Climate change is a global phenomenon that has profound impacts on ecological dynamics and biodiversity,shaping the interactions between species and their environment.To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms d...Climate change is a global phenomenon that has profound impacts on ecological dynamics and biodiversity,shaping the interactions between species and their environment.To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving climate change,phenological monitoring is essential.Traditional methods of defining phenological phases often rely on fixed thresholds.However,with the development of technology,deep learning-based classification models are now able to more accurately delineate phenological phases from images,enabling phenological monitoring.Despite the significant advancements these models have made in phenological monitoring,they still face challenges in fully capturing the complexity of biotic-environmental interactions,which can limit the fine-grained accuracy of phenological phase identification.To address this,we propose a novel deep learning model,RESformer,designed to monitor tree phenology at a fine-grained level using PhenoCam images.RESformer features a lightweight structure,making it suitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments.It incorporates a dual-branch routing mechanism that considers both global and local information,thereby improving the accuracy of phenological monitoring.To validate the effectiveness of RESformer,we conducted a case study involving 82,118 images taken over two years from four different locations in Wisconsin,focusing on the phenology of Acer.The images were classified into seven distinct phenological stages,with RESformer achieving an overall monitoring accuracy of 96.02%.Furthermore,we compared RESformer with a phenological monitoring approach based on the Green Chromatic Coordinate(GCC)index and ten popular classification models.The results showed that RESformer excelled in fine-grained monitoring,effectively capturing and identifying changes in phenological stages.This finding not only provides strong support for monitoring the phenology of Acer species but also offers valuable insights for understanding ecological trends and developing more effective ecosystem conservation and management strategies.展开更多
Acer paxii belongs to the evergreen species of Acer,but it exhibits a unique feature of reddish leaves in fall in subtropical regions.Although the association of AP2/ERF transcription factors with color change has bee...Acer paxii belongs to the evergreen species of Acer,but it exhibits a unique feature of reddish leaves in fall in subtropical regions.Although the association of AP2/ERF transcription factors with color change has been well-documented in prior research,molecular investigations focusing on AP2/ERF remain notably lacking in Acer paxii.This research focuses on performing an extensive genome-wide investigation to identify and characterize the AP2/ERF gene family in Acer paxii.As a result,123 ApAP2/ERFs were obtained.Phylogenetic analyses categorized the ApAP2/ERF family members into 15 subfamilies.The evolutionary traits of the ApAP2/ERFs were investigated by analyzing their chromosomal locations,conserved proteinmotifs,and gene duplication events.Moreover,investigating gene promoters revealed their potential involvement in developmental regulation,physiological processes,and stress adaptationmechanisms.Measurements of anthocyanin content revealed a notable increase in red leaves during autumn.Utilizing transcriptome data,transcriptomic profiling revealed that the majority of AP2/ERF genes in Acer paxii displayed significant differential expression between red and green leaves during the color-changing period.Furthermore,through qRT-PCR analysis,it was found that the gene expression levels of ApERF006,ApERF014,ApERF048,ApERF097,and ApERF107 were significantly elevated in red leaves.This indicates their potential participation in leaf pigmentation processes.These findings offer significant insights into the biological significance of ApAP2/ERF transcription factors and lay the groundwork for subsequent investigations into their regulatorymechanisms underlying leaf pigmentation in Acer paxii.展开更多
Acer rubrum is an important garden color-leafed plant.Its leaves will turn red in autumn,which is of great orna-mental value.The leaf color change in Acer rubrum is closely associated with anthocyanins accumulation.In...Acer rubrum is an important garden color-leafed plant.Its leaves will turn red in autumn,which is of great orna-mental value.The leaf color change in Acer rubrum is closely associated with anthocyanins accumulation.In anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation,various transcription factor families play significant regulatory roles,including the basic(region)leucine zipper(bZIP).However,there is no report on the systematic identification and functional analysis of the bZIPs in Acer rubrum.In this study,137 bZIPs distributed on 29 chromosomes of Acer rubrum were identified and renamed according to their locations on the chromosomes.According to the constructed bZIP phylogenetic tree of Arabidopsis thaliana and Acer rubrum,bZIPs were divided into 13 groups.Two pairs of bZIP genes were involved in tandem duplication,and 106 segmental duplication gene pairs were found.Cis-acting elements in the promoter region of these bZIP genes were analyzed.The results of promoter analysis showed that many elements were closely related to light conditions,hormone responses,and abiotic stress factors.Among them,the cis-acting elements related to light response were most abundant and prominent.The results of anthocyanin determination showed that anthocyanin contents in the leaves of Acer rubrum increased significantly under low temperature with light.In addition,gene expression analysis showed that compared to other ArbZIPs,ArbZIP137,ArbZIP136,ArbZIP114,ArbZIP130,and ArbZIP14 showed a more pronounced increase in gene expression both under low-temperature conditions and under light conditions.From the correlation analysis,there was a high correlation between ArbZIPs and several anthocyanin-regulated transcription factors,including ArMYBs,ArbHLH and ArWD40s.Conclusively,the bZIP genes in Acer rubrum were identified and analyzed,providing a foundational basis for future studies on their function and significantly enhancing our understanding of the color mechanism of Acer rubrum.展开更多
The volatile compounds from ash-leaf maple (Acer negundo L.) were examined by adsorption-thermodesorption and GC-MS. Thirty-two compounds, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, terpenoids, carboxylic acids, ...The volatile compounds from ash-leaf maple (Acer negundo L.) were examined by adsorption-thermodesorption and GC-MS. Thirty-two compounds, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, terpenoids, carboxylic acids, etc. were identified. The analysis revealed that the diurnal rhythm of release of volatile compounds from maple differed in July and in August. In July, the releasing of most volatile compounds reached the peak at 14 o'clock, when in August, the emission of volatile compounds reached the peak at 10 o'clock. Besides diurnal rhythm, there also existed other differences in the releasing of volatiles and their relative contents in July and in August. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is the maturation of leaves, since the sampling conditions were the same both in July and August. At the same time, the response of Anoplophora glabrpennis Motschulsky to volatiles was examined with field bioassay with traps. cis-3-hexen-1-ol was found to be more effective to attract A. glabrpennis than other volatiles released by ash-leaf maple tree in field trapping test. A mixture of 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 2-pentanol was tested to be the most attractive to A. glabripennis among all tested volatiles. More field trapping tests should be conducted.展开更多
One-year-old seedlings of Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim), Ussurian pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim) and David peach (Prunus davidiana Carr) were planted in pots in greenhouse and treated with four different soil moistu...One-year-old seedlings of Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim), Ussurian pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim) and David peach (Prunus davidiana Carr) were planted in pots in greenhouse and treated with four different soil moisture contents (75.0%, 61.1%, 46.4% and 35.4%). The results showed that net photosynthesis rate (NPR), transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (Sc) of seedlings of the three species decreased with the decease of soil moisture content, and Amur maple seedlings had the greatest change in those physiological indices, followed by Ussurian pear, David peach. Amur maple and Ussurian pear seedlings also presented a decrease tendency in water use efficiency (WUE) under lower soil moisture content, whereas this was reversed for David peach. Under water stress the biomass allocation to seedling root had a significant increase for all the experimental species. As to root/shoot ratio, Amur maple seedlings had the biggest increase, while David peach had the smallest increase. The leaf plasticity of Amur maple seedlings was greater, the leaf size and total leaf area decreased significantly as the stress was intensified. No significant change of leaf size and total leaf area was found in seedlings of Ussurian pear and David peach. It was concluded that Amur maple was more tolerant to soil moisture stress in comparison with David peach and Ussurian pear.展开更多
[Objective] Cloning of the AtrMYB transcription factor gene from Acer truncatum was conducted to further explore the red leaf development mechanism and breed cultivars of colored-leaf maple. [Method] The Acer truncat...[Objective] Cloning of the AtrMYB transcription factor gene from Acer truncatum was conducted to further explore the red leaf development mechanism and breed cultivars of colored-leaf maple. [Method] The Acer truncatum ‘Luhong No.1＇ cultivar was used as the material for cloning the MYB gene by mean of RTPCR and RACE-PCR. [Results] Sequence analysis showed that the fragment contained a full coding region of 831 bp encoding 276 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 32.17 kD and a molecular formula C_（1430）H_（14052）N_（2247）O_（406）S_（14）. The gene was named as AtrMYB with a Gen Bank accession number of 1825712. This coded protein had apI of 9.44. The results showed that the AtrMYB exhibited typical features of the R2R3-MYB domain. The AtrMYB was highly homologous with the MYB of other species at nucleotide and amino acid levels. The AtrMYB had no signal peptide, but a nuclear localization signal. The phylogenetic tree showed that the AtrMYB was at the same clade as the MYB from Citrus sinensis. [Conclusion] The AtrMYB was cloned from Acer truncatum ‘Luhong No.1＇ cultivar. These results have provided a foundation for further purification and identification of target protein and function study of the AtrMYB.展开更多
Two new butenolide derivatives, named as erigeracerin A and efigeracefin B, which are a pair of epimers, were isolated from Erigeron acer. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 2D NMR an...Two new butenolide derivatives, named as erigeracerin A and efigeracefin B, which are a pair of epimers, were isolated from Erigeron acer. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171777)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang for Distinguished Young Scientists(JQ2023F002)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(2572023CT16).
文摘Climate change is a global phenomenon that has profound impacts on ecological dynamics and biodiversity,shaping the interactions between species and their environment.To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving climate change,phenological monitoring is essential.Traditional methods of defining phenological phases often rely on fixed thresholds.However,with the development of technology,deep learning-based classification models are now able to more accurately delineate phenological phases from images,enabling phenological monitoring.Despite the significant advancements these models have made in phenological monitoring,they still face challenges in fully capturing the complexity of biotic-environmental interactions,which can limit the fine-grained accuracy of phenological phase identification.To address this,we propose a novel deep learning model,RESformer,designed to monitor tree phenology at a fine-grained level using PhenoCam images.RESformer features a lightweight structure,making it suitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments.It incorporates a dual-branch routing mechanism that considers both global and local information,thereby improving the accuracy of phenological monitoring.To validate the effectiveness of RESformer,we conducted a case study involving 82,118 images taken over two years from four different locations in Wisconsin,focusing on the phenology of Acer.The images were classified into seven distinct phenological stages,with RESformer achieving an overall monitoring accuracy of 96.02%.Furthermore,we compared RESformer with a phenological monitoring approach based on the Green Chromatic Coordinate(GCC)index and ten popular classification models.The results showed that RESformer excelled in fine-grained monitoring,effectively capturing and identifying changes in phenological stages.This finding not only provides strong support for monitoring the phenology of Acer species but also offers valuable insights for understanding ecological trends and developing more effective ecosystem conservation and management strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 32271914 and 32301660]the Quality Engineering Project of Anhui Provincial Department of Education[grant number 2023zygzts007].
文摘Acer paxii belongs to the evergreen species of Acer,but it exhibits a unique feature of reddish leaves in fall in subtropical regions.Although the association of AP2/ERF transcription factors with color change has been well-documented in prior research,molecular investigations focusing on AP2/ERF remain notably lacking in Acer paxii.This research focuses on performing an extensive genome-wide investigation to identify and characterize the AP2/ERF gene family in Acer paxii.As a result,123 ApAP2/ERFs were obtained.Phylogenetic analyses categorized the ApAP2/ERF family members into 15 subfamilies.The evolutionary traits of the ApAP2/ERFs were investigated by analyzing their chromosomal locations,conserved proteinmotifs,and gene duplication events.Moreover,investigating gene promoters revealed their potential involvement in developmental regulation,physiological processes,and stress adaptationmechanisms.Measurements of anthocyanin content revealed a notable increase in red leaves during autumn.Utilizing transcriptome data,transcriptomic profiling revealed that the majority of AP2/ERF genes in Acer paxii displayed significant differential expression between red and green leaves during the color-changing period.Furthermore,through qRT-PCR analysis,it was found that the gene expression levels of ApERF006,ApERF014,ApERF048,ApERF097,and ApERF107 were significantly elevated in red leaves.This indicates their potential participation in leaf pigmentation processes.These findings offer significant insights into the biological significance of ApAP2/ERF transcription factors and lay the groundwork for subsequent investigations into their regulatorymechanisms underlying leaf pigmentation in Acer paxii.
基金This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.32271914)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(2108085MC110).
文摘Acer rubrum is an important garden color-leafed plant.Its leaves will turn red in autumn,which is of great orna-mental value.The leaf color change in Acer rubrum is closely associated with anthocyanins accumulation.In anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation,various transcription factor families play significant regulatory roles,including the basic(region)leucine zipper(bZIP).However,there is no report on the systematic identification and functional analysis of the bZIPs in Acer rubrum.In this study,137 bZIPs distributed on 29 chromosomes of Acer rubrum were identified and renamed according to their locations on the chromosomes.According to the constructed bZIP phylogenetic tree of Arabidopsis thaliana and Acer rubrum,bZIPs were divided into 13 groups.Two pairs of bZIP genes were involved in tandem duplication,and 106 segmental duplication gene pairs were found.Cis-acting elements in the promoter region of these bZIP genes were analyzed.The results of promoter analysis showed that many elements were closely related to light conditions,hormone responses,and abiotic stress factors.Among them,the cis-acting elements related to light response were most abundant and prominent.The results of anthocyanin determination showed that anthocyanin contents in the leaves of Acer rubrum increased significantly under low temperature with light.In addition,gene expression analysis showed that compared to other ArbZIPs,ArbZIP137,ArbZIP136,ArbZIP114,ArbZIP130,and ArbZIP14 showed a more pronounced increase in gene expression both under low-temperature conditions and under light conditions.From the correlation analysis,there was a high correlation between ArbZIPs and several anthocyanin-regulated transcription factors,including ArMYBs,ArbHLH and ArWD40s.Conclusively,the bZIP genes in Acer rubrum were identified and analyzed,providing a foundational basis for future studies on their function and significantly enhancing our understanding of the color mechanism of Acer rubrum.
文摘The volatile compounds from ash-leaf maple (Acer negundo L.) were examined by adsorption-thermodesorption and GC-MS. Thirty-two compounds, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, terpenoids, carboxylic acids, etc. were identified. The analysis revealed that the diurnal rhythm of release of volatile compounds from maple differed in July and in August. In July, the releasing of most volatile compounds reached the peak at 14 o'clock, when in August, the emission of volatile compounds reached the peak at 10 o'clock. Besides diurnal rhythm, there also existed other differences in the releasing of volatiles and their relative contents in July and in August. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is the maturation of leaves, since the sampling conditions were the same both in July and August. At the same time, the response of Anoplophora glabrpennis Motschulsky to volatiles was examined with field bioassay with traps. cis-3-hexen-1-ol was found to be more effective to attract A. glabrpennis than other volatiles released by ash-leaf maple tree in field trapping test. A mixture of 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 2-pentanol was tested to be the most attractive to A. glabripennis among all tested volatiles. More field trapping tests should be conducted.
基金This study was supported by Science and Technology Program of Heilongjiang Province (GC01KB213), and the Quick Response of Basic Research Supporting Program (2001CCB00600)
文摘One-year-old seedlings of Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim), Ussurian pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim) and David peach (Prunus davidiana Carr) were planted in pots in greenhouse and treated with four different soil moisture contents (75.0%, 61.1%, 46.4% and 35.4%). The results showed that net photosynthesis rate (NPR), transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (Sc) of seedlings of the three species decreased with the decease of soil moisture content, and Amur maple seedlings had the greatest change in those physiological indices, followed by Ussurian pear, David peach. Amur maple and Ussurian pear seedlings also presented a decrease tendency in water use efficiency (WUE) under lower soil moisture content, whereas this was reversed for David peach. Under water stress the biomass allocation to seedling root had a significant increase for all the experimental species. As to root/shoot ratio, Amur maple seedlings had the biggest increase, while David peach had the smallest increase. The leaf plasticity of Amur maple seedlings was greater, the leaf size and total leaf area decreased significantly as the stress was intensified. No significant change of leaf size and total leaf area was found in seedlings of Ussurian pear and David peach. It was concluded that Amur maple was more tolerant to soil moisture stress in comparison with David peach and Ussurian pear.
基金Supported by Agricultural Elite Cultivar Project of Shandong Province(lkz2014[96])~~
文摘[Objective] Cloning of the AtrMYB transcription factor gene from Acer truncatum was conducted to further explore the red leaf development mechanism and breed cultivars of colored-leaf maple. [Method] The Acer truncatum ‘Luhong No.1＇ cultivar was used as the material for cloning the MYB gene by mean of RTPCR and RACE-PCR. [Results] Sequence analysis showed that the fragment contained a full coding region of 831 bp encoding 276 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 32.17 kD and a molecular formula C_（1430）H_（14052）N_（2247）O_（406）S_（14）. The gene was named as AtrMYB with a Gen Bank accession number of 1825712. This coded protein had apI of 9.44. The results showed that the AtrMYB exhibited typical features of the R2R3-MYB domain. The AtrMYB was highly homologous with the MYB of other species at nucleotide and amino acid levels. The AtrMYB had no signal peptide, but a nuclear localization signal. The phylogenetic tree showed that the AtrMYB was at the same clade as the MYB from Citrus sinensis. [Conclusion] The AtrMYB was cloned from Acer truncatum ‘Luhong No.1＇ cultivar. These results have provided a foundation for further purification and identification of target protein and function study of the AtrMYB.
文摘Two new butenolide derivatives, named as erigeracerin A and efigeracefin B, which are a pair of epimers, were isolated from Erigeron acer. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS.
