[ Objective] To provide a reference for understand effects of acidifiers on digestibility of lambs. [Method] Feeding experiment as well as digestion and metabolism experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of suppl...[ Objective] To provide a reference for understand effects of acidifiers on digestibility of lambs. [Method] Feeding experiment as well as digestion and metabolism experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of supplementing acidifiers on ultra-early weaned lambs. [ Result] Diets of ultra-early weaned lambs supplemented with acidifiers greatly improved their production performance and increased digestibility of feed. However, different acidifier products had certainly various effects on lambs. Acidifier product I increased weight gain, feed conversion ratio and apparent di- gestibility of main nutrients more greatly than acidifier product II did, while the result was contrary in reducing diarrhea incidence. [ Conclusion] Whether the acidifiers can increase digestibility of nutrients or not is still uncertain and needs further studies.展开更多
This study was conducted to study the effects of the addition of encapsulated and non-encapsulated compound acidifiers （in a diet based on corn-soybean meal-extruded soybean） on growth performance and incidence of d...This study was conducted to study the effects of the addition of encapsulated and non-encapsulated compound acidifiers （in a diet based on corn-soybean meal-extruded soybean） on growth performance and incidence of diarrhea in weaning piglets. Sixty-four 28-day-old, crossbred piglets （Landrace × Large White）, weighing an average of 7.004- 0.10 kg, were randomly assigned to four treatments with four replicates per pen, according to the single-factor design principle. The feeding trial lasted for 35 days. The results showed that, when compared to non-encapsulated acidifiers, encapsulated compound acidifiers not only improved the average daily gain and the feed efficiency （P 〈 0.01）, but also reduced the incidence of diarrhea. However, the addition of encapsulated compound acidifiers in piglet diets had no significant effect on the average daily food intake （P〉0.05）. These results indicated that the encapsulated compound acidifiers enhanced the intestinal adaptation, and subsequently improved the growth performance and reduced the incidence of diarrhea in weaning piglets.展开更多
Background The emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms associated with conventional swine production practices has increased interest in acid-based compounds having antimicrobial properties and other biologic...Background The emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms associated with conventional swine production practices has increased interest in acid-based compounds having antimicrobial properties and other biological functions as nutritional interventions.Despite the interest in organic acids and monoglycerides,few studies have examined the effects of the combination of these acid-based additives in weaned pigs under disease challenge conditions.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with blend of organic acids and/or medium-chain fatty acid monoglycerides on intestinal health and systemic immunity of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)F18 at 4-week of age.Results Dietary supplementation of organic acids,monoglycerides,or both organic acids and monoglycerides(combination)reduced(P<0.05)the diarrhea frequency of ETEC F18-infected pigs throughout the experimental period(d−7 to 21 post-inoculation).This is consistent with the reduced(P<0.05)proportion ofβ-hemolytic coliforms in feces observed for the organic acid and combination treatments on d 10 post-inoculation.Supplementation of organic acids,monoglycerides,or combination also reduced(P<0.05)bacterial translocation in mesenteric lymph nodes on d 21 post-inoculation.Pigs fed with monoglycerides or combination had lower(P<0.05)white blood cells on d 5 post-inoculation,and pigs fed the combination also had lower(P<0.05)lymphocytes than pigs in control group.Monoglyceride supplementation increased(P<0.05)white blood cells and neutrophils compared with control group on d 14 post-inoculation.However,supplementation with organic acid blend,monoglyceride blend,or combination did not affect growth performance in this experiment.Conclusions Supplementation with monoglycerides or organic acids alone or in combination improves the detrimental effects of ETEC F18 infection in weaned pigs,as indicated by reduced diarrhea,fecal shedding ofβ-hemolytic coliforms,and bacterial translocation,and thus enhancing disease resistance.Monoglycerides reduced the inflammatory response during peak infection,but their immunomodulatory and possible synergistic effects with organic acids need to be further investigated.展开更多
Enhanced weathering(EW)of ultramafi c rocks from the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite,Pakistan,has been studied in laboratory experiments to explore carbon sequestration as a climate change mitigation strategy for coastal and op...Enhanced weathering(EW)of ultramafi c rocks from the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite,Pakistan,has been studied in laboratory experiments to explore carbon sequestration as a climate change mitigation strategy for coastal and open sea environments.The research focused on a cost-eff ective ex situ experiment to examine the eff ects of EW reaction pathways arising from the interactions among rock powder,seawater and CO_(2).The experimental fi ltrates from diff erent milled peridotite samples exhibit a decrease in the Mg/Ca ratio as the specifi c surface area increases,which accelerates reaction rates.This suggests that the leached Mg from the original rock may have been consumed in the formation of brucite,serpentine and carbonates during EW.Similar reaction pathways are also responsible for the chemical alterations observed in amphibolite,albeit to varying degrees.On the other hand,the experimental residues showed an increase in loss on ignition compared to the original rock,indicating that EW has facilitated the incorporation of H 2 O and CO_(2) into secondary mineral structures through various reaction pathways,leading to the formation of brucite,serpentine and carbonates.Thermal gravimetric analysis of the experimental residues confi rms the presence of these minerals based on their decomposition temperatures.Additionally,XRD analysis identifi ed a range of carbonates in the residues of both peridotite and amphibolite samples,validating the occurrence of carbonation reactions.SEM images reveal textural changes in both samples,supporting the formation of secondary minerals through EW,consistent with observations from the petrographic study of untreated samples.Control experiments on CO_(2) absorption in seawater showed a decrease in pH,highlighting ocean acidifi cation from increased CO_(2) emissions.However,when rock powder was added to the seawater-CO_(2) mixture,the pH increased.This suggests that the EW of ultramafi c rock powders can sequester CO_(2) while raising seawater pH through the formation of secondary minerals.This research could serve as an analog for EW applications,considering the worldwide abundance of ultramafi c rocks and the availability of coastal and open ocean environments.However,further research is required to understand the behavior of other elements and their impacts on ocean chemistry in EW processes before applying CO_(2) sequestration strategies.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation with acidifiers on the growth performance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A total of 648 male Arbor Acres broiler ch...This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation with acidifiers on the growth performance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A total of 648 male Arbor Acres broiler chickens at 1 d old were randomly divided into 6 groups,and each group consisted of 6 replicates with 18 broilers per replicate.The dietary treatments were as follows:negative control(NC,the basal diet),NC+antibiotic(enramycin,8 mg/kg,positive control[PC]),NC+phosphoric acid(PA,0.1,0.2,and 0.3 g/kg),and NC+lactic acid(LA,0.3 g/kg).The feeding trial lasted for 42 d.The results showed that the feed-to-gain ratio of the NC+acidifier groups was lower than that of the NC and PC groups from 1 to 42 d(P<0.05).Compared with the values in the NC group,the pH of breast muscle was significantly higher in the NC+PA(0.2 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05),and the cooking loss was lower in the breast muscle of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05).In addition,the shear force of the breast muscle and thigh muscle and the pH value in the crop,gizzard and duodenum of the antibiotic and acidifier groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,the trypsin,chymotrypsin,and lipase activities of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.2 and 0.3 g/kg)groups,as well as the villus height-to-crypt depth(VH:CD)ratio of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)group was significantly greater(P<0.05)compared with those in the NC group.Meanwhile,the number of total aerobic bacteria,Escherichia coli and Salmonella in the cecum of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups were decreased(P<0.05).Collectively,diet supplementation with acidifiers could improve the growth per-formance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broilers,in which the effects of PA(0.1 g/kg and 0.2 g/kg)are better than the other supplementations.展开更多
Antibiotics have been used in animal feeding for long history.In recent years,much attention has been received for their negative effects on animal and human being as well.Technology has been focused on alternatives o...Antibiotics have been used in animal feeding for long history.In recent years,much attention has been received for their negative effects on animal and human being as well.Technology has been focused on alternatives of antibotics,such as probiotics,oligosaccharides,acidifiers,Chinese herds,chemical drugs,and other environmental measures.Their mechanism,effects,related factors and their prospect in the future were discussed in this paper.展开更多
Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein mal...Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk(BTM), untreated waste milk(UWM), pasteurized waste milk(PWM), and acidified waste milk(AWM) for 21 d.Results: Calves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter(P < 0.05) than those in the UWM group.Average daily gain in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves exhibited the highest(P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, growth hormone, immunoglobulin(Ig) A and Ig M concentrations in the UWM group, highest malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α in the PWM group(P < 0.05), and highest glutathione peroxidase and Ig G in the BTM group(P < 0.05). The jejunum and ileum of the calves in all treatments presented a slight inflammatory response. The jejunal inflammation scores were higher(P < 0.05) in the UWM and AWM groups than the BTM group; the ileal inflammation scores increased more(P < 0.05) in the AWM group than the BTM group. Jejunal immunohistochemical scores(IHS) were higher(P < 0.05) in the PWM and AWM groups than the BTM group. Compared to the other three groups, calves feeding on BTM had lower(P < 0.05) ileal IHS. Jejunal interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves fed AWM increased(P < 0.05) mRNA expression of IL-8 and toll like receptor 4(TLR-4) in the jejunum and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes.Conclusions: Overall, bunk tank milk is the best choice for calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.展开更多
To investigate the effects of leptin （1-20μg/kg） on acidified ethanol （AE）- and indomethacin （Indo）-induced gastric lesions in rats and compare it with ranitidine, lansoprazole, and omeprazole and to determine ...To investigate the effects of leptin （1-20μg/kg） on acidified ethanol （AE）- and indomethacin （Indo）-induced gastric lesions in rats and compare it with ranitidine, lansoprazole, and omeprazole and to determine its mechanisms of actions.METHODS： Gastric ulcers, which were approximately 1 mm in width, formed in the glandular portion of the gastric mucosa produced by oral administration of either AE or Indo were taken as ulcer index. The inhibitory effect of subcutaneous administration of leptin, two proton pump inhibitors （PPIs） lansoprazole and omeprazole, or H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine 30 min before AE or Indo was evaluated.A radioimmunoassay was used to determine the PGE2 concentration in the homogenate of the glandular portion of the stomach. We performed histological study of the glandular stomach for the evaluation of total, acidic, and sulfated mucus content.RESULTS： Subcutaneous administration of leptin, two PPI slansoprazole and omeprazole or H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine 30 min before AE or Indo produced a dosedependent and reproducible inhibition of gastric ulcers （GUs）. This inhibition was found to be more potent than other antagonists used. In N^G-nitro L-arginine methyl ester （L-NAME）-pretreated animals, the ulcer prevention ability of leptin in AE-induced ulcer was significantly reduced,compared to rats without L-NAME pretreatment. However,the ulcer prevention ability of leptin was not altered by L-NAME treatment in Indo-induced ulcers. Leptin produced a dose-dependent increase in PGE2 level in the gastric glandular tissues. Leptin also increased mucus secretion.CONCLUSION： The results of the present study show that leptin inhibits GU formation by AE or Indo in a dosedependent and reproducible manner in rats. The results also suggest that leptin prevents ulcer formation by increasing the activities of the cyclo-oxygenase and/or nitric oxide pathways and by increasing mucus secretion.展开更多
Because of their high capacity and low potential,lithium metal anodes are considered to be promising candidates for next generation electrode materials.However,the safety concerns and limited cycling life associated w...Because of their high capacity and low potential,lithium metal anodes are considered to be promising candidates for next generation electrode materials.However,the safety concerns and limited cycling life associated with uncontrollable dendrite growth hamper practical applications.In this work,the acidified cellulose ester,which is a mixed fiber microporous membrane film,was used as a novel electrolyte additive that effectively improves the cycle stability of the lithium metal anode and inhibits dendrite growth.The focus of this paper is on inhibiting the formation and growth of lithium dendrites.The coulombic efficiency of a Li|Cu battery with this acidified cellulose ester additive remains stable at 99%after 500 cycles under a current density of 1 mA/cm^2.Symmetric batteries also remain stable after 500 cycles(1000 h)under a current density of 1 mA/cm^2.These superior properties can be ascribed to the induced nucleation and the uniform distribution of lithium ion flux.This study uncovers an approach for effectively enabling stable cycling of dendrite-free lithium metal anodes.展开更多
Alloys containing chromium （Cr） and molybdenum （Mo）, as the major alloying elements, are widely used in various industries where the material experiences corrosive environments. Chromium （Cr）, when added in an o...Alloys containing chromium （Cr） and molybdenum （Mo）, as the major alloying elements, are widely used in various industries where the material experiences corrosive environments. Chromium （Cr）, when added in an optimum amount, forms a Cr203 passive film which protects the underlying metal in aggressive solutions. Molybdenum （Mo） forms its oxides in the low pH solutions, thus, enhances the uniform corrosion resistance of an alloy in reducing acids and assists in inhibition to localized corrosion. Minor alloying elements, like tungsten （W） and copper （Cu）, also improve the overall corrosion resistance of an alloy in specific solutions. In the present study, corrosion resistance behavior of commercial iron- based alloys （316L SS, 254 SMO and 20Cb3） and nickel-based alloys （Mone1400, Alloy 625 and C-276） was studied in the acidic solutions. While the corrosion behavior of wrought alloys has been widely studied, there is little to no information on the corrosion performance of their welds, typically being the weak regions for corrosion initiation and propagation. Therefore, an attempt was undertaken to investigate the uniform and localized corrosion performance of base metal, simulated heat-affected zone and all-weld-metal samples of a Ni-Cr-Mo-W alloy, C-276. The study was conducted in aggressive acidic solutions. Various corrosion and surface analytical techniques were utilized to analyze the results.展开更多
The effects of different types of compound acidifiers （encapsulated and non-encapsulated） in maize-soybean basic diets on acidity and development of the gastrointestinal tract in weaning piglets were investigated in...The effects of different types of compound acidifiers （encapsulated and non-encapsulated） in maize-soybean basic diets on acidity and development of the gastrointestinal tract in weaning piglets were investigated in this study. 64 28-day-old weaned Landrace x Yorkshire hybrid piglets with average weight of （7.00 ±0.10） kg were selected and grouped into four treatments with four pigs （ half boars and half sows） in each repeat of four repeats in each treatment based on single-factor test design principles, and the pre-test period was 3 days but the test period was 35 days. The results showed that compared with acid-free diet group, encapsulated compound acidifier could reduce pH of stomach and intestinal in weaning piglets significantly （P 〈 0.01 ）, while Test group 1 could also increase the relative weight of stomach and intestinal in piglets significantly （P 〈 0.05 ）. Compared with non-encapsulated acidifier, encapsulated compound acidifier could greatly decrease pH in jejunum and ileum of weaning piglets （ P 〈 0.05） or relative weight of stomach in piglets （ P〈0.05）, while Test group 1 could also enhance the relative weight of intestinal in piglets significantly （ P 〈0.01 ）. In addition, encapsulated compound acidifiers significantly increased the ratio between the villus height and crypt depth of jejunum （ P 〈0.01 ）. Accordingly, the microencapsulated compound acidifier in diets of weaning piglets can promote the development of gastrointestinal tracts for piglets by reducing pH of gastrointestinal tracts.展开更多
The hepatopancreas is an important tissue involved in various biological metabolism for mollusks,but its responses to ocean acidifi cation(OA)have not been well evaluated.In this study,the oysters were cultured in sim...The hepatopancreas is an important tissue involved in various biological metabolism for mollusks,but its responses to ocean acidifi cation(OA)have not been well evaluated.In this study,the oysters were cultured in simulated conditions by continuously bubbling with ambient air(pH=8.10)or air-CO_(2)(pH=7.50)for up to two months,and the variations on the antioxidant capacity,digestive ability,and microbiota composition in hepatopancreas of Crassostrea gigas were analyzed.The results show that although superoxide dismutase and glutathione responded quickly to OA stress,the antioxidant capacity of the hepatopancreas was inhibited,as revealed by the decrease of the total antioxidant capacity,which led to an upward trend of the malondialdehyde,demonstrating that the oxidative damages were accumulated under the OA process.The determination of the digestive ability manifested as the decrease of pepsin activity and the recovery of lipase and amylase activity after long-term acidifi cation,which may be helpful to improve the adaptability of oysters.In addition,analysis on 16S rDNA amplicon revealed that the total species abundance and diversity of the hepatopancreas microbiota experienced a dynamic change,but fi nally it decreased greatly after long-term acidifi cation.The structure of the hepatopancreas microbiota was changed drastically with the change of the dominant species from aerobic to the anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria,and the abnormal proliferation of some species,such as genus of Mycoplasma and order Clostridiales,which may aggravate the adverse eff ects of OA on the physiological functions of the hepatopancreas.As a result,our fi ndings enrich our understanding of the accumulated oxidative damage and adaptive digestive ability in oyster hepatopancreas caused by OA.For the fi rst time,the changes of the hepatopancreas microbiota under long-term acidifi cation conditions are described,proving a good reference for the study of the response and adaptation mechanisms of bivalve mollusks in a wide range of oceans OA.展开更多
This study describes the kinetics and thermodynamics of the esterification of acidified oil with methanol catalyzed by sulfonated cation exchange resins（SCER）. The effects of the mass ratio of methanol to acidified ...This study describes the kinetics and thermodynamics of the esterification of acidified oil with methanol catalyzed by sulfonated cation exchange resins（SCER）. The effects of the mass ratio of methanol to acidified oil,reaction temperature,and catalyst loading were studied to optimize the conditions for maximum conversion of free fatty acids（FFAs）. The results showed that the optimal conversion rate of FFAs was 91.87% at the mass ratio of methanol to acidified oil of 2.5：1.0,reaction temperature of 65.0 °C,catalyst loading of 5.0 g and reaction time of 8.0 h. The external and internal mass transfer resistances were negligible based on the experimental results and a pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was proposed for the esterification. The activation energy and thermodynamic parameters including G,S and H were determined. The conversion rates of FFAs obtained from the established model were in good agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
To elucidate the dynamics of aluminium(Al),an element potentially toxic and strongly aff ected by acidifi cation processes,in soils,we selected two regions that were similar in relief,soil types,and vegetation cover b...To elucidate the dynamics of aluminium(Al),an element potentially toxic and strongly aff ected by acidifi cation processes,in soils,we selected two regions that were similar in relief,soil types,and vegetation cover but diff ered markedly in their history of acid precipitation:the JizerskéMountains(anthropogenically acidifi ed)and the NovohradskéMountains(naturally acidifi ed)in the Czech Republic.The levels of Al forms(exchangeable and organically bound)associated with diff erent environmental impacts were measured and univalent,divalent and trivalent Al species were quantifi ed using HPLC/IC.Exchangeable and organically bound Al concentrations were higher in the anthropogenically acidifi ed area.Only the concentrations of the leastdangerous species,the univalent,in organic soil horizons were similar for both mountains.The concentrations of exchangeable Al forms were correlated with Ca concentrations and with pH in the organic horizon.The known relationship of Al with soil pH was stronger in the mineral horizons.Relationships of exchangeable Al forms concentrations with sulphur concentrations or even more with the sulphur calcium molar ratio were found only in the JizerskéMountains,not in the Novohradské.Generally,the obtained results support the hypothesis that mechanisms diff ered between natural and anthropogenic acidifi cation.展开更多
Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum...Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were determined using acidified (1% HCl) solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three temperatures (20℃, 40℃ and 60℃). Also phenolic acids were separated and identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that sumac and cinnamon had the highest levels of anthocyanins, while for the acetone the cinnamon indicated the highest amount of anthocyanins when methanol and ethanol were used as extracting solvents at 20℃. At 40℃ using ethanol, sumac showed the highest level of anthocyanins whereas acetone solvent yielded the highest anthocyanin contents for cinnamon. At 60℃, cinnamon showed the highest level of anthocyanins when methanol and acetone were the solvents, while sumac had the highest anthocyanins level using ethanol as solvent. HPLC results showed ten phenolic acids found in those spices and varied in their concentrations. Gallic acid had the highest level (1642.3 mg/100g) (cloves). Gentisic acid had the lowest level (1.2 mg/100g) in ginger. Also sumac showed the highest level of chlorogenic acid (1528.7 mg/100g). Some acids were not found in some spices, for instance, benzoic acid was not found in coriander, cumin, ginger, green cardamom, cinnamon and sweet laurel.展开更多
This study evaluated the effects of compound acidifier and probiotics on production performance, blood biochemical indexes, antioxidant indexes and Salmonella infection of laying hens. A total of 600 50-week-old healt...This study evaluated the effects of compound acidifier and probiotics on production performance, blood biochemical indexes, antioxidant indexes and Salmonella infection of laying hens. A total of 600 50-week-old healthy laying hens with similar laying rate were randomly assigned to four groups, 10 repeats each group, and each repeat contained 15 chickens. The laying hens in control group were fed a basal diet, and in the other three experimental groups were fed basal di- ets supplemented with 300 g/t probiotics, 0. 1% compound acidifier in the drinking water every other day, and 300 g/t probiotics ＋ 0.1% compound aeidifier in the drinking water every other day, respectively. After the feeding of 16 weeks, a total of 60 laying hens from control group were divided into four treatments as the same above for a 13-day long Salmonella challenge （1.3×10^8 CFU） trial. The results were shown as follows： no significant effects were observed on production performance, hemoglobin content, the superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity of reproductive organ in compound acidifier and probiotics groups （ P 〉 0.05 ）. Dirty egg rate was significantly decreased in compound acidifier group, probiotics group and combination group of both （P 〈 0.05 ）. Compared with the control group, white blood cell count in probiotics group was significantly decreased （P 〈0.05 ）, and the immunoglobulin content in probiotics group tended to be increased （P = 0.061 ）. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content in oviduct isthmus of hens in compound acidifier group and combination group was significantly decreased compared with the control group （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The Salmonella positive rate in oviduct of hens in compound acidifier group was significantly decreased at the 7th and 14^th days （ P 〈0.05 ）, but that in probiotics group and combination group was not significantly different compared with control group （ P 〉 0.05 ）. In conclusion, compound acidifier and probiotics can improve health status of laying hens through decreasing the dirty egg rate and increasing antioxidant capacity and immunity of them, thus reducing Salmonella infection of body and eggs.展开更多
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides （MOS）, extracted from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and acidifier calcium formate （CF） on some performance...The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides （MOS）, extracted from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and acidifier calcium formate （CF） on some performance parameters and egg quality characteristics of Japanese quail （Coturnixjaponica）. During the experimental period, which lasted 90 days, one hundred eighty three, 42-day-old quail, were distributed into 4 groups of 3 replications each and were placed in separate wire suspended cages. The birds of control group received a commercial feed, while the birds of the other 3 groups received the same feed, to which either 6 g CF kg^-1 or 1 g MOS kg^-1 or both 6 g CF kg^-1 plus 1 g MOS kg^-1 were added. The live weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and mortality of birds were not significantly affected. The addition of MOS in the feed significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased palmitic acid percentage of egg yolk. Also, the addition of CF significantly （P 〈 0.05） decreased egg shape index and palmitic acid percentage of egg yolk. Furthermore, significant （P 〈 0.05） interaction between MOS and CF was observed on palmitic acid percentage, egg shape index and egg shell thickness. No significant effect was observed for egg： weight, specific weight, parts percentage （yolk, albumen, shell）, shell deformation, yolk diameter and yolk colour （L＊a＊b＊ colour space）.展开更多
A bstract The venerid clam(M actra veneriformis Reeve 1854) is one of the main cultured bivalve species in intertidal and shallow subtidal ecosystems along the west coast of Korea. To understand the effects of ocean a...A bstract The venerid clam(M actra veneriformis Reeve 1854) is one of the main cultured bivalve species in intertidal and shallow subtidal ecosystems along the west coast of Korea. To understand the effects of ocean acidifi cation on the early life stages of Korean clams, we investigated shell growth and abnormality rates and types in the D-shaped, umbonate veliger, and pediveliger stages of the venerid clam M. veneriformis during exposure to elevated seawater pCO_2. In particular, we examined abnormal types of larval shell morphology categorized as shell deformations, shell distortions, and shell fi ssures. Specimens were incubated in seawater equilibrated with bubbled CO_2-enriched air at(400±25)×10^(-6)(ambient control),(800±25)×10^(-6)(high pCO_2), or(1 200±28)×10^(-6)(extremely high pCO_2), the atmospheric CO_2 concentrations predicted for the years 2014, 2084, and 2154(70-year intervals; two human generations), respectively, in the Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 8.5 scenario. The mean shell lengths of larvae were signifi cantly decreased in the high and extremely high pCO_2 groups compared with the ambient control groups. Furthermore, under high and extremely high pCO_2 conditions, the cultures exhibited signifi cantly increased abundances of abnormal larvae and increased severity of abnormalities compared with the ambient control. In the umbonate veliger stage of the experimental larvae, the most common abnormalities were shell deformations, distortions, and fi ssures; on the other hand, convex hinges and mantle protuberances were absent. These results suggest that elevated CO_2 exerts an additional burden on the health of M. veneriformis larvae by impairing early development.展开更多
Objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of milk replacer (MR) acidification for free- access feeding on pre- and post-weaning performance, morbidity and mortality of calves. Calves were randomly assig...Objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of milk replacer (MR) acidification for free- access feeding on pre- and post-weaning performance, morbidity and mortality of calves. Calves were randomly assigned to free-access feeding of acidified (ACID, n = 31) or non-acidified (NON, n = 31) MR, and weaned at 42 days. ACIDMR was prepared to pH 4.0 - 4.5 using formic acid. Intakes were measured daily and weights weekly. Samples of ACID and NON MR were analyzed for coliform and aerobic bacterial growth. After weaning, calves transitioned to a grain-fed veal diet, weighed every 2 weeks. At slaughter (approximately 6 months of age), lungs were evaluated for gross pathological changes and dressed carcass weights were obtained. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to examine the effects of MR acidification. Differences by treatment group for pre- and post-weaning morbidity and mortality were tested using Pearson’s χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests. ACID calves consumed less MR than NON (10.6 vs. 11.7 L/d, P = 0.02). Acidification tended to promote earlier onset of starter ration consumption (32.0 vs. 39.5 d, hazard ratio = 1.5, P = 0.07), but did not affect average daily starter ration or water intakes across the pre-weaning period. ACID and NON calves did not differ for BW at weaning, pre- or post-weaning ADG or dressed carcass weight. ACID MR had less coliform (P < 0.001) and aerobic bacterial growth (P < 0.001) than NON MR, but odds of disease treatment and mortality did not differ. ACID calves tended to have lower odds of pulmonary lesions during post-mortem inspection than NON calves (OR = 0.3, P = 0.07). These results indicate that under free-access feeding conditions, acidification limited bacterial growth and MR intake, but there were no long-term impacts of acidification on calf performance or health. In conclusion, acidification to pH 4.0 - 4.5 will significantly reduce bacterial growth in milk fed to calves.展开更多
基金supported by Research,Demonstration and Popularization of Breeding and Breeding Techniques of the Tan Sheep in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
文摘[ Objective] To provide a reference for understand effects of acidifiers on digestibility of lambs. [Method] Feeding experiment as well as digestion and metabolism experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of supplementing acidifiers on ultra-early weaned lambs. [ Result] Diets of ultra-early weaned lambs supplemented with acidifiers greatly improved their production performance and increased digestibility of feed. However, different acidifier products had certainly various effects on lambs. Acidifier product I increased weight gain, feed conversion ratio and apparent di- gestibility of main nutrients more greatly than acidifier product II did, while the result was contrary in reducing diarrhea incidence. [ Conclusion] Whether the acidifiers can increase digestibility of nutrients or not is still uncertain and needs further studies.
文摘This study was conducted to study the effects of the addition of encapsulated and non-encapsulated compound acidifiers （in a diet based on corn-soybean meal-extruded soybean） on growth performance and incidence of diarrhea in weaning piglets. Sixty-four 28-day-old, crossbred piglets （Landrace × Large White）, weighing an average of 7.004- 0.10 kg, were randomly assigned to four treatments with four replicates per pen, according to the single-factor design principle. The feeding trial lasted for 35 days. The results showed that, when compared to non-encapsulated acidifiers, encapsulated compound acidifiers not only improved the average daily gain and the feed efficiency （P 〈 0.01）, but also reduced the incidence of diarrhea. However, the addition of encapsulated compound acidifiers in piglet diets had no significant effect on the average daily food intake （P〉0.05）. These results indicated that the encapsulated compound acidifiers enhanced the intestinal adaptation, and subsequently improved the growth performance and reduced the incidence of diarrhea in weaning piglets.
基金supported by Animal Nutrition,Eastman Chemical Company,Kingsport,TN,USA.
文摘Background The emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms associated with conventional swine production practices has increased interest in acid-based compounds having antimicrobial properties and other biological functions as nutritional interventions.Despite the interest in organic acids and monoglycerides,few studies have examined the effects of the combination of these acid-based additives in weaned pigs under disease challenge conditions.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with blend of organic acids and/or medium-chain fatty acid monoglycerides on intestinal health and systemic immunity of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)F18 at 4-week of age.Results Dietary supplementation of organic acids,monoglycerides,or both organic acids and monoglycerides(combination)reduced(P<0.05)the diarrhea frequency of ETEC F18-infected pigs throughout the experimental period(d−7 to 21 post-inoculation).This is consistent with the reduced(P<0.05)proportion ofβ-hemolytic coliforms in feces observed for the organic acid and combination treatments on d 10 post-inoculation.Supplementation of organic acids,monoglycerides,or combination also reduced(P<0.05)bacterial translocation in mesenteric lymph nodes on d 21 post-inoculation.Pigs fed with monoglycerides or combination had lower(P<0.05)white blood cells on d 5 post-inoculation,and pigs fed the combination also had lower(P<0.05)lymphocytes than pigs in control group.Monoglyceride supplementation increased(P<0.05)white blood cells and neutrophils compared with control group on d 14 post-inoculation.However,supplementation with organic acid blend,monoglyceride blend,or combination did not affect growth performance in this experiment.Conclusions Supplementation with monoglycerides or organic acids alone or in combination improves the detrimental effects of ETEC F18 infection in weaned pigs,as indicated by reduced diarrhea,fecal shedding ofβ-hemolytic coliforms,and bacterial translocation,and thus enhancing disease resistance.Monoglycerides reduced the inflammatory response during peak infection,but their immunomodulatory and possible synergistic effects with organic acids need to be further investigated.
基金supported by internal grant from Sultan Qaboos University(IG/DVC/ESRC/21/01).
文摘Enhanced weathering(EW)of ultramafi c rocks from the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite,Pakistan,has been studied in laboratory experiments to explore carbon sequestration as a climate change mitigation strategy for coastal and open sea environments.The research focused on a cost-eff ective ex situ experiment to examine the eff ects of EW reaction pathways arising from the interactions among rock powder,seawater and CO_(2).The experimental fi ltrates from diff erent milled peridotite samples exhibit a decrease in the Mg/Ca ratio as the specifi c surface area increases,which accelerates reaction rates.This suggests that the leached Mg from the original rock may have been consumed in the formation of brucite,serpentine and carbonates during EW.Similar reaction pathways are also responsible for the chemical alterations observed in amphibolite,albeit to varying degrees.On the other hand,the experimental residues showed an increase in loss on ignition compared to the original rock,indicating that EW has facilitated the incorporation of H 2 O and CO_(2) into secondary mineral structures through various reaction pathways,leading to the formation of brucite,serpentine and carbonates.Thermal gravimetric analysis of the experimental residues confi rms the presence of these minerals based on their decomposition temperatures.Additionally,XRD analysis identifi ed a range of carbonates in the residues of both peridotite and amphibolite samples,validating the occurrence of carbonation reactions.SEM images reveal textural changes in both samples,supporting the formation of secondary minerals through EW,consistent with observations from the petrographic study of untreated samples.Control experiments on CO_(2) absorption in seawater showed a decrease in pH,highlighting ocean acidifi cation from increased CO_(2) emissions.However,when rock powder was added to the seawater-CO_(2) mixture,the pH increased.This suggests that the EW of ultramafi c rock powders can sequester CO_(2) while raising seawater pH through the formation of secondary minerals.This research could serve as an analog for EW applications,considering the worldwide abundance of ultramafi c rocks and the availability of coastal and open ocean environments.However,further research is required to understand the behavior of other elements and their impacts on ocean chemistry in EW processes before applying CO_(2) sequestration strategies.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0500500)the Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition,PR China(2004DA125184F1710)
文摘This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation with acidifiers on the growth performance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A total of 648 male Arbor Acres broiler chickens at 1 d old were randomly divided into 6 groups,and each group consisted of 6 replicates with 18 broilers per replicate.The dietary treatments were as follows:negative control(NC,the basal diet),NC+antibiotic(enramycin,8 mg/kg,positive control[PC]),NC+phosphoric acid(PA,0.1,0.2,and 0.3 g/kg),and NC+lactic acid(LA,0.3 g/kg).The feeding trial lasted for 42 d.The results showed that the feed-to-gain ratio of the NC+acidifier groups was lower than that of the NC and PC groups from 1 to 42 d(P<0.05).Compared with the values in the NC group,the pH of breast muscle was significantly higher in the NC+PA(0.2 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05),and the cooking loss was lower in the breast muscle of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05).In addition,the shear force of the breast muscle and thigh muscle and the pH value in the crop,gizzard and duodenum of the antibiotic and acidifier groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,the trypsin,chymotrypsin,and lipase activities of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.2 and 0.3 g/kg)groups,as well as the villus height-to-crypt depth(VH:CD)ratio of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)group was significantly greater(P<0.05)compared with those in the NC group.Meanwhile,the number of total aerobic bacteria,Escherichia coli and Salmonella in the cecum of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups were decreased(P<0.05).Collectively,diet supplementation with acidifiers could improve the growth per-formance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broilers,in which the effects of PA(0.1 g/kg and 0.2 g/kg)are better than the other supplementations.
文摘Antibiotics have been used in animal feeding for long history.In recent years,much attention has been received for their negative effects on animal and human being as well.Technology has been focused on alternatives of antibotics,such as probiotics,oligosaccharides,acidifiers,Chinese herds,chemical drugs,and other environmental measures.Their mechanism,effects,related factors and their prospect in the future were discussed in this paper.
文摘Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk(BTM), untreated waste milk(UWM), pasteurized waste milk(PWM), and acidified waste milk(AWM) for 21 d.Results: Calves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter(P < 0.05) than those in the UWM group.Average daily gain in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves exhibited the highest(P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, growth hormone, immunoglobulin(Ig) A and Ig M concentrations in the UWM group, highest malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α in the PWM group(P < 0.05), and highest glutathione peroxidase and Ig G in the BTM group(P < 0.05). The jejunum and ileum of the calves in all treatments presented a slight inflammatory response. The jejunal inflammation scores were higher(P < 0.05) in the UWM and AWM groups than the BTM group; the ileal inflammation scores increased more(P < 0.05) in the AWM group than the BTM group. Jejunal immunohistochemical scores(IHS) were higher(P < 0.05) in the PWM and AWM groups than the BTM group. Compared to the other three groups, calves feeding on BTM had lower(P < 0.05) ileal IHS. Jejunal interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves fed AWM increased(P < 0.05) mRNA expression of IL-8 and toll like receptor 4(TLR-4) in the jejunum and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes.Conclusions: Overall, bunk tank milk is the best choice for calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.
基金Supported by the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Grant, UAE University, United Arab Emirates
文摘To investigate the effects of leptin （1-20μg/kg） on acidified ethanol （AE）- and indomethacin （Indo）-induced gastric lesions in rats and compare it with ranitidine, lansoprazole, and omeprazole and to determine its mechanisms of actions.METHODS： Gastric ulcers, which were approximately 1 mm in width, formed in the glandular portion of the gastric mucosa produced by oral administration of either AE or Indo were taken as ulcer index. The inhibitory effect of subcutaneous administration of leptin, two proton pump inhibitors （PPIs） lansoprazole and omeprazole, or H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine 30 min before AE or Indo was evaluated.A radioimmunoassay was used to determine the PGE2 concentration in the homogenate of the glandular portion of the stomach. We performed histological study of the glandular stomach for the evaluation of total, acidic, and sulfated mucus content.RESULTS： Subcutaneous administration of leptin, two PPI slansoprazole and omeprazole or H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine 30 min before AE or Indo produced a dosedependent and reproducible inhibition of gastric ulcers （GUs）. This inhibition was found to be more potent than other antagonists used. In N^G-nitro L-arginine methyl ester （L-NAME）-pretreated animals, the ulcer prevention ability of leptin in AE-induced ulcer was significantly reduced,compared to rats without L-NAME pretreatment. However,the ulcer prevention ability of leptin was not altered by L-NAME treatment in Indo-induced ulcers. Leptin produced a dose-dependent increase in PGE2 level in the gastric glandular tissues. Leptin also increased mucus secretion.CONCLUSION： The results of the present study show that leptin inhibits GU formation by AE or Indo in a dosedependent and reproducible manner in rats. The results also suggest that leptin prevents ulcer formation by increasing the activities of the cyclo-oxygenase and/or nitric oxide pathways and by increasing mucus secretion.
基金supported by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”(No.51772278)。
文摘Because of their high capacity and low potential,lithium metal anodes are considered to be promising candidates for next generation electrode materials.However,the safety concerns and limited cycling life associated with uncontrollable dendrite growth hamper practical applications.In this work,the acidified cellulose ester,which is a mixed fiber microporous membrane film,was used as a novel electrolyte additive that effectively improves the cycle stability of the lithium metal anode and inhibits dendrite growth.The focus of this paper is on inhibiting the formation and growth of lithium dendrites.The coulombic efficiency of a Li|Cu battery with this acidified cellulose ester additive remains stable at 99%after 500 cycles under a current density of 1 mA/cm^2.Symmetric batteries also remain stable after 500 cycles(1000 h)under a current density of 1 mA/cm^2.These superior properties can be ascribed to the induced nucleation and the uniform distribution of lithium ion flux.This study uncovers an approach for effectively enabling stable cycling of dendrite-free lithium metal anodes.
文摘Alloys containing chromium （Cr） and molybdenum （Mo）, as the major alloying elements, are widely used in various industries where the material experiences corrosive environments. Chromium （Cr）, when added in an optimum amount, forms a Cr203 passive film which protects the underlying metal in aggressive solutions. Molybdenum （Mo） forms its oxides in the low pH solutions, thus, enhances the uniform corrosion resistance of an alloy in reducing acids and assists in inhibition to localized corrosion. Minor alloying elements, like tungsten （W） and copper （Cu）, also improve the overall corrosion resistance of an alloy in specific solutions. In the present study, corrosion resistance behavior of commercial iron- based alloys （316L SS, 254 SMO and 20Cb3） and nickel-based alloys （Mone1400, Alloy 625 and C-276） was studied in the acidic solutions. While the corrosion behavior of wrought alloys has been widely studied, there is little to no information on the corrosion performance of their welds, typically being the weak regions for corrosion initiation and propagation. Therefore, an attempt was undertaken to investigate the uniform and localized corrosion performance of base metal, simulated heat-affected zone and all-weld-metal samples of a Ni-Cr-Mo-W alloy, C-276. The study was conducted in aggressive acidic solutions. Various corrosion and surface analytical techniques were utilized to analyze the results.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Provincial Education Department (2003A026)
文摘The effects of different types of compound acidifiers （encapsulated and non-encapsulated） in maize-soybean basic diets on acidity and development of the gastrointestinal tract in weaning piglets were investigated in this study. 64 28-day-old weaned Landrace x Yorkshire hybrid piglets with average weight of （7.00 ±0.10） kg were selected and grouped into four treatments with four pigs （ half boars and half sows） in each repeat of four repeats in each treatment based on single-factor test design principles, and the pre-test period was 3 days but the test period was 35 days. The results showed that compared with acid-free diet group, encapsulated compound acidifier could reduce pH of stomach and intestinal in weaning piglets significantly （P 〈 0.01 ）, while Test group 1 could also increase the relative weight of stomach and intestinal in piglets significantly （P 〈 0.05 ）. Compared with non-encapsulated acidifier, encapsulated compound acidifier could greatly decrease pH in jejunum and ileum of weaning piglets （ P 〈 0.05） or relative weight of stomach in piglets （ P〈0.05）, while Test group 1 could also enhance the relative weight of intestinal in piglets significantly （ P 〈0.01 ）. In addition, encapsulated compound acidifiers significantly increased the ratio between the villus height and crypt depth of jejunum （ P 〈0.01 ）. Accordingly, the microencapsulated compound acidifier in diets of weaning piglets can promote the development of gastrointestinal tracts for piglets by reducing pH of gastrointestinal tracts.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32072999,31800414)the Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2019BC040)。
文摘The hepatopancreas is an important tissue involved in various biological metabolism for mollusks,but its responses to ocean acidifi cation(OA)have not been well evaluated.In this study,the oysters were cultured in simulated conditions by continuously bubbling with ambient air(pH=8.10)or air-CO_(2)(pH=7.50)for up to two months,and the variations on the antioxidant capacity,digestive ability,and microbiota composition in hepatopancreas of Crassostrea gigas were analyzed.The results show that although superoxide dismutase and glutathione responded quickly to OA stress,the antioxidant capacity of the hepatopancreas was inhibited,as revealed by the decrease of the total antioxidant capacity,which led to an upward trend of the malondialdehyde,demonstrating that the oxidative damages were accumulated under the OA process.The determination of the digestive ability manifested as the decrease of pepsin activity and the recovery of lipase and amylase activity after long-term acidifi cation,which may be helpful to improve the adaptability of oysters.In addition,analysis on 16S rDNA amplicon revealed that the total species abundance and diversity of the hepatopancreas microbiota experienced a dynamic change,but fi nally it decreased greatly after long-term acidifi cation.The structure of the hepatopancreas microbiota was changed drastically with the change of the dominant species from aerobic to the anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria,and the abnormal proliferation of some species,such as genus of Mycoplasma and order Clostridiales,which may aggravate the adverse eff ects of OA on the physiological functions of the hepatopancreas.As a result,our fi ndings enrich our understanding of the accumulated oxidative damage and adaptive digestive ability in oyster hepatopancreas caused by OA.For the fi rst time,the changes of the hepatopancreas microbiota under long-term acidifi cation conditions are described,proving a good reference for the study of the response and adaptation mechanisms of bivalve mollusks in a wide range of oceans OA.
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant no.ZR2013BL010)the Research Excellence Award of Shandong University of Technology and the Zibo Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant no.2013GG04110)
文摘This study describes the kinetics and thermodynamics of the esterification of acidified oil with methanol catalyzed by sulfonated cation exchange resins（SCER）. The effects of the mass ratio of methanol to acidified oil,reaction temperature,and catalyst loading were studied to optimize the conditions for maximum conversion of free fatty acids（FFAs）. The results showed that the optimal conversion rate of FFAs was 91.87% at the mass ratio of methanol to acidified oil of 2.5：1.0,reaction temperature of 65.0 °C,catalyst loading of 5.0 g and reaction time of 8.0 h. The external and internal mass transfer resistances were negligible based on the experimental results and a pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was proposed for the esterification. The activation energy and thermodynamic parameters including G,S and H were determined. The conversion rates of FFAs obtained from the established model were in good agreement with the experimental data.
基金Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Contamination Risks for the Quality of Agricultural Products(No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000845).
文摘To elucidate the dynamics of aluminium(Al),an element potentially toxic and strongly aff ected by acidifi cation processes,in soils,we selected two regions that were similar in relief,soil types,and vegetation cover but diff ered markedly in their history of acid precipitation:the JizerskéMountains(anthropogenically acidifi ed)and the NovohradskéMountains(naturally acidifi ed)in the Czech Republic.The levels of Al forms(exchangeable and organically bound)associated with diff erent environmental impacts were measured and univalent,divalent and trivalent Al species were quantifi ed using HPLC/IC.Exchangeable and organically bound Al concentrations were higher in the anthropogenically acidifi ed area.Only the concentrations of the leastdangerous species,the univalent,in organic soil horizons were similar for both mountains.The concentrations of exchangeable Al forms were correlated with Ca concentrations and with pH in the organic horizon.The known relationship of Al with soil pH was stronger in the mineral horizons.Relationships of exchangeable Al forms concentrations with sulphur concentrations or even more with the sulphur calcium molar ratio were found only in the JizerskéMountains,not in the Novohradské.Generally,the obtained results support the hypothesis that mechanisms diff ered between natural and anthropogenic acidifi cation.
文摘Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were determined using acidified (1% HCl) solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three temperatures (20℃, 40℃ and 60℃). Also phenolic acids were separated and identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that sumac and cinnamon had the highest levels of anthocyanins, while for the acetone the cinnamon indicated the highest amount of anthocyanins when methanol and ethanol were used as extracting solvents at 20℃. At 40℃ using ethanol, sumac showed the highest level of anthocyanins whereas acetone solvent yielded the highest anthocyanin contents for cinnamon. At 60℃, cinnamon showed the highest level of anthocyanins when methanol and acetone were the solvents, while sumac had the highest anthocyanins level using ethanol as solvent. HPLC results showed ten phenolic acids found in those spices and varied in their concentrations. Gallic acid had the highest level (1642.3 mg/100g) (cloves). Gentisic acid had the lowest level (1.2 mg/100g) in ginger. Also sumac showed the highest level of chlorogenic acid (1528.7 mg/100g). Some acids were not found in some spices, for instance, benzoic acid was not found in coriander, cumin, ginger, green cardamom, cinnamon and sweet laurel.
基金Supported by Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and TechnologySichuan Department of Science and Technology(2014BAD13B04,2014NZ0002)
文摘This study evaluated the effects of compound acidifier and probiotics on production performance, blood biochemical indexes, antioxidant indexes and Salmonella infection of laying hens. A total of 600 50-week-old healthy laying hens with similar laying rate were randomly assigned to four groups, 10 repeats each group, and each repeat contained 15 chickens. The laying hens in control group were fed a basal diet, and in the other three experimental groups were fed basal di- ets supplemented with 300 g/t probiotics, 0. 1% compound acidifier in the drinking water every other day, and 300 g/t probiotics ＋ 0.1% compound aeidifier in the drinking water every other day, respectively. After the feeding of 16 weeks, a total of 60 laying hens from control group were divided into four treatments as the same above for a 13-day long Salmonella challenge （1.3×10^8 CFU） trial. The results were shown as follows： no significant effects were observed on production performance, hemoglobin content, the superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity of reproductive organ in compound acidifier and probiotics groups （ P 〉 0.05 ）. Dirty egg rate was significantly decreased in compound acidifier group, probiotics group and combination group of both （P 〈 0.05 ）. Compared with the control group, white blood cell count in probiotics group was significantly decreased （P 〈0.05 ）, and the immunoglobulin content in probiotics group tended to be increased （P = 0.061 ）. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content in oviduct isthmus of hens in compound acidifier group and combination group was significantly decreased compared with the control group （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The Salmonella positive rate in oviduct of hens in compound acidifier group was significantly decreased at the 7th and 14^th days （ P 〈0.05 ）, but that in probiotics group and combination group was not significantly different compared with control group （ P 〉 0.05 ）. In conclusion, compound acidifier and probiotics can improve health status of laying hens through decreasing the dirty egg rate and increasing antioxidant capacity and immunity of them, thus reducing Salmonella infection of body and eggs.
文摘The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides （MOS）, extracted from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and acidifier calcium formate （CF） on some performance parameters and egg quality characteristics of Japanese quail （Coturnixjaponica）. During the experimental period, which lasted 90 days, one hundred eighty three, 42-day-old quail, were distributed into 4 groups of 3 replications each and were placed in separate wire suspended cages. The birds of control group received a commercial feed, while the birds of the other 3 groups received the same feed, to which either 6 g CF kg^-1 or 1 g MOS kg^-1 or both 6 g CF kg^-1 plus 1 g MOS kg^-1 were added. The live weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and mortality of birds were not significantly affected. The addition of MOS in the feed significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased palmitic acid percentage of egg yolk. Also, the addition of CF significantly （P 〈 0.05） decreased egg shape index and palmitic acid percentage of egg yolk. Furthermore, significant （P 〈 0.05） interaction between MOS and CF was observed on palmitic acid percentage, egg shape index and egg shell thickness. No significant effect was observed for egg： weight, specific weight, parts percentage （yolk, albumen, shell）, shell deformation, yolk diameter and yolk colour （L＊a＊b＊ colour space）.
基金Supported by the Korea Polar Research Institute(Nos.PE14150,PM15040)
文摘A bstract The venerid clam(M actra veneriformis Reeve 1854) is one of the main cultured bivalve species in intertidal and shallow subtidal ecosystems along the west coast of Korea. To understand the effects of ocean acidifi cation on the early life stages of Korean clams, we investigated shell growth and abnormality rates and types in the D-shaped, umbonate veliger, and pediveliger stages of the venerid clam M. veneriformis during exposure to elevated seawater pCO_2. In particular, we examined abnormal types of larval shell morphology categorized as shell deformations, shell distortions, and shell fi ssures. Specimens were incubated in seawater equilibrated with bubbled CO_2-enriched air at(400±25)×10^(-6)(ambient control),(800±25)×10^(-6)(high pCO_2), or(1 200±28)×10^(-6)(extremely high pCO_2), the atmospheric CO_2 concentrations predicted for the years 2014, 2084, and 2154(70-year intervals; two human generations), respectively, in the Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 8.5 scenario. The mean shell lengths of larvae were signifi cantly decreased in the high and extremely high pCO_2 groups compared with the ambient control groups. Furthermore, under high and extremely high pCO_2 conditions, the cultures exhibited signifi cantly increased abundances of abnormal larvae and increased severity of abnormalities compared with the ambient control. In the umbonate veliger stage of the experimental larvae, the most common abnormalities were shell deformations, distortions, and fi ssures; on the other hand, convex hinges and mantle protuberances were absent. These results suggest that elevated CO_2 exerts an additional burden on the health of M. veneriformis larvae by impairing early development.
文摘Objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of milk replacer (MR) acidification for free- access feeding on pre- and post-weaning performance, morbidity and mortality of calves. Calves were randomly assigned to free-access feeding of acidified (ACID, n = 31) or non-acidified (NON, n = 31) MR, and weaned at 42 days. ACIDMR was prepared to pH 4.0 - 4.5 using formic acid. Intakes were measured daily and weights weekly. Samples of ACID and NON MR were analyzed for coliform and aerobic bacterial growth. After weaning, calves transitioned to a grain-fed veal diet, weighed every 2 weeks. At slaughter (approximately 6 months of age), lungs were evaluated for gross pathological changes and dressed carcass weights were obtained. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to examine the effects of MR acidification. Differences by treatment group for pre- and post-weaning morbidity and mortality were tested using Pearson’s χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests. ACID calves consumed less MR than NON (10.6 vs. 11.7 L/d, P = 0.02). Acidification tended to promote earlier onset of starter ration consumption (32.0 vs. 39.5 d, hazard ratio = 1.5, P = 0.07), but did not affect average daily starter ration or water intakes across the pre-weaning period. ACID and NON calves did not differ for BW at weaning, pre- or post-weaning ADG or dressed carcass weight. ACID MR had less coliform (P < 0.001) and aerobic bacterial growth (P < 0.001) than NON MR, but odds of disease treatment and mortality did not differ. ACID calves tended to have lower odds of pulmonary lesions during post-mortem inspection than NON calves (OR = 0.3, P = 0.07). These results indicate that under free-access feeding conditions, acidification limited bacterial growth and MR intake, but there were no long-term impacts of acidification on calf performance or health. In conclusion, acidification to pH 4.0 - 4.5 will significantly reduce bacterial growth in milk fed to calves.
