Foam diversion can effectively solve the problem of uneven distribution of acid in layers of different permeabilities during matrix acidizing. Based on gas trapping theory and the mass conservation equation, mathemati...Foam diversion can effectively solve the problem of uneven distribution of acid in layers of different permeabilities during matrix acidizing. Based on gas trapping theory and the mass conservation equation, mathematical models were developed for foam-diverted acidizing, which can be achieved by a foam slug followed by acid injection or by continuous injection of foamed acid. The design method for foam-diverted acidizing was also given. The mathematical models were solved by a computer program. Computed results show that the total formation skin factor, wellhead pressure and bottomhole pressure increase with foam injection, but decrease with acid injection. Volume flow rate in a highpermeability layer decreases, while that in a low-permeability layer increases, thus diverting acid to the low-permeability layer from the high-permeability layer. Under the same formation conditions, for foamed acid treatment the operation was longer, and wellhead and bottomhole pressures are higher. Field application shows that foam slug can effectively block high permeability layers, and improve intake profile noticeably.展开更多
Foam diversion acidizing can effectively solve the problem of acid distribution with severe heterogeneity between and within layers.Based on the foam diversion principle,the gas trap theory,and volume conservation pri...Foam diversion acidizing can effectively solve the problem of acid distribution with severe heterogeneity between and within layers.Based on the foam diversion principle,the gas trap theory,and volume conservation principle,the foam slug diversion acidizing model was established and solved considering the change of bottomhole temperature and deviation factor of foam.The simulation results show that the change of temperature has a great influence on the diversion effect at the initial stage of injection,but a small influence at the middle and late stage.The effect of temperature on the highly permeable layer is greater than that of temperature on the low permeability layer.The deviation factor of foam is mainly controlled by temperature at the initial stage,and by pressure at the middle and late stage,and the whole process shows a downward trend,which has little influence on the diversion effect.The quasi-skin factor of gas trap is the most important parameter that influences the effect of foam diversion.The water saturation of the low permeability layer rises faster than that of the high permeability layer,and the effect of diversion is obvious.The research results have a strong guiding significance for foam diversion acidizing.展开更多
Conventional diverting techniques may not be useful,and the use of the advanced and well-documented diverting technique is needed to overcome the complexity and heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs.Nowadays,there hav...Conventional diverting techniques may not be useful,and the use of the advanced and well-documented diverting technique is needed to overcome the complexity and heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs.Nowadays,there have been a lot of materials and techniques utilized for acid diversion.This paper aimed to consider various utilization of fiber-assisted self as the diverting system in acidifying carbonate reservoirs.One of the main reasons for its ability to overcome uncertainty is that the fiber itself is an inherent property,allowing for an automatic diversion adjustment downhole.When a media with infinite permeability,such as a perforation tunnel or natural fracture,is filled and bridged with a material of finite permeability such as degradable fiber,this creates a temporary skin to injectivity in that zone.This is a powerful concept,as it is a way,despite uncertainty from a lack of logging data or uncertainty in the data itself,of dampening the reservoir’s natural permeability contrast.It does not rely on petrophysical certainty to design a successful treatment.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to ...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to extract the ellagic acid from pomegranate peels, and the concentration of ellagic acid was measured by using ul- traviolet spectrophotometry; L9（34） orthogonal experiment was designed with four fac- tors at three levels, to investigate the effect of extraction temperature, extraction du- ration, solid-liquid ratio and ultrasound power on extraction rate of ellagic acid. [Re- sult] The optimal extraction condition for ellagic acid is extraction temperature of 30 ~C, solid-liquid ratio of 1：200, extraction duration of 20 min, and ultrasound power of 50 W. The relationship between primary and secondary factors affecting experimental indicators was solid-liquid ratio 〉 extraction duration 〉 ultrasound power 〉 extraction temperature. [Conclusion] Solid-liquid ratio has the maximum effect on extraction rate of ellagic acid. The ellagic acid extraction technology identified in this study is rea- sonable and feasible.展开更多
AIM:To investigate whether butyrate or glutamine enemas could diminish inflammation in experimental diversion colitis.METHODS:Wistar specific pathogen-free rats were submitted to a Hartmann's end colostomy and tre...AIM:To investigate whether butyrate or glutamine enemas could diminish inflammation in experimental diversion colitis.METHODS:Wistar specific pathogen-free rats were submitted to a Hartmann's end colostomy and treated with enemas containing glutamine,butyrate,or saline.Enemas were administered twice a week in the excluded segment of the colon from 4 to 12 wk after the surgical procedure.Follow-up colonoscopy was performed every 4 wk for 12 wk.The effect of treatment was evaluated using video-endoscopic and histologic scores and measuring interleukin-1β,tumor necrosis factor-alpha,and transforming growth factor beta production in organ cultures by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:Colonoscopies of the diverted segment showed mucosa with hyperemia,increased number of vessels,bleeding and mucus discharge.Treatment with either glutamine or butyrate induced significant reductions in both colonoscopic(P < 0.02) and histological scores(P < 0.01) and restored the densities of collagen fibers in tissue(P = 0.015;P = 0.001),the number of goblet cells(P = 0.021;P = 0.029),and the rate of apoptosis within the epithelium(P = 0.043;P = 0.011) to normal values.The high levels of cytokines in colon explants from rats with diversion colitis significantly decreased to normal values after treatment with butyrate or glutamine.CONCLUSION:The improvement of experimental diversion colitis following glutamine or butyrate enemas highlights the importance of specific luminal nutrients in the homeostasis of the colonic mucosa and supports their utilization for the treatment of human diversion colitis.展开更多
The work described here is based on a comparative study of carotenoids and fatty acids extracted from Synechococcus sp. with (1) pure supercritical CO2, (2) CO2 with 5% (v/v) ethanol as cosolvent and (3) ultrasound-as...The work described here is based on a comparative study of carotenoids and fatty acids extracted from Synechococcus sp. with (1) pure supercritical CO2, (2) CO2 with 5% (v/v) ethanol as cosolvent and (3) ultrasound-assisted extraction using N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The effects of extraction conditions on supercritical CO2 extraction with and within cosolvent were analyzed at different temperatures (40℃, 50℃ and 60℃) and pressures (200, 300 and 400 bars). SFE with CO2 proved to be the most selective method for the extraction of β-carotene, but under these conditions the contents of zeaxanthin and fatty acids were only comparable to or lower than those obtained with techniques that use SFE cosolvent. The SFE technique with CO2 and ethanol simultaneously extracted β-carotene and zeaxanthin and not only increased the concentrations of fatty acids obtained, but also helped to remove fatty acids (palmitoleic and linolenic acid) that were not obtained with pure CO2. Comparison of the supercritical technology with the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) shows that the former technique is the most appropriate due to the fact that ethanol is generally regarded as a safe solvent in comparison to DMF.展开更多
On November 15,2018 the sulfuric acid alkylation(SINOALKY)technology,jointly developed by RIPP,SINOPEC’s Shijiazhuang Refining and Chemical Branch Company,and the Luoyang Engineering Co.Ltd.,had passed the technical ...On November 15,2018 the sulfuric acid alkylation(SINOALKY)technology,jointly developed by RIPP,SINOPEC’s Shijiazhuang Refining and Chemical Branch Company,and the Luoyang Engineering Co.Ltd.,had passed the technical appraisal organized by the SINOPEC Science and Technology Division.The experts attending the appraisal meeting have recognized that the said technology,featuring low reaction temperature,low acid consumption and good products distribution,has entirely on a par with the internationally advanced level.The successful commercialization of SINOALKY technology has symbolized that China does possess the first sulfuric acid alkylation unit with fully independent intellectual property right after breaking through foreign technical barriers.展开更多
【目的】针对传统化学方法测定猕猴桃品质存在工序复杂、费时费力、需破坏性检测等问题,提出一种基于高光谱技术的高效无损检测方法。【方法】以110个米良1号猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis var.deliciosa‘Miliang-1’)样本为研究对象,利...【目的】针对传统化学方法测定猕猴桃品质存在工序复杂、费时费力、需破坏性检测等问题,提出一种基于高光谱技术的高效无损检测方法。【方法】以110个米良1号猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis var.deliciosa‘Miliang-1’)样本为研究对象,利用高光谱仪采集不同贮藏时间果实的高光谱反射光谱。利用光谱-理化值共生距离法(sample set partitioning based on joint X-Y distance sampling,SPXY)将猕猴桃样本按照8∶3的数量比例划分为训练集和测试集,统一采用支持向量机(SVM)对比分析标准正态变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶导数(1st-D)、二阶导数(2nd-D)、平滑算法(SG)对原始光谱进行预处理。使用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)和随机蛙跳(random frog,RF)对猕猴桃高光谱特征波长进行筛选,结合支持向量回归(SVR)、反向传播神经网络(BP)算法,组合构建猕猴桃品质的回归预测模型。【结果】在组合模型中,可溶性固形物含量的最优模型为1st-D+GA-BP,R^(2)为0.903,RMSE为1.731;可滴定酸含量的最优模型为1st-D+GA-BP,R^(2)为0.857,RMSE为0.225。【结论】应用高光谱技术对米良1号猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量进行无损检测具有可行性。为进一步研究不同品种猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量的无损检测模型奠定了基础。展开更多
In recent years,shale oil and gas development has been thriving in China.However,the shale oil and gas production always suffers a rapid decline.Based on the analysis of a large amount of former theories and experienc...In recent years,shale oil and gas development has been thriving in China.However,the shale oil and gas production always suffers a rapid decline.Based on the analysis of a large amount of former theories and experiences,a summary of acid treatment stimulation methods in shale oil and gas is presented,and the acid stimulation mechanism is analyzed.The mainstream technique in acid treatments includes:acid wash,matrix acidizing,prop fracturing with acid preflush,and multi-stage alternate-inject acid fracturing.The main stimulation mechanism of acid treatment can be summarized into 3 categories:a)the influence on shale matrix,namely the acid-induced increase of porosity and permeability,and reduce of wetting property of shale;b)the influence on rock mechanical properties,namely shale brittleness and toughness,and even Young Modulus to some degree;c)the influence on fractures'conductivity,caused by the fact that acid dissolves calcite-enrichment area in priority,and then increases roughness on fracture surface.In room temperature and atmospheric pressure,acid reduces fractures'conductivity,while in pressurized condition,the acid-soaked fractures'conductivity is higher than the conductivity of non-acid-soaked fractures.These knowledges would provide useful reference for furthering stimulation techniques and processes in shale oil and gas development.展开更多
Objective and Impact Statement:The microspheres were widely utilized in the field of life sciences,and we have developed an innovative microelectromechanical system(MEMS)-based bioprinting technology(MBT)system for th...Objective and Impact Statement:The microspheres were widely utilized in the field of life sciences,and we have developed an innovative microelectromechanical system(MEMS)-based bioprinting technology(MBT)system for the preparation of the microspheres.The microspheres can be automatically and high-throughput produced with this cutting-edge system.Introduction and Methods:This paper mainly introduced a novel,efficient,and cost-effective approach for the microsphere fabrication with the MBT system.In this work,the whole microsphere production equipment was built and the optimal conditions(like concentration,drying temperature,frequency,and voltage)for generating uniform hydroxypropyl cellulose-cyclosporine A(HPC-CsA)and poly-l-lactic acid(PLLA)microspheres were explored.Results:Results demonstrated that the optimal uniformity of HPC-CsA microspheres was achieved at 2%(w/v)HPC-CsA mixture,45°C(drying temperature),1,000 Hz(frequency),and 25 V(voltage amplitude).CsA microspheres[coefficient of variation(CV):~9%]are successfully synthesized,and the drug encapsulation rate was 84.8%.The methodology was further used to produce PLLA microspheres with a diameter of~2.55μm,and the best CV value achieved 6.84%.Conclusion:This investigation fully highlighted the integration of MEMS and bioprinting as a promising tool for the microsphere fabrication,and this MBT system had huge potential applications in pharmaceutical formulations and medical aesthetics.展开更多
文摘Foam diversion can effectively solve the problem of uneven distribution of acid in layers of different permeabilities during matrix acidizing. Based on gas trapping theory and the mass conservation equation, mathematical models were developed for foam-diverted acidizing, which can be achieved by a foam slug followed by acid injection or by continuous injection of foamed acid. The design method for foam-diverted acidizing was also given. The mathematical models were solved by a computer program. Computed results show that the total formation skin factor, wellhead pressure and bottomhole pressure increase with foam injection, but decrease with acid injection. Volume flow rate in a highpermeability layer decreases, while that in a low-permeability layer increases, thus diverting acid to the low-permeability layer from the high-permeability layer. Under the same formation conditions, for foamed acid treatment the operation was longer, and wellhead and bottomhole pressures are higher. Field application shows that foam slug can effectively block high permeability layers, and improve intake profile noticeably.
基金The work in this paper is supported by the grant from the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1762107)Science and technology program of Sichuan Province(No.2019YJ0425).
文摘Foam diversion acidizing can effectively solve the problem of acid distribution with severe heterogeneity between and within layers.Based on the foam diversion principle,the gas trap theory,and volume conservation principle,the foam slug diversion acidizing model was established and solved considering the change of bottomhole temperature and deviation factor of foam.The simulation results show that the change of temperature has a great influence on the diversion effect at the initial stage of injection,but a small influence at the middle and late stage.The effect of temperature on the highly permeable layer is greater than that of temperature on the low permeability layer.The deviation factor of foam is mainly controlled by temperature at the initial stage,and by pressure at the middle and late stage,and the whole process shows a downward trend,which has little influence on the diversion effect.The quasi-skin factor of gas trap is the most important parameter that influences the effect of foam diversion.The water saturation of the low permeability layer rises faster than that of the high permeability layer,and the effect of diversion is obvious.The research results have a strong guiding significance for foam diversion acidizing.
文摘Conventional diverting techniques may not be useful,and the use of the advanced and well-documented diverting technique is needed to overcome the complexity and heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs.Nowadays,there have been a lot of materials and techniques utilized for acid diversion.This paper aimed to consider various utilization of fiber-assisted self as the diverting system in acidifying carbonate reservoirs.One of the main reasons for its ability to overcome uncertainty is that the fiber itself is an inherent property,allowing for an automatic diversion adjustment downhole.When a media with infinite permeability,such as a perforation tunnel or natural fracture,is filled and bridged with a material of finite permeability such as degradable fiber,this creates a temporary skin to injectivity in that zone.This is a powerful concept,as it is a way,despite uncertainty from a lack of logging data or uncertainty in the data itself,of dampening the reservoir’s natural permeability contrast.It does not rely on petrophysical certainty to design a successful treatment.
基金Supported by College-level Special Fund of Sichuan Agricultural University(06070904)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to extract the ellagic acid from pomegranate peels, and the concentration of ellagic acid was measured by using ul- traviolet spectrophotometry; L9（34） orthogonal experiment was designed with four fac- tors at three levels, to investigate the effect of extraction temperature, extraction du- ration, solid-liquid ratio and ultrasound power on extraction rate of ellagic acid. [Re- sult] The optimal extraction condition for ellagic acid is extraction temperature of 30 ~C, solid-liquid ratio of 1：200, extraction duration of 20 min, and ultrasound power of 50 W. The relationship between primary and secondary factors affecting experimental indicators was solid-liquid ratio 〉 extraction duration 〉 ultrasound power 〉 extraction temperature. [Conclusion] Solid-liquid ratio has the maximum effect on extraction rate of ellagic acid. The ellagic acid extraction technology identified in this study is rea- sonable and feasible.
基金Supported by Grants from the Brazilian Research CouncilFundao de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
文摘AIM:To investigate whether butyrate or glutamine enemas could diminish inflammation in experimental diversion colitis.METHODS:Wistar specific pathogen-free rats were submitted to a Hartmann's end colostomy and treated with enemas containing glutamine,butyrate,or saline.Enemas were administered twice a week in the excluded segment of the colon from 4 to 12 wk after the surgical procedure.Follow-up colonoscopy was performed every 4 wk for 12 wk.The effect of treatment was evaluated using video-endoscopic and histologic scores and measuring interleukin-1β,tumor necrosis factor-alpha,and transforming growth factor beta production in organ cultures by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:Colonoscopies of the diverted segment showed mucosa with hyperemia,increased number of vessels,bleeding and mucus discharge.Treatment with either glutamine or butyrate induced significant reductions in both colonoscopic(P < 0.02) and histological scores(P < 0.01) and restored the densities of collagen fibers in tissue(P = 0.015;P = 0.001),the number of goblet cells(P = 0.021;P = 0.029),and the rate of apoptosis within the epithelium(P = 0.043;P = 0.011) to normal values.The high levels of cytokines in colon explants from rats with diversion colitis significantly decreased to normal values after treatment with butyrate or glutamine.CONCLUSION:The improvement of experimental diversion colitis following glutamine or butyrate enemas highlights the importance of specific luminal nutrients in the homeostasis of the colonic mucosa and supports their utilization for the treatment of human diversion colitis.
文摘The work described here is based on a comparative study of carotenoids and fatty acids extracted from Synechococcus sp. with (1) pure supercritical CO2, (2) CO2 with 5% (v/v) ethanol as cosolvent and (3) ultrasound-assisted extraction using N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The effects of extraction conditions on supercritical CO2 extraction with and within cosolvent were analyzed at different temperatures (40℃, 50℃ and 60℃) and pressures (200, 300 and 400 bars). SFE with CO2 proved to be the most selective method for the extraction of β-carotene, but under these conditions the contents of zeaxanthin and fatty acids were only comparable to or lower than those obtained with techniques that use SFE cosolvent. The SFE technique with CO2 and ethanol simultaneously extracted β-carotene and zeaxanthin and not only increased the concentrations of fatty acids obtained, but also helped to remove fatty acids (palmitoleic and linolenic acid) that were not obtained with pure CO2. Comparison of the supercritical technology with the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) shows that the former technique is the most appropriate due to the fact that ethanol is generally regarded as a safe solvent in comparison to DMF.
文摘On November 15,2018 the sulfuric acid alkylation(SINOALKY)technology,jointly developed by RIPP,SINOPEC’s Shijiazhuang Refining and Chemical Branch Company,and the Luoyang Engineering Co.Ltd.,had passed the technical appraisal organized by the SINOPEC Science and Technology Division.The experts attending the appraisal meeting have recognized that the said technology,featuring low reaction temperature,low acid consumption and good products distribution,has entirely on a par with the internationally advanced level.The successful commercialization of SINOALKY technology has symbolized that China does possess the first sulfuric acid alkylation unit with fully independent intellectual property right after breaking through foreign technical barriers.
文摘【目的】针对传统化学方法测定猕猴桃品质存在工序复杂、费时费力、需破坏性检测等问题,提出一种基于高光谱技术的高效无损检测方法。【方法】以110个米良1号猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis var.deliciosa‘Miliang-1’)样本为研究对象,利用高光谱仪采集不同贮藏时间果实的高光谱反射光谱。利用光谱-理化值共生距离法(sample set partitioning based on joint X-Y distance sampling,SPXY)将猕猴桃样本按照8∶3的数量比例划分为训练集和测试集,统一采用支持向量机(SVM)对比分析标准正态变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶导数(1st-D)、二阶导数(2nd-D)、平滑算法(SG)对原始光谱进行预处理。使用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)和随机蛙跳(random frog,RF)对猕猴桃高光谱特征波长进行筛选,结合支持向量回归(SVR)、反向传播神经网络(BP)算法,组合构建猕猴桃品质的回归预测模型。【结果】在组合模型中,可溶性固形物含量的最优模型为1st-D+GA-BP,R^(2)为0.903,RMSE为1.731;可滴定酸含量的最优模型为1st-D+GA-BP,R^(2)为0.857,RMSE为0.225。【结论】应用高光谱技术对米良1号猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量进行无损检测具有可行性。为进一步研究不同品种猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量的无损检测模型奠定了基础。
基金supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51574197)Educational Commission of Sichuan Province of China(No.16ZA0071).
文摘In recent years,shale oil and gas development has been thriving in China.However,the shale oil and gas production always suffers a rapid decline.Based on the analysis of a large amount of former theories and experiences,a summary of acid treatment stimulation methods in shale oil and gas is presented,and the acid stimulation mechanism is analyzed.The mainstream technique in acid treatments includes:acid wash,matrix acidizing,prop fracturing with acid preflush,and multi-stage alternate-inject acid fracturing.The main stimulation mechanism of acid treatment can be summarized into 3 categories:a)the influence on shale matrix,namely the acid-induced increase of porosity and permeability,and reduce of wetting property of shale;b)the influence on rock mechanical properties,namely shale brittleness and toughness,and even Young Modulus to some degree;c)the influence on fractures'conductivity,caused by the fact that acid dissolves calcite-enrichment area in priority,and then increases roughness on fracture surface.In room temperature and atmospheric pressure,acid reduces fractures'conductivity,while in pressurized condition,the acid-soaked fractures'conductivity is higher than the conductivity of non-acid-soaked fractures.These knowledges would provide useful reference for furthering stimulation techniques and processes in shale oil and gas development.
基金sponsored by Shanghai Pujiang Program(23PJ1423400)Shanghai Rising-Star Program(23QB1405100)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0707004 and SQ2021YFF0700202).
文摘Objective and Impact Statement:The microspheres were widely utilized in the field of life sciences,and we have developed an innovative microelectromechanical system(MEMS)-based bioprinting technology(MBT)system for the preparation of the microspheres.The microspheres can be automatically and high-throughput produced with this cutting-edge system.Introduction and Methods:This paper mainly introduced a novel,efficient,and cost-effective approach for the microsphere fabrication with the MBT system.In this work,the whole microsphere production equipment was built and the optimal conditions(like concentration,drying temperature,frequency,and voltage)for generating uniform hydroxypropyl cellulose-cyclosporine A(HPC-CsA)and poly-l-lactic acid(PLLA)microspheres were explored.Results:Results demonstrated that the optimal uniformity of HPC-CsA microspheres was achieved at 2%(w/v)HPC-CsA mixture,45°C(drying temperature),1,000 Hz(frequency),and 25 V(voltage amplitude).CsA microspheres[coefficient of variation(CV):~9%]are successfully synthesized,and the drug encapsulation rate was 84.8%.The methodology was further used to produce PLLA microspheres with a diameter of~2.55μm,and the best CV value achieved 6.84%.Conclusion:This investigation fully highlighted the integration of MEMS and bioprinting as a promising tool for the microsphere fabrication,and this MBT system had huge potential applications in pharmaceutical formulations and medical aesthetics.
