators(OWA).During the UAV registration phase,the Key Management Center(KMC)generates an identity ticket for each UAV using OWA and transmits it securely to the UAV’s on-board tamper-proof module.In the key exchange phase,UAVs generate temporary authentication tickets with random numbers and compute the same session key leveraging the quasi-commutativity of OWA.For mutual anonymous authentication,UAVs encrypt random numbers with the session key and verify identities by comparing computed values with authentication values.Formal analysis using the Scyther tool confirms that the protocol resists identity spoofing,man-in-the-middle,and replay attacks.Through Burrows Abadi Needham(BAN)logic proof,it achieves mutual anonymity,prevents simulation and physical capture attacks,and ensures secure connectivity of 1.Experimental comparisons with existing protocols prove that the AAKE-OWA protocol has lower computational overhead,communication overhead,and storage overhead,making it more suitable for resource-constrained FANET scenarios.Performance comparison experiments show that,compared with other schemes,this scheme only requires 8 one-way accumulator operations and 4 symmetric encryption/decryption operations,with a total computational overhead as low as 2.3504 ms,a communication overhead of merely 1216 bits,and a storage overhead of 768 bits.We have achieved a reduction in computational costs from 6.3%to 90.3%,communication costs from 5.0%to 69.1%,and overall storage costs from 33%to 68%compared to existing solutions.It can meet the performance requirements of lightweight,real-time,and anonymity for unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)networks.
基金supported by Yang Zhijun’s Industry Innovation Talents Project of the Yunnan Xingdian Talents Support Plan(Certificate No.YNWR–CYJS–2020–017),formerly part of the Yunnan“Ten-Thousand Talents Plan”for industrial technology leadership.support of the Wu Zhonghai Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province(No.202305AF150045).
文摘Flying ad hoc networks(FANETs),which are composed of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),face severe quality-of-service(QoS)challenges because of their high mobility,rapidly changing topologies,and limited infrastructure support.Conventional MAC protocols,such as contention-based CSMA/CA,often fail to guarantee low latency and high throughput under these conditions.To address these challenges,this paper investigates the MAC-layer QoS problem in FANETs and proposes a polling-based MAC protocol integrated with the IEEE 802.11 point coordination function(PCF).The protocol adopts a centralized scheduling mechanism using a master node to coordinate data transmission on the basis of a first-in-first-out(FIFO)policy.While this centralized approach simplifies coordination and reduces contention,it introduces limitations regarding scalability and robustness in decentralized or dynamic environments,which are common in FANET scenarios.To analyse protocol behavior,a polling system model is developed with three service strategies:Gated Service,Exhaustive Service,and Limited-1 Service.Analytical models are derived for queue length and delay,and MATLAB simulations validate the feasibility of the proposed scheme.The results show that despite its structural constraints,the proposed protocol can achieve a balance between throughput,delay,and fairness in specific mission-driven UAV applications,such as coordinated surveillance and real-time task distribution.Further research will explore decentralized adaptations to improve protocol flexibility and fault tolerance in dynamic UAV networks.
文摘Message structure reconstruction is a critical task in protocol reverse engineering,aiming to recover protocol field structures without access to source code.It enables important applications in network security,including malware analysis and protocol fuzzing.However,existing methods suffer from inaccurate field boundary delineation and lack hierarchical relationship recovery,resulting in imprecise and incomplete reconstructions.In this paper,we propose ProRE,a novel method for reconstructing protocol field structures based on program execution slice embedding.ProRE extracts code slices from protocol parsing at runtime,converts them into embedding vectors using a data flow-sensitive assembly language model,and performs hierarchical clustering to recover complete protocol field structures.Evaluation on two datasets containing 12 protocols shows that ProRE achieves an average F1 score of 0.85 and a cophenetic correlation coefficient of 0.189,improving by 19%and 0.126%respectively over state-of-the-art methods(including BinPRE,Tupni,Netlifter,and QwQ-32B-preview),demonstrating significant superiority in both accuracy and completeness of field structure recovery.Case studies further validate the effectiveness of ProRE in practical malware analysis scenarios.
文摘Rwanda secured access to one of the world’s most lucrative agricultural markets this month when it finalised a trade protocol allowing fresh avocado exports to China,a deal that could fundamentally alter the trajectory of the country’s trade.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12475012,62461160263 for P.W.,and 62276171 for H.L.)Quantum Science and Technology-National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Project No.2023ZD0300600 for P.W.)+3 种基金Guangdong Provincial Quantum Science Strategic Initiative (Grant Nos.GDZX240-3009 and GDZX2303005 for P.W.)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No.2024-A1515011938 for H.L.)Shenzhen Fundamental ResearchGeneral Project (Grant No.JCYJ20240813141503005 for H.L.)the Talents Introduction Foundation of Beijing Normal University (Grant No.310432106 for P.W.)。
文摘Hyperpolarization of nuclear spins is crucial for advancing nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum information technologies,as nuclear spins typically exhibit extremely low polarization at room temperature due to their small gyromagnetic ratios.A promising approach to achieving high nuclear spin polarization is transferring the polarization of electrons to nuclear spins.The nitrogen-vacancy(NV)center in diamond has emerged as a highly effective medium for this purpose,and various hyperpolarization protocols have been developed.Among these,the pulsed polarization(PulsePol)method has been extensively studied due to its robustness against static energy shifts of the electron spin.In this work,we present a novel polarization protocol and uncover a family of magic sequences for hyperpolarizing nuclear spins,with PulsePol emerging as a special case of our general approach.Notably,we demonstrate that some of these magic sequences exhibit significantly greater robustness compared to the PulsePol protocol in the presence of finite half𝜋pulse duration of the protocol,Rabi and detuning errors.This enhanced robustness positions our protocol as a more suitable candidate for hyper-polarizing nuclear spins species with large gyromagnetic ratios and also ensures better compatibility with high-efficiency readout techniques at high magnetic fields.Additionally,the generality of our protocol allows for its direct application to other solid-state quantum systems beyond the NV center.
基金partially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0200400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61379157)+1 种基金Program of Science and Technology of Guangdong(No.2015B010111001)MOE-CMCC Joint Research Fund of China(No.MCM20160104)
文摘This paper comes up with a SDN Based Vehicle Ad-Hoc On-Demand Routing Protocol(SVAO),which separates the data forwarding layer and network control layer,as in software defined networking(SDN),to enhance data transmission efficiency within vehicle ad-hoc networks(VANETs).The roadside service unit plays the role of local controller and is in charge of selecting vehicles to forward packets within a road segment.All the vehicles state in the road.Correspondingly,a two-level design is used.The global level is distributed and adopts a ranked query scheme to collect vehicle information and determine the road segments along which a message should be forwarded.On the other hand,the local level is in charge of selecting forwarding vehicles in each road segment determined by the global level.We implement two routing algorithms of SVAO,and compare their performance in our simulation.We compare SVAO with popular ad-hoc network routing protocols,including Optimized Link State Routing(OLSR),Dynamic Source Routing(DSR),Destination Sequence Distance Vector(DSDV),and distance-based routing protocol(DB)via simulations.We consider the impact of vehicle density,speed on data transmission rate and average packet delay.The simulation results show that SVAO performs better than the others in large-scale networks or with high vehicle speeds.
基金Sponsored by the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No. 2010ZX03005-003)
文摘Due to highly dynamic topology caused by fast moving nodes the Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) results in the existence of transient communication links, which degrade the performance of developed protocols. Established routes frequently become stale, and existing communication flows are interrupted, incurring delay and additional overhead. In this paper we propose a novel hybrid routing protocol, which is the combined between of the table-driven routing and on-demand routing in VANET. It makes fast convergence in routing process, minimal drop links, making more reliable links, and adaptive with changing of VANET topology. With neighbor table is updated instantaneously, and using strong neighbor for routing process makes route discovery process start whenever it received requirement, and through using route mechanism appropriately it reduces significantly route overhead at each node. The simulation results illustrate the outstanding properties of our proposed routing protocol.
文摘Routing on ad-hoc network has become a major research issue among the networking communities due to its increasing complexity and the surge of challenging problems. One major factor contributing to this tendency is that every terminal of an ad-hoc network is also functioning as a network router. In this paper we provide a comprehensive review about the principles and mechanisms of routing protocols used in ad-hoc networks. For comparison purposes, we discuss some relevant technical issues of two well-known routing strategies, namely On-Demand (Proactive routing) and Table-Driven (Reactive routing). In particular, focus our attention on two major and well-known routing protocols: AODV (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Protocol) and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol). Our study has no intention to suggest any definite solution for any ad-hoc network, because it is the case depending on dictated by the nature and varying factors of networks. Instead, we demonstrate our major perception and describe general models that may assist us while modeling a given network.
文摘Nowadays, Health Care Training-based System (HCTS) is a vital component in the education and training of health care in 3D Virtual Environment (VE). The practice of HCTS continues to grow at rapid pace throughout all of the healthcare disciplines, however research in this field is still in its early stage. Increasingly, decision makers and developers look forward to offer more sophisticated, much larger, and more complex HCTS to serve the desired outcome and improve the quality and safety of patient care. Due to the rapidly increasing usage of personal mobile devices and the need of executing HCTS applications in environments that have no previous network infrastructure available, Mobile Health Care Training-based System (MHCTS) is an expected future trend. In such systems, medical staff will share and collaborate in a 3D virtual environment through their mobile devices in an ad-hoc network (MANET) in order to accomplish specific missions’ typically surgical emergency room. Users are organized into various groups (Radiologists, Maternity departments, and General surgery etc...), and need to be managed by a multicast scheme to save network bandwidth and offer immersive sense. MHCTS is sensitive to networking issues, since interactive 3D graphics requires additional load due to the use of mobile devices. Therefore, we need to emphasize on the importance and the improvement of multicast techniques for the effectiveness of MHCTS and the management of collaborative group interaction. Research so far has devoted little attention to the network communication protocols design of such systems which is crucial to preserve the sense of immersion for participating users. In this paper, we investigate the effect of multicast routing protocol in advancing the field of Health care Training-based System to the benefit of patient’s safety, and health care professional. Also, we address the issue of selecting a multicast protocol to provide the best performance for a particular e-health system at any time. Previous work has demonstrated that multicast operates at least as efficiently as traditional MAODV. A comprehensive analysis about various ad-hoc multicast routing protocols is proposed. The selection key factors for the right protocol for MHCTS applications were safety and robustness. To the best of our knowledge, this work will be the first initiative involving systematic literature reviews to identify a research gate for the use of multicast protocol in health care simulation learning community.
文摘Jamming attack is quite serious threat for Mobile networks that collapses all necessary communication infrastructure. Since mobile nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) communicate in a multi-hop mode, there is always a possibility for an intruder to launch a jamming attack in order to intercept communication among communication nodes. In this study, a network simulation has been carried out in order to explore and evaluate the possible impacts of jamming attack on MACAW protocol. Ad-hoc network modelling is used to provide communication infrastructure among mobile nodes in order to modelling the simulation scenarios. In simulation model, these nodes have used AODV routing protocol which is designed for MANET while second scenario contains simulated MACAW node models for comparison. On the other hand, this paper is the first study that addresses performance evaluation of MACAW protocol under a constant Jamming Attack. The performance of MACAW protocol is simulated through OPNET Modeler 14.5 software.
基金the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China under Grant No.61772185.
文摘As an indispensable part of the Intelli-gent Transportation System(ITS),the vehicular ad-hoc network(VANET)has attracted widespread atten-tion from academia and industry.In order to ensure the security of VANET,vehicles need to be authen-ticated before accessing the network.Most existing authentication protocols in VANET adopt the Trusted Authority(TA)with centralized structure which is re-sponsible for the authentication tasks of all vehicles.However,the large-scale network consume a lot of computing resources,which leads to unacceptable de-lay in message transmission in VANET.For reducing the computational cost of TA,an efficient three-factor privacy-preserving authentication and key agreement protocol was proposed in our paper.Different from before,the RoadSide Unit(RSU)no longer acts as an intermediate node but is responsible for assisting user authentication,which lead to the computational cost of TA is very low.Through formal and informal analysis,our protocol demonstrates excellent security.Com-pared with previous studies,our work emerges advan-tages and superiorities in the following aspects:com-putational cost,communication cost,security proper-ties and functions,message loss ratio,and message de-lay.These data and evidence indicate that our protocol is an ideal choice for large-scale VANET.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62106060)
文摘Security is one of the most critical issues to Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) since the information transmitted is asynchronous and distributed. Vulnerability and instability are two of the challenges remain to be addressed by the research community and the industry. In this paper, we first proposed a trust reliability based model and extended the GPSR protocol to TM-GPSR protocol. Then, we improved the LET-GPSR protocol based on the link connection time prediction. On this basis, combined the decision index of the TM-GPSR and LET-GPSR protocols, we proposed the RC-GPSR routing protocol. We built the standard testing platform on the NS2 and SUMO, the average end-to-end delay and packet delivery rate of GPSR protocol and the three updates protocols under different node density, node speed, and malicious node ratio are simulated and evaluated. The results showed that under the same conditions, compared with GPSR protocol, RC-GPSR protocol has a lower average end-to-end delay and a higher packet delivery rate, which effectively improves the link stability and security.
文摘The multi-hop wireless networks that provide the feasible means of communication and information access in real time services are named as Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS). The Dual Busy-Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA) mechanism concedes the RTS-CTS scheme to establish communication between two nodes and medium access for applications with a high QoS requirement by assigning two narrow band busy-tones to notify the on-going transmission. In this paper, we obtained results relative to the interest of AODV based reactive routing protocol for MANETS and DBTMA mechanism. The performance is governed under real time sound traffic through simulation using NS-2. The performance of the protocol is measured in terms of various QoS metrics that include route discovery time, throughput, delay and hops per route which are calculated, and graphs have been plotted. A simulation result shows that very substantial improvements in terms of AODV performance parameters and minimum delay are attained due to increased routing responsiveness.
文摘This article discusses the evolving real-world practice using nitazoxanide,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)and/or azithromycin(Kelleni’s protocol)to manage the evolving manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)Omicron EG.5.1,its descendant HV.1 as well as BA.2.86 and its descendant JN.1 subvariants in Egypt in 2024.These subvariants are well-known for their highly evolved immune-evasive properties and the manifestations include some peculiar manifestations as persistent cough besides high fever in young children as well as high fever,persistent severe cough,change of voice,loss of taste and smell,epigastric pain,nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,generalized malaise and marked bone aches in adults including the high-risk groups.It’s suggested that the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution is continuing to mostly affect the high-risk groups of patients,to some of whom we’ve also successfully prescribed nitazoxanide and/or NSAIDs for post-exposure prophylaxis of all household contacts.We also continue to recommend starting the immune-modulatory antiviral Kelleni’s protocol as soon as possible in the course of infection and adjusting it in a personalized manner to be more aggressive from the beginning for the high risk patients,at least until the currently encountered surge of infections subsides.
文摘The care of a patient involved in major trauma with exsanguinating haemorrhage is time-critical to achieve definitive haemorrhage control,and it requires coordinated multidisciplinary care.During initial resuscitation of a patient in the emergency department(ED),Code Crimson activation facilitates rapid decisionmaking by multi-disciplinary specialists for definitive haemorrhage control in operating theatre(OT)and/or interventional radiology(IR)suite.Once this decision has been made,there may still be various factors that lead to delay in transporting the patient from ED to OT/IR.Red Blanket protocol identifies and addresses these factors and processes which cause delay,and aims to facilitate rapid and safe transport of the haemodynamically unstable patient from ED to OT,while minimizing delay in resuscitation during the transfer.The two processes,Code Crimson and Red Blanket,complement each other.It would be ideal to merge the two processes into a single protocol rather than having two separate workflows.Introducing these quality improvement strategies and coor-dinated processes within the trauma framework of the hospitals/healthcare systems will help in further improving the multi-disciplinary care for the complex trauma patients requiring rapid and definitive haemorrhage control.
文摘Protocol Reverse Engineering(PRE)is of great practical importance in Internet security-related fields such as intrusion detection,vulnerability mining,and protocol fuzzing.For unknown binary protocols having fixed-length fields,and the accurate identification of field boundaries has a great impact on the subsequent analysis and final performance.Hence,this paper proposes a new protocol segmentation method based on Information-theoretic statistical analysis for binary protocols by formulating the field segmentation of unsupervised binary protocols as a probabilistic inference problem and modeling its uncertainty.Specifically,we design four related constructions between entropy changes and protocol field segmentation,introduce random variables,and construct joint probability distributions with traffic sample observations.Probabilistic inference is then performed to identify the possible protocol segmentation points.Extensive trials on nine common public and industrial control protocols show that the proposed method yields higher-quality protocol segmentation results.
基金support the findings of this study are openly available in(Scopus database)at www.scopus.com(accessed on 07 January 2025).
文摘“Flying Ad Hoc Networks(FANETs)”,which use“Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)”,are developing as a critical mechanism for numerous applications,such as military operations and civilian services.The dynamic nature of FANETs,with high mobility,quick node migration,and frequent topology changes,presents substantial hurdles for routing protocol development.Over the preceding few years,researchers have found that machine learning gives productive solutions in routing while preserving the nature of FANET,which is topology change and high mobility.This paper reviews current research on routing protocols and Machine Learning(ML)approaches applied to FANETs,emphasizing developments between 2021 and 2023.The research uses the PRISMA approach to sift through the literature,filtering results from the SCOPUS database to find 82 relevant publications.The research study uses machine learning-based routing algorithms to beat the issues of high mobility,dynamic topologies,and intermittent connection in FANETs.When compared with conventional routing,it gives an energy-efficient and fast decision-making solution in a real-time environment,with greater fault tolerance capabilities.These protocols aim to increase routing efficiency,flexibility,and network stability using ML’s predictive and adaptive capabilities.This comprehensive review seeks to integrate existing information,offer novel integration approaches,and recommend future research topics for improving routing efficiency and flexibility in FANETs.Moreover,the study highlights emerging trends in ML integration,discusses challenges faced during the review,and discusses overcoming these hurdles in future research.
文摘A decentralized network made up of mobile nodes is termed the Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET).Mobility and a finite battery lifespan are the two main problems with MANETs.Advanced methods are essential for enhancing MANET security,network longevity,and energy efficiency.Hence,selecting an appropriate cluster.The cluster’s head further boosts the network’s energy effectiveness.As a result,a Hybrid Swallow Swarm Optimisation-Memetic Algorithm(SSO-MA)is suggested to develop the energy efficiency&of the MANET network.Then,to secure the network Abnormality Detection System(ADS)is proposed.The MATLAB-2021a platform is used to implement the suggested technique and conduct the analysis.In terms of network performance,the suggested model outperforms the current Genetic Algorithm,Optimised Link State Routing protocol,and Particle Swarm Optimisation techniques.The performance of the model has a minimum delay in the range of 0.82 seconds and a Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR)of 99.82%.Hence,the validation shows that the Hybrid SSO-MA strategy is superior to the other approaches in terms of efficiency.
基金this project under Geran Putra Inisiatif(GPI)with reference of GP-GPI/2023/976210。
文摘Accurate time synchronization is fundamental to the correct and efficient operation of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),especially in security-critical,time-sensitive applications.However,most existing protocols degrade substantially under malicious interference.We introduce iSTSP,an Intelligent and Secure Time Synchronization Protocol that implements a four-stage defense pipeline to ensure robust,precise synchronization even in hostile environments:(1)trust preprocessing that filters node participation using behavioral trust scoring;(2)anomaly isolation employing a lightweight autoencoder to detect and excise malicious nodes in real time;(3)reliability-weighted consensus that prioritizes high-trust nodes during time aggregation;and(4)convergence-optimized synchronization that dynamically adjusts parameters using theoretical stability bounds.We provide rigorous convergence analysis including a closed-form expression for convergence time,and validate the protocol through both simulations and realworld experiments on a controlled 16-node testbed.Under Sybil attacks with five malicious nodes within this testbed,iSTSP maintains synchronization error increases under 12%and achieves a rapid convergence.Compared to state-ofthe-art protocols like TPSN,SE-FTSP,and MMAR-CTS,iSTSP offers 60%faster detection,broader threat coverage,and more than 7 times lower synchronization error,with a modest 9.3%energy overhead over 8 h.We argue this is an acceptable trade-off for mission-critical deployments requiring guaranteed security.These findings demonstrate iSTSP’s potential as a reliable solution for secure WSN synchronization and motivate future work on large-scale IoT deployments and integration with energy-efficient communication protocols.
