On November 10-12,the 11^(th) IFAN International Conference of StandardsUsers and the 31^(st) IFAN Members' Assembly of the International Federation of Standards Users wereheld in the Renaissance Hotel of Amsterda...On November 10-12,the 11^(th) IFAN International Conference of StandardsUsers and the 31^(st) IFAN Members' Assembly of the International Federation of Standards Users wereheld in the Renaissance Hotel of Amsterdam, the capital of Holland, and Mr. Neel Reeve, Presidentof IFAN, hosted the Conference and the Assembly. CAS (China Association for Standardization)delegation, consisting of Ms. Li Rui, President of CAS and the leader of the delegation, and twomembers, Zhang Wen and Xu Dajun attended the Conference and the Assembly.展开更多
Hypoxia（low oxygen level） is an important feature during infections and affects the host defence mechanisms. The host has evolved specific responses to address hypoxia, which are strongly dependent on the activation...Hypoxia（low oxygen level） is an important feature during infections and affects the host defence mechanisms. The host has evolved specific responses to address hypoxia, which are strongly dependent on the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1（HIF-1）.Hypoxia interferes degradation of HIF-1 alpha subunit（HIF-1α）, leading to stabilisation of HIF-1α, heterodimerization with HIF-1 beta subunit（HIF-1β） and subsequent activation of HIF-1 pathway. Apical periodontitis（periapical lesion） is a consequence of endodontic infection and ultimately results in destruction of tooth-supporting tissue, including alveolar bone. Thus far, the role of HIF-1 in periapical lesions has not been systematically examined. In the present study, we determined the role of HIF-1 in a wellcharacterised mouse periapical lesion model using two HIF-1α-activating strategies, dimethyloxalylglycine（DMOG） and adenovirusinduced constitutively active HIF-1α（CA-HIF1 A）. Both DMOG and CA-HIF1 A attenuated periapical inflammation and tissue destruction. The attenuation in vivo was associated with downregulation of nuclear factor-κappa B（NF-κB） and osteoclastic gene expressions. These two agents also suppressed NF-κB activation and subsequent production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Furthermore, activation of HIF-1α by DMOG specifically suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage differentiation into M1 cells, increasing the ratio of M2 macrophages against M1 cells. Taken together, our data indicated that activation of HIF-1 plays a protective role in the development of apical periodontitis via downregulation of NF-κB, proinflammatory cytokines, M1 macrophages and osteoclastogenesis.展开更多
A new chemically mutagenic mutant of Synechococcus PCC7942 named high-CO2 re-quiring mutant, which could grow at 4% CO2 but could not grow at air levels of CO2, was isolated. Com-parative studies on some physiological...A new chemically mutagenic mutant of Synechococcus PCC7942 named high-CO2 re-quiring mutant, which could grow at 4% CO2 but could not grow at air levels of CO2, was isolated. Com-parative studies on some physiological aspects of the mutant and high-cO2 growing cells (growing at 4%CO2 ) were conducted. The result showed that the mutant had lower growing rate, about 1/40th photosyn-thetic affinity to inorganic carbon, 25% lower carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, lower quenching rate ofchlorophyll fluoresence, and about 1/2 alkalinization rate of the medium. The CA activity responses ofthe two types of cells to different concentrations of CO2 were determined. Upon the addition of inorganiccarbon (Ci), the rate of active Ci uptake described by the rate of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching ofthe mutant was obviously lower compared with that of the high-CO2 growing cells; the size of the internalinorganic carbon pool size determined by the extent of fluorescence quenching Of the mutant was alsosmaller.展开更多
Waxy maize is a specialty maize that produces mainly amylopectin starch with special food or industrial values. The objective of this study was to overcome the limitations of wx mutant allele acquisition and breeding ...Waxy maize is a specialty maize that produces mainly amylopectin starch with special food or industrial values. The objective of this study was to overcome the limitations of wx mutant allele acquisition and breeding efficiency by conversion of parental lines from normal to waxy maize. The intended mutation activity was achieved by in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 machinery involving desired-target mutation of the Wx locus in the ZC01 background,abbreviated as ZC01-DTM^(wx). Triple selection was applied to segregants to obtain high genome background recovery with transgene-free wx mutations. The targeted mutation was identified, yielding six types of mutations among progeny crossed with ZC01-DTM^(wx).The amylopectin contents of the endosperm starch in mutant lines and hybrids averaged94.9%, while those of the wild-type controls were significantly(P < 0.01) lower, with an average of 76.9%. Double selection in transgene-free lines was applied using the Bar strip test and Cas9 PCR screening. The genome background recovery ratios of the lines were determined using genome-wide SNP data. That of lines used as male parents was as high as98.19% and that of lines used as female parents was as high as 86.78%. Conversion hybrids and both parental lines showed agronomic performance similar to that of their wild-type counterparts. This study provides a practical example of the efficient extension of CRISPR/Cas9 targeted mutation to industrial hybrids for transformation of a recalcitrant species.展开更多
Objective: To investigate changes of Ca2+ activated potassium channels (KCa) in autogenous vein grafts. Methods: Contraction of venous ring was measured by means of perfusion in vitro. The intimal rabbits proliferatio...Objective: To investigate changes of Ca2+ activated potassium channels (KCa) in autogenous vein grafts. Methods: Contraction of venous ring was measured by means of perfusion in vitro. The intimal rabbits proliferation of vascular and proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells(vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs)were observed by the means of computerised image analysis and MTT method respectively. Furthermore, whole cell mode of patch clamp was used to record KCa of VSMCs isolated from autogenous vein grafts. Results: One week after transplantation there were no significant differences of contraction and intimal relative thickness between autogenous vein grafts and control. Contraction and intimal relative thickness of autogenous vein graft were significantly increased 2 weeks after transplantation (P<0.05, n=8 vs control), and they was more enhanced 4 weeks after vein transplantation (P<0.01, n=8 vs control).TEA(blocker of Ca2+ activated potassium channels)increased MTT A490 nm value of VSMCs from femoral vein in a dose dependent manner(P<0.05, n=8). KCa current density was significantly attenuated in VSMCs from autogenous vein grafts (1-4) week after transplantation(P<0.05, n=5).Conclusion: KCa is inhibited in autogenous vein graft, which account for vasospasm and intimal proliferation.展开更多
Sigma-1 receptors are unique receptors that are postulated to act as intracellular amplifiers for signal transduction within cells of the nervous system. The present paper studied the
Activating PIK3CA mutations,present in up to 40%of hormone receptor-positive(HR^(+)),human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative(Her2^(-))breast cancer(BC)patients,can be effectively targeted with the alpha isof...Activating PIK3CA mutations,present in up to 40%of hormone receptor-positive(HR^(+)),human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative(Her2^(-))breast cancer(BC)patients,can be effectively targeted with the alpha isoform-specific Pl3K inhibitor Alpelisib.This treatment significantly improves outcomes for HR^(+),Her2^(-),and PIK3CA-mutated metastatic BC patients.However,acquired resistance,often due to aberrant activation of the mTOR complex 1(mTORC1)pathway,remains a significant clinical challenge.Our study,using in vitro and orthotopic xenograft mouse models,demonstrates that constitutively active mTORC1 signaling renders PI3K inhibitor-resistant BC exquisitely sensitive to various drugs targeting cancer metabolism.Mechanistically,mTORC1 suppresses the induction of autophagy during metabolic perturbation,leading to energy stress,a critical depletion of aspartate,and ultimately cell death.Supporting this mechanism,BC cells with CRISPR/Cas9-engineered knockouts of canonical autophagy genes showed similar vulnerability to metaboliclly active drugs InBC patients,high mTORC1 activity,indicated by 4E-BP1^(T37/46) phosphorylation correlated with p62 accumulation,a sign of impaired autophagy.Together,these markers predicted poor overall survival in multiple BC subgroups.Our findings reveal that aberrant mTORC1 signaling,a common cause of PI3K inhibitor resistance in BC,creates a druggable metabolic vulnerability by suppressing autophagy.Additionall,the combination of 4E-BP1^(T37/46) phosphorylation and p62 accumulation serves as a biomarker for poor overall survival,suggesting their potential utility in identifying BC patients who may benefit from metabolic therapies.展开更多
Ammonium sulfate residue is a particulate solid and is produced during the manufacture of ammonium sulfate fertilizer. The residue used in this study contained a large portion of calcium carbonate, from which active l...Ammonium sulfate residue is a particulate solid and is produced during the manufacture of ammonium sulfate fertilizer. The residue used in this study contained a large portion of calcium carbonate, from which active lime （CaO） was recovered via thermal decomposition. We used a purpose-built device to decom- pose the residue in a semi-suspension state. We found that CaO had the highest activity when residue was decomposed at 850-900 ~C. Our experiments indicated that ammonium sulfate residue should be decom- posed in a suspension state to produce active CaO. Based on our laboratory test findings, an industrial-scale production line with a high solid/gas ratio in a suspension state was devised. The optimal operating con- ditions for the decomposition of the ammonium sulfate residue to produce high quality CaO were also investigated.We found that the CaCO3 decomposition rate was high and the CaO product was highly active, averaging 170 s by the citric acid method. Morphology measurements showed that the CaO product had a porous structure and a large specific surface ensuring high activity.展开更多
CRISPR-Cas systems provide the small RNA-based adaptive immunity to defend against invasive genetic elements in archaea and bacteria.Organisms of Sulfolobales,an order of thermophilic acidophiles belonging to the Cren...CRISPR-Cas systems provide the small RNA-based adaptive immunity to defend against invasive genetic elements in archaea and bacteria.Organisms of Sulfolobales,an order of thermophilic acidophiles belonging to the Crenarchaeotal Phylum,usually contain both type I and typeⅢCRISPR-Cas systems.Two species,Saccharolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus islandicus,have been important models for CRISPR study in archaea,and knowledge obtained from these studies has greatly expanded our understanding of molecular mechanisms of antiviral defense in all three steps:adaptation,expression and crRNA processing,and interference.Four subtypes of CRISPR-Cas systems are common in these organisms,including I-A,I-D,Ⅲ-B,andⅢ-D.These cas genes form functional modules,e.g.,all genes required for adaptation and for interference in the I-A immune system are clustered together to form aCas and i Cas modules.Genetic assays have been developed to study mechanisms of adaptation and interference by different CRISPR-Cas systems in these model archaea,and these methodologies are useful in demonstration of the protospacer-adjacent motif(PAM)-dependent DNA interference by I-A interference modules and multiple interference activities byⅢ-B Cmr systems.Ribonucleoprotein effector complexes have been isolated for SulfolobalesⅢ-B andⅢ-D systems,and their biochemical characterization has greatly enriched the knowledge of molecular mechanisms of these novel antiviral immune responses.展开更多
While a growing number of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)are being retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge(CAS)process to the membrane bioreactor(MBR)process,the debate on the techno-economy of MBR vs.CA...While a growing number of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)are being retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge(CAS)process to the membrane bioreactor(MBR)process,the debate on the techno-economy of MBR vs.CAS has continued and calls for a thorough assessment based on techno-economic valuation.In this study,we analyzed the operating data of 20 large-scale WWTPs(capacity≥10000 m^(3)/d)and compared their techno-economy before and after the retrofitting from CAS to MBR.Through cost-benefit analysis,we evaluated the net profit by subtracting the operating cost from the environmental benefit(estimated by the shadow price of pollutant removal and water reclamation).After the retrofitting,the removal rate of pollutants increased(e.g.,from 89.0%to 93.3%on average for NH3-N),the average energy consumption increased from 0.40 to 0.57 kWh/m^(3),but the operating cost did not increase significantly.The average marginal environmental benefit increased remarkably(from 0.47 to 0.66 CNY/g for NH3-N removal),leading to an increase in the average net profit from 19.4 to 24.4 CNY/mJ.We further scored the technical efficiencies via data envelopment analysis based on non-radial directional distance functions.After the retrofitting,the relative cost efficiency increased from 0.70 to 0.73(the theoretical maximum is 1),while the relative energy efficiency did not change significantly.The techno-economy is closely related to the effluent standard adopted,particularly when truncating the extra benefit of pollutant removal beyond the standard in economic modeling.The modeling results suggested that MBR is more profitable than CAS given stricter effluent standards.展开更多
文摘On November 10-12,the 11^(th) IFAN International Conference of StandardsUsers and the 31^(st) IFAN Members' Assembly of the International Federation of Standards Users wereheld in the Renaissance Hotel of Amsterdam, the capital of Holland, and Mr. Neel Reeve, Presidentof IFAN, hosted the Conference and the Assembly. CAS (China Association for Standardization)delegation, consisting of Ms. Li Rui, President of CAS and the leader of the delegation, and twomembers, Zhang Wen and Xu Dajun attended the Conference and the Assembly.
基金supported by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research(NIDCR)the National Center for Research Resources(NCRR)of the National Institutes of Health(NIH)under award numbers R21DE023178,R01DE024796,and S10RR027553
文摘Hypoxia（low oxygen level） is an important feature during infections and affects the host defence mechanisms. The host has evolved specific responses to address hypoxia, which are strongly dependent on the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1（HIF-1）.Hypoxia interferes degradation of HIF-1 alpha subunit（HIF-1α）, leading to stabilisation of HIF-1α, heterodimerization with HIF-1 beta subunit（HIF-1β） and subsequent activation of HIF-1 pathway. Apical periodontitis（periapical lesion） is a consequence of endodontic infection and ultimately results in destruction of tooth-supporting tissue, including alveolar bone. Thus far, the role of HIF-1 in periapical lesions has not been systematically examined. In the present study, we determined the role of HIF-1 in a wellcharacterised mouse periapical lesion model using two HIF-1α-activating strategies, dimethyloxalylglycine（DMOG） and adenovirusinduced constitutively active HIF-1α（CA-HIF1 A）. Both DMOG and CA-HIF1 A attenuated periapical inflammation and tissue destruction. The attenuation in vivo was associated with downregulation of nuclear factor-κappa B（NF-κB） and osteoclastic gene expressions. These two agents also suppressed NF-κB activation and subsequent production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Furthermore, activation of HIF-1α by DMOG specifically suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage differentiation into M1 cells, increasing the ratio of M2 macrophages against M1 cells. Taken together, our data indicated that activation of HIF-1 plays a protective role in the development of apical periodontitis via downregulation of NF-κB, proinflammatory cytokines, M1 macrophages and osteoclastogenesis.
文摘A new chemically mutagenic mutant of Synechococcus PCC7942 named high-CO2 re-quiring mutant, which could grow at 4% CO2 but could not grow at air levels of CO2, was isolated. Com-parative studies on some physiological aspects of the mutant and high-cO2 growing cells (growing at 4%CO2 ) were conducted. The result showed that the mutant had lower growing rate, about 1/40th photosyn-thetic affinity to inorganic carbon, 25% lower carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, lower quenching rate ofchlorophyll fluoresence, and about 1/2 alkalinization rate of the medium. The CA activity responses ofthe two types of cells to different concentrations of CO2 were determined. Upon the addition of inorganiccarbon (Ci), the rate of active Ci uptake described by the rate of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching ofthe mutant was obviously lower compared with that of the high-CO2 growing cells; the size of the internalinorganic carbon pool size determined by the extent of fluorescence quenching Of the mutant was alsosmaller.
基金supported the National Transgenic Science and Technology Program(2019ZX08010-003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771808)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0101803)the Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2018B020202008)Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(D171100007717001)National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding。
文摘Waxy maize is a specialty maize that produces mainly amylopectin starch with special food or industrial values. The objective of this study was to overcome the limitations of wx mutant allele acquisition and breeding efficiency by conversion of parental lines from normal to waxy maize. The intended mutation activity was achieved by in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 machinery involving desired-target mutation of the Wx locus in the ZC01 background,abbreviated as ZC01-DTM^(wx). Triple selection was applied to segregants to obtain high genome background recovery with transgene-free wx mutations. The targeted mutation was identified, yielding six types of mutations among progeny crossed with ZC01-DTM^(wx).The amylopectin contents of the endosperm starch in mutant lines and hybrids averaged94.9%, while those of the wild-type controls were significantly(P < 0.01) lower, with an average of 76.9%. Double selection in transgene-free lines was applied using the Bar strip test and Cas9 PCR screening. The genome background recovery ratios of the lines were determined using genome-wide SNP data. That of lines used as male parents was as high as98.19% and that of lines used as female parents was as high as 86.78%. Conversion hybrids and both parental lines showed agronomic performance similar to that of their wild-type counterparts. This study provides a practical example of the efficient extension of CRISPR/Cas9 targeted mutation to industrial hybrids for transformation of a recalcitrant species.
文摘Objective: To investigate changes of Ca2+ activated potassium channels (KCa) in autogenous vein grafts. Methods: Contraction of venous ring was measured by means of perfusion in vitro. The intimal rabbits proliferation of vascular and proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells(vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs)were observed by the means of computerised image analysis and MTT method respectively. Furthermore, whole cell mode of patch clamp was used to record KCa of VSMCs isolated from autogenous vein grafts. Results: One week after transplantation there were no significant differences of contraction and intimal relative thickness between autogenous vein grafts and control. Contraction and intimal relative thickness of autogenous vein graft were significantly increased 2 weeks after transplantation (P<0.05, n=8 vs control), and they was more enhanced 4 weeks after vein transplantation (P<0.01, n=8 vs control).TEA(blocker of Ca2+ activated potassium channels)increased MTT A490 nm value of VSMCs from femoral vein in a dose dependent manner(P<0.05, n=8). KCa current density was significantly attenuated in VSMCs from autogenous vein grafts (1-4) week after transplantation(P<0.05, n=5).Conclusion: KCa is inhibited in autogenous vein graft, which account for vasospasm and intimal proliferation.
文摘Sigma-1 receptors are unique receptors that are postulated to act as intracellular amplifiers for signal transduction within cells of the nervous system. The present paper studied the
基金support provided by the Core Facilities for Metabolomics,Flow Cytometry,Cellular Imaging,Preclinical Imagingthe animal facility at Philipps-University of Marburg.N.G.was supported by the Clinician Scientist program(SUCCESS-program)of the Philipps-University of Marburg,the University Cancer Center(UCT)Frankfurt-Marburg+6 种基金the University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg(UKGM)research grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(GRK 2573/2-2024)University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg(UKGM)(3/2022 MR to N.G.)von Behring-Rontgen-Stiftung(70_0027 to N.G.)Stiftung P.E.Kempkes(01/2021 to N.G.)Medizinstiftung(04/2021 to N.G.)M.F.F.reports funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(INST 90/1048-1 FUGG).
文摘Activating PIK3CA mutations,present in up to 40%of hormone receptor-positive(HR^(+)),human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative(Her2^(-))breast cancer(BC)patients,can be effectively targeted with the alpha isoform-specific Pl3K inhibitor Alpelisib.This treatment significantly improves outcomes for HR^(+),Her2^(-),and PIK3CA-mutated metastatic BC patients.However,acquired resistance,often due to aberrant activation of the mTOR complex 1(mTORC1)pathway,remains a significant clinical challenge.Our study,using in vitro and orthotopic xenograft mouse models,demonstrates that constitutively active mTORC1 signaling renders PI3K inhibitor-resistant BC exquisitely sensitive to various drugs targeting cancer metabolism.Mechanistically,mTORC1 suppresses the induction of autophagy during metabolic perturbation,leading to energy stress,a critical depletion of aspartate,and ultimately cell death.Supporting this mechanism,BC cells with CRISPR/Cas9-engineered knockouts of canonical autophagy genes showed similar vulnerability to metaboliclly active drugs InBC patients,high mTORC1 activity,indicated by 4E-BP1^(T37/46) phosphorylation correlated with p62 accumulation,a sign of impaired autophagy.Together,these markers predicted poor overall survival in multiple BC subgroups.Our findings reveal that aberrant mTORC1 signaling,a common cause of PI3K inhibitor resistance in BC,creates a druggable metabolic vulnerability by suppressing autophagy.Additionall,the combination of 4E-BP1^(T37/46) phosphorylation and p62 accumulation serves as a biomarker for poor overall survival,suggesting their potential utility in identifying BC patients who may benefit from metabolic therapies.
基金Wengfu Phosphate Fertilizer Plant(WPFP),WengFu(Group) Co.,Ltd,Guizhou,China for financial supportgrants from National Science and Technology Support Program(No.2012BAA08B00)Science and Technology Integrated Innovation Project of Shaanxi Province(No.2012KTZB03-04)
文摘Ammonium sulfate residue is a particulate solid and is produced during the manufacture of ammonium sulfate fertilizer. The residue used in this study contained a large portion of calcium carbonate, from which active lime （CaO） was recovered via thermal decomposition. We used a purpose-built device to decom- pose the residue in a semi-suspension state. We found that CaO had the highest activity when residue was decomposed at 850-900 ~C. Our experiments indicated that ammonium sulfate residue should be decom- posed in a suspension state to produce active CaO. Based on our laboratory test findings, an industrial-scale production line with a high solid/gas ratio in a suspension state was devised. The optimal operating con- ditions for the decomposition of the ammonium sulfate residue to produce high quality CaO were also investigated.We found that the CaCO3 decomposition rate was high and the CaO product was highly active, averaging 170 s by the citric acid method. Morphology measurements showed that the CaO product had a porous structure and a large specific surface ensuring high activity.
基金grants from the Chinese National Transgenic Science and Technology Program(2019ZX08010003 to QS)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771380 to QS)+1 种基金the Qingdao Applied Research Fund for postdoctoral researchers(62450079311107 to ZY)the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Shandong University。
文摘CRISPR-Cas systems provide the small RNA-based adaptive immunity to defend against invasive genetic elements in archaea and bacteria.Organisms of Sulfolobales,an order of thermophilic acidophiles belonging to the Crenarchaeotal Phylum,usually contain both type I and typeⅢCRISPR-Cas systems.Two species,Saccharolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus islandicus,have been important models for CRISPR study in archaea,and knowledge obtained from these studies has greatly expanded our understanding of molecular mechanisms of antiviral defense in all three steps:adaptation,expression and crRNA processing,and interference.Four subtypes of CRISPR-Cas systems are common in these organisms,including I-A,I-D,Ⅲ-B,andⅢ-D.These cas genes form functional modules,e.g.,all genes required for adaptation and for interference in the I-A immune system are clustered together to form aCas and i Cas modules.Genetic assays have been developed to study mechanisms of adaptation and interference by different CRISPR-Cas systems in these model archaea,and these methodologies are useful in demonstration of the protospacer-adjacent motif(PAM)-dependent DNA interference by I-A interference modules and multiple interference activities byⅢ-B Cmr systems.Ribonucleoprotein effector complexes have been isolated for SulfolobalesⅢ-B andⅢ-D systems,and their biochemical characterization has greatly enriched the knowledge of molecular mechanisms of these novel antiviral immune responses.
基金This study was sponsored by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.L182044)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2019172).
文摘While a growing number of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)are being retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge(CAS)process to the membrane bioreactor(MBR)process,the debate on the techno-economy of MBR vs.CAS has continued and calls for a thorough assessment based on techno-economic valuation.In this study,we analyzed the operating data of 20 large-scale WWTPs(capacity≥10000 m^(3)/d)and compared their techno-economy before and after the retrofitting from CAS to MBR.Through cost-benefit analysis,we evaluated the net profit by subtracting the operating cost from the environmental benefit(estimated by the shadow price of pollutant removal and water reclamation).After the retrofitting,the removal rate of pollutants increased(e.g.,from 89.0%to 93.3%on average for NH3-N),the average energy consumption increased from 0.40 to 0.57 kWh/m^(3),but the operating cost did not increase significantly.The average marginal environmental benefit increased remarkably(from 0.47 to 0.66 CNY/g for NH3-N removal),leading to an increase in the average net profit from 19.4 to 24.4 CNY/mJ.We further scored the technical efficiencies via data envelopment analysis based on non-radial directional distance functions.After the retrofitting,the relative cost efficiency increased from 0.70 to 0.73(the theoretical maximum is 1),while the relative energy efficiency did not change significantly.The techno-economy is closely related to the effluent standard adopted,particularly when truncating the extra benefit of pollutant removal beyond the standard in economic modeling.The modeling results suggested that MBR is more profitable than CAS given stricter effluent standards.
